| 词条 | Shanghai Jewish Refugees Museum |
| 释义 |
|name = Shanghai Jewish Refugees Museum |native_name = 上海犹太难民纪念馆 |native_name_lang=zh |image = Shanghai Jewish Refugees Museum courtyard.jpg |imagesize = 300px |map_type = Shanghai |map_size = 250 |map_caption = Location within Shanghai |coordinates = {{coord|31.254352|121.509196|display=inline}} |established = 2007 |location = 62 Changyang Road, Hongkou, Shanghai, 200082 |website = {{url|www.shanghaijews.org.cn}} }}{{Chinese |t=上海猶太難民紀念館 |s=上海犹太难民纪念馆 |p=Shànghǎi Yóutài Nànmín Jìniànguǎn |altname=Ohel Moshe Synagogue |t2=摩西會堂 |s2=摩西会堂 |p2=Móxī Huìtáng }} The Shanghai Jewish Refugees Museum is a museum commemorating the Jewish refugees who lived in Shanghai during World War II after fleeing Europe to escape the Holocaust. It is located at the former Ohel Moshe or Moishe Synagogue, in the Tilanqiao Historic Area of Hongkou district, Shanghai, China. The museum features documents, photographs, films, and personal items documenting the lives of some of the more than 20,000 Jewish residents of the Restricted Sector for Stateless Refugees, better known as the Shanghai Ghetto, during the Japanese occupation of Shanghai.[1] Background{{main|Shanghai Ghetto}}The museum is situated in what was once the Jewish Quarter of Shanghai, which had had a Jewish community since the later 19th century, in Hongkou District (formerly rendered as "Hongkew").[2][3] After the 1937 Battle of Shanghai, Japan occupied the Chinese sections of Shanghai, but the foreign concessions—the Shanghai International Settlement and the Shanghai French Concession—were still under the control of the European powers.[1] In the 1930s, Nazi Germany encouraged the German and Austrian Jews to emigrate, but most countries closed their borders to them, Shanghai and the Dominican Republic being the only exceptions. 20,000 European Jews sought refuge in Shanghai, which did not require a visa to enter, the most of any city in the world.[1] The Ohel Moshe Synagogue was the primary place of worship for the Jewish refugees in Shanghai.[2] Soon after Japan attacked Pearl Harbor in December 1941 and declared war on the allies, Japan invaded Shanghai's foreign concessions and occupied the whole city. The war ended the flow of American funds to the impoverished Jewish refugees. The Japanese imposed restrictions on the Jews,[1] and in 1943 officially established the Restricted Sector for Stateless Refugees, better known as the Shanghai Ghetto, in Hongkou, forcing most Jews to live there.[1] After World War II, China soon fell into a civil war, which ended in the victory of the Communist Party in 1949, and almost all the Shanghai Jews emigrated by 1956.[1] Ohel Moshe SynagogueThe Ohel Moshe congregation was established by Russian Jewish immigrants in Shanghai in 1907.{{sfn|Ember|Ember|Skoggard|2005|p=157}} This Ashkenazi congregation was named after Moshe Greenberg, a member of the Russian Jewish community, and was first established in a rented space.{{sfn|Ember|Ember|Skoggard|2005|p=157}} As the congregation grew to 250 families by the 1920s, Rabbi Meir Ashkenazi, Chief Rabbi of Shanghai, supported the creation of a new space for the congregation.{{sfn|Falbaum|2005|p=40}} In 1927, the current structure was created by remodeling an existing three-story building in the Hongkou District, removing the second floor and adding a mezzanine.[2]{{sfn|Ember|Ember|Skoggard|2005|p=157}} The synagogue is situated on what was once Ward Road (now Changyang Road),{{sfn|Ristaino|2003|p=67}} close to the Ward Road Gaol (now Tilanqiao Prison). The synagogue was confiscated by the government after the communist takeover in 1949 and converted into a psychiatric hospital.{{sfn|Peh-T'i Wei|1993|p=58}} It was also used for office space.[11] It reopened in the 1990s.[3] Ohel Moshe and Ohel Rachel are the only two Jewish temples of old Shanghai that still stand, out of the original six.[4] In 2004, the Ohel Moshe Synagogue was inscribed on the list of architectural heritage treasures of Shanghai.[5] In 2007, the Government of Hongkou District restored the synagogue to its original architectural style based on the original drawings in the municipal archives, and opened it as a museum commemorating the Jewish refugees.[5][11] Some of the residential buildings from the ghetto period still stand around the former synagogue, though most have been demolished. The museum itself, and the remaining historic structures, are preserved as part of the Tilanqiao Historic Area.[2] MonumentIn 2014 the museum unveiled a monument to the refugees, which includes more than 13,000 names and a memorial statue commemorating their experience. The memorial was designed by artist He Ning.[6] ExhibitsThe Shanghai Jewish Refugees Museum encompasses the Ohel Moshe Synagogue building, two additional exhibition halls, and a courtyard.[7] The synagogue exhibition presents a "small collection of artifacts" depicting the lives of Jewish refugees who found shelter in Shanghai during the Holocaust.