| 词条 | Tetrazole |
| 释义 |
| Watchedfields = changed | verifiedrevid = 470605243 | ImageFileL1 =Tetrazole numbering.png | ImageFileR1 =Tetrazole3d.png | IUPACName =1H-Tetrazole | OtherNames = |Section1={{Chembox Identifiers | InChI = 1/CH2N4/c1-2-4-5-3-1/h1H,(H,2,3,4,5) | InChIKey = KJUGUADJHNHALS-UHFFFAOYAI | InChI1 = 1S/CH2N4/c1-2-4-5-3-1/h1H,(H,2,3,4,5) | InChIKey1 = KJUGUADJHNHALS-UHFFFAOYSA-N | CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}} | CASNo =288-94-8 | PubChem = 67519 | ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}} | ChemSpiderID = 60842 | ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}} | ChEBI = 33193 | StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}} | StdInChIKey = KJUGUADJHNHALS-UHFFFAOYSA-N | SMILES = [nH]1nnnc1 | StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}} | StdInChI =1S/CH2N4/c1-2-4-5-3-1/h1H,(H,2,3,4,5) |Section2={{Chembox Properties | Formula =CH2N4 | MolarMass = 70.05 g/mol | Appearance = | Density = 1.477 g/mL | MeltingPtC = 157 to 158 | MeltingPt_ref = [1] | BoilingPtC = 220 +/- 23 | Solubility = | pKa = 4.90 [2] | pKb = |Section3={{Chembox Hazards | MainHazards = | FlashPt = | AutoignitionPt = |Section8={{Chembox Related | OtherCompounds = }} Tetrazoles are a class of synthetic organic heterocyclic compound, consisting of a 5-member ring of four nitrogen atoms and one carbon atom. The simplest is tetrazole itself, CH2N4. They are unknown in nature.{{fact|date=April 2017}} SynthesisTetrazole was first prepared by the reaction of anhydrous hydrazoic acid and hydrogen cyanide under pressure. Treatment of organic nitriles with sodium azide in the presence of iodine or silica-supported sodium bisulfate as a heterogeneous catalyst enables an advantageous synthesis of 5-substituted 1H-tetrazoles. 2-Aryl-2H-tetrazoles are synthesized by a [3+2] cycloaddition reaction between an aryl diazonium and trimethylsilyldiazomethane.[3] UsesThere are several pharmaceutical agents which are tetrazoles. Tetrazoles can act as a bioisosteres for carboxylate groups because they have similar pKa and are deprotonated at physiological pH. Angiotensin II receptor blockers — such as losartan and candesartan, often are tetrazoles. A well-known tetrazole is dimethyl thiazolyl diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT). This tetrazole is used in the MTT assay to quantify the respiratory activity of live cells culture, although it generally kills the cells in the process. Some tetrazoles can also be used in DNA assays.[4] Studies suggest VT-1161 and VT-1129 are a potential potent antifungal drugs as they disturbs fungal enzymatic function but not human enzymes. [5][6] Some tetrazole derivatives with high energy have been investigated as high performance explosives as a replacement for TNT and also for use in high performance solid rocket propellant formulations.[7][8] These include the azidotetrazolate salts of nitrogen bases. Other tetrazoles are used for their explosive or combustive properties, such as tetrazole itself and 5-aminotetrazole, which are sometimes used as a component of gas generators in automobile airbags. Tetrazole based energetic materials produce high-temperature, non-toxic reaction products such as water and nitrogen gas,[9] and have a high burn rate and relative stability,[10] all of which are desirable properties. The delocalization energy in tetrazole is 209 kJ/mol. 1H-Tetrazole and 5-(benzylthio)-1H-tetrazole (BTT) are widely used as acidic activators of the coupling reaction in oligonucleotide synthesis.[11] Related heterocycles
