“Scorched Earth Operation”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Scorched Earth Operation refers to events in September 1999 in East Timor. The country had been under Indonesian occupation since 1975, and resistance by Timorese peaked in the later 1990s. A Referendum was held on Timorese independence and was successful. But the Indonesian military and militia rampaged through East Timor destroying vital infrastructure.^[1]

Warnings

As pro-Indonesian militia leaders warned of a "bloodbath" the Referendum was successful, Indonesian "roving ambassador" Francisco Lopes da Cruz declared: "If people reject autonomy there is the possibility blood will flow in East Timor."^[2] One paramilitary leader announced that a "sea of fire" would result in the event of a vote for independence.^[3] As the date of the vote drew near, reports of anti-independence violence continued to accumulate.^[4]

The day of the vote, 30 August 1999, was generally calm and orderly. 98.6 percent of registered voters cast ballots, and on 4 September UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan announced that 78.5 percent of the votes had been cast for independence.^[5]

Brought up on the "New Order"'s insistence that the East Timorese supported integration, Indonesians were either shocked by, or disbelieved that the East Timorese had voted against being part of Indonesia.

Reprisals

Within hours of the results, paramilitary groups had begun attacking people and setting fires around the capital Dili. This was the Scorched Earth Operation. Foreign journalists and election observers fled, and tens of thousands of East Timorese took to the mountains. Islamic gangs attacked Dili's Catholic Diocese building, killing two dozen people; the next day, the headquarters of the ICRC was attacked and burned to the ground. Almost one hundred people were killed later in Suai, and reports of similar massacres poured in from around East Timor.^[6] The UN withdrew most of its personnel, but the Dili compound had been flooded with refugees.

Four UN workers refused to evacuate unless the refugees were withdrawn as well, insisting they would rather die at the hands of the paramilitary groups.^[5] At the same time, Indonesian troops and paramilitary gangs forced over 200,000 people into West Timor, into camps described by Human Rights Watch as "deplorable conditions".^[7]

Fantasies & Lies

When a UN delegation arrived in Jakarta on 8 September, they were told by Indonesian President Habibie that reports of bloodshed in East Timor were "fantasies" and "lies".^[8] General Wiranto of the Indonesian military insisted that his soldiers had the situation under control, and later expressed his emotion for East Timor by singing the 1975 hit song "Feelings" at an event for military wives.^[9]^[10]

Attacks On Education

The education system was a major target for destruction. The first buildings to be razed were resistance centers including the CNRT offices and student centers. Then the schools, colleges and the university were destroyed. Ninety-five per cent of school buildings in East Timor were destroyed. The Indonesian University, UNTIM (now National University of East Timor) and Polytechnic buildings in Dili and in Hera, as well as the Nurses Institute, were looted, smashed and burnt with little surviving the onslaught.

University students fanned across the country before the referendum in 1999 to work for the vote for independence, many being killed in the violence that followed. After the destruction students again went to regional areas to teach classes in burnt out buildings to keep the children learning and the schools open. They also organized classes for tertiary students when no other education facilities were operational.

References

1. ^http://etan.org/news/2000a/fromscor.htm
2. ^Both quoted in Nevins, p. 91.
3. ^Quoted in Nevins, p. 92.
4. ^International Federation for East Timor Observer Project. "IFET-OP Report #7: Campaign Period Ends in Wave of Pro-Integration Terror". 28 August 1999. Retrieved on 17 February 2008.
5. ^¹Shah, Angilee. "Records of East Timor: 1999" {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080102154438/http://www.international.ucla.edu/article.asp?parentid=53444 |date=2008-01-02 }}. 21 September 2006. Online at the UCLA International Institute. Retrieved on 17 February 2008.
6. ^Nevins, pp. 100–104.
7. ^[https://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/wtimor "Indonesia/East Timor: Forced Expulsions to West Timor and the Refugee Crisis"]. Human Rights Watch. December 1999. Retrieved on 17 February 2008.
8. ^Quoted in Nevins, p. 104.
9. ^Nevins, p. 107.
10. ^"Wiranto - survivor with iron will". BBC News. 13 February 2000. Online at bbc.co.uk. Retrieved on 17 February 2008.