[8] One exhibit on the second floor of the synagogue is devoted to the life of the Chief Rabbi of Shanghai, Rabbi Meir Ashkenazi.{{sfn|Falbaum|2005|p=44}} While the synagogue still contains a Torah ark, Ark cover, and reader's platform, it does not have a Torah scroll or prayer books, precluding its use for prayer services.[9] The No. 2 Exhibition Hall, completed in 2007, displays more than 140 historical photographs and other artifacts including artworks, a refugee's passport, copies of the Shanghai Jewish Chronicle, and a stone tablet engraved with the words of Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin during his visit to Shanghai. A documentary film about the refugees is also shown in the hall.[5] The No. 3 Exhibition Hall was completed in May 2008, and is used for temporary exhibits.[5] In September 2014, a {{convert|34|m|adj=on}} long copper memorial wall was unveiled at the site, engraved with the names of 13,732 Jewish refugees harbored in China during World War II.[10][11] See also
NotesReferences1. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite web |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/china/archive/2013/11/shanghais-forgotten-jewish-past/281713/?single_page=true |title=Shanghai's Forgotten Jewish Past |date=21 November 2013 |first=James|last=Griffiths |work=The Atlantic}} 2. ^1 2 3 {{citation |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/20/travel/jewish-life-in-shanghais-ghetto.html |title=Jewish Life in Shanghai's Ghetto |last=Hall |first=Casey |date=June 19, 2012 |newspaper=The New York Times |accessdate=2014-11-26}} 3. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.csmonitor.com/2006/1101/p07s02-woap.html|title=Shanghai's Jewish 'ghetto' looks to reinvent itself|first=Simon|last=Montlake|date=1 November 2006|accessdate=7 December 2014|work=Christian Science Monitor}} 4. ^{{cite news |url=http://travel.cnn.com/shanghai/visit/re-open-shanghais-jewish-history-friday-nights-038520 |title=Shanghai's Jews celebrate historic synagogue reopening |publisher=CNN |date=July 30, 2010}} 5. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web |url=http://www.shanghaijews.org.cn/english/article/?sid=14 |title=Overview |publisher=Shanghai Jewish Refugees Museum |accessdate=2014-11-26 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304065712/http://www.shanghaijews.org.cn/english/article/?sid=14 |archivedate=2016-03-04 |df= }} 6. ^{{cite news |url=https://sinosphere.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/09/03/shanghai-museum-unveils-memorial-to-jews-who-found-haven-in-city/ |title=Shanghai Museum Unveils Memorial to Jews Who Found Haven in City |publisher=New York Times |date=September 3, 2014}} 7. ^{{cite web |url=http://hkq.sh.gov.cn/shhk/English/20131031/006006004_7bfa5e45-5db1-49af-9996-c2fcb5c5f130.htm|title=An Introduction to Shanghai Jewish Refugees Museum|publisher=Hongkou Shanghai|year=2006|accessdate=7 December 2014}} 8. ^1 2 {{cite web |url=http://jewishgen.blogspot.co.il/2008/06/shanghai-remembers-its-jewish-past.html|title=Shanghai remembers its Jewish past|date=12 June 2008|accessdate=7 December 2014|work=JewishGen}} 9. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.jpost.com/Diplomacy-and-Politics/PM-tours-Shanghai-Jewish-refugee-museum-312383|title=PM tours Shanghai Jewish refugee museum|first=Herb|last=Keinon|work=The Jerusalem Post|date=7 May 2013|accessdate=7 December 2014}} 10. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/region/03-Sep-2014/jewish-refugee-list-unveils-bond-with-shanghai-safe-haven|title=Jewish refugee list unveils bond with Shanghai 'safe haven'|date=3 September 2014|accessdate=7 December 2014|work=Daily Times}} 11. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.haaretz.com/jewish-world/jewish-world-news/1.613939|author=Jewish Telegraphic Agency|title=Shanghai museum unveils memorial to Jewish refugees|date=3 September 2014|accessdate=7 December 2014}} Sources
| editor2-last = Ember | editor2-first = Melvin | editor3-last = Skoggard | editor3-first = Ian A. | title = Encyclopedia of Diasporas: Immigrant and Refugee Cultures Around the World | year = 2005 | publisher = Springer Science & Business Media | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=7QEjPVyd9YMC | isbn = 9780306483219 }}
| title = Port of Last Resort: The Diaspora Communities of Shanghai | year = 2003 | publisher = Stanford University Press | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=VCynKuf3JBYC | isbn = 9780804750233 }}{{commonscat|Shanghai Jewish Refugees Museum}}{{Judaism in Shanghai}}{{Museums in Shanghai}} 10 : Ashkenazi Jewish culture in Asia|Ashkenazi synagogues|1927 establishments in China|2007 establishments in China|Expulsions of Jews|Jews and Judaism in Shanghai|Museums in Shanghai|Synagogues in Shanghai|Synagogues preserved as museums|Jewish museums |
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