References1. ^{{cite journal | doi = 10.1021/jo01151a027 | title =The Reaction of Nitriles with Hydrazoic Acid: Synthesis of Monosubstituted Tetrazoles | last1 = Mihina | first1 = Joseph S. | last2 = Herbst | first2 = Robert M. | journal = J. Org. Chem. | year = 1950 | volume = 15 | issue = 5 | pages = 1082–1092}} 2. ^{{cite journal | author1 = Satchell, Jacqueline F. | author2 = Smith, Brian J. | title = Calculation of aqueous dissociation constants of 1,2,4-triazole and tetrazole: A comparison of solvation models | journal = Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. | year = 2002 | volume = 4 | issue = 18 | pages = 4314–4318 | doi = 10.1039/b203118c | bibcode = 2002PCCP....4.4314S}} 3. ^{{Cite journal|last=Patouret|first=Remi|last2=Kamenecka|first2=Theodore M.|date=2016-04-06|title=Synthesis of 2-aryl-2H-tetrazoles via a regioselective [3+2] cycloaddition reaction|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0040403916302118|journal=Tetrahedron Letters|volume=57|issue=14|pages=1597–1599|doi=10.1016/j.tetlet.2016.02.102|pmc=4810784}} 4. ^{{cite journal | journal = Nucleic Acids Res | date = Feb 11, 1989 | volume = 17 | issue = 3 | pages = 853–864 | title = Studies on the role of tetrazole in the activation of phosphoramidites |author1=S Berner |author2=K Mühlegger |author3=H Seliger |last-author-amp=yes | pmc = 331708 | doi=10.1093/nar/17.3.853 | pmid=2922273}} 5. ^{{cite journal |last1=Warrilow |first1=A. G. S. |last2=Hull |first2=C. M. |last3=Parker |first3=J. E. |last4=Garvey |first4=E. P. |last5=Hoekstra |first5=W. J. |last6=Moore |first6=W. R. |last7=Schotzinger |first7=R. J. |last8=Kelly |first8=D. E. |last9=Kelly |first9=S. L. |title=The Clinical Candidate VT-1161 Is a Highly Potent Inhibitor of Candida albicans CYP51 but Fails To Bind the Human Enzyme |journal=Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy |date=December 2014 |volume=58 |issue=12 |pages=7121–7127 |doi=10.1128/AAC.03707-14}} 6. ^{{cite journal |last1=Lockhart |first1=Shawn R. |last2=Fothergill |first2=Annette W. |last3=Iqbal |first3=Naureen |last4=Bolden |first4=Carol B. |last5=Grossman |first5=Nina T. |last6=Garvey |first6=Edward P. |last7=Brand |first7=Stephen R. |last8=Hoekstra |first8=William J. |last9=Schotzinger |first9=Robert J. |last10=Ottinger |first10=Elizabeth |last11=Patterson |first11=Thomas F. |last12=Wiederhold |first12=Nathan P. |title=The Investigational Fungal Cyp51 Inhibitor VT-1129 Demonstrates Potent Activity against Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii |journal=Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy |date=April 2016 |volume=60 |issue=4 |pages=2528–2531 |doi=10.1128/AAC.02770-15|pmc=4808209 }} 7. ^{{cite web | url = http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/News/2008/October/02100801.asp | title = Greener explosives show promise | date = 2 October 2008 | publisher = Chemistry World}} 8. ^{{cite journal | title = New Energetic Materials featuring Tetrazoles and Nitramines – Synthesis, Characterization and Properties | author = Niko Fischer, Konstantin Karaghiosoff, Thomas M. Klapötke and Jörg Stierstorfer | journal = Zeitschrift für Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie | volume = 636 | issue =5 | pages = 735–749 | date = April 2010 |doi = 10.1002/zaac.200900521}} 9. ^{{cite book | chapter = Energetic Tetrazole N-oxides | author = Tore Brinck, Thomas M. Klapötke and Jörg Stierstorfer | title = Energetic Tetrazole N -oxides| doi = 10.1002/9781118676448.ch06 | journal=Green Energetic Materials | pages=133–178| year = 2014 | isbn = 9781118676448 }} 10. ^{{cite journal | title = Decomposition of Aminotetrazole Based Energetic Materials under High Heating Rate Conditions |author1=Nicholas Piekiel |author2=Michael R. Zachariah |lastauthoramp=yes | journal = J. Phys. Chem. A | date = 2012 | volume = 116 | issue = 6 | pages = 1519–1526 | doi = 10.1021/jp203957t|bibcode=2012JPCA..116.1519P}} 11. ^{{cite journal | title = Coupling activators for the oligonucleotide synthesis via phosphoramidite approach | author = Xia Wei | journal = Tetrahedron | volume = 69 | issue = 18 | pages = 3615–3637 | date = May 6, 2013 |doi = 10.1016/j.tet.2013.03.001 }} 4 : Tetrazoles|Simple aromatic rings|Nitrogen heterocycles|Azoles |
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