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词条 Sinauli
释义

  1. Excavations.

     Sanauli cemetery   2018 excavations  

  2. See also

  3. References

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}{{distinguish|Sonauli}}{{Infobox ancient site
| name = Sinauli
| alternate_name =
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| map =
| map_type = India#India Uttar Pradesh
| map_caption = Location within India
| map_size =
| relief = 1
| coordinates = {{coord|29|14|46|N|77|21|03|E|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| map_dot_label = Sinauli
| location = Barot tehsil, Baghpat district, Uttar Pradesh
| type = Cemetery
Royal Burial
| cultures = Indus Civilisation
| discovered = 2005-06
| excavations = 2005-06
2018
| archaeologists = D. V. Sharma
S. K. Manjul
| management = Archaeological Survey of India
| website =
}}Sinauli (Devanagiri: सिनौली) is an archaeological site located in Barot tehsil, Baghpat district, western Uttar Pradesh, India.[1][2] The site is famous for its Bronze Age "chariots", the first ones to be recovered in archaeological excavation in South Asia.[3] Local legends tell that Sinauli is one of the five villages that god Krishna unsuccessfully negotiated with the Kaurava princes to avoid the War at Kurukshetra.[4]

The excavations in Sinauli were conducted by Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) in 2005-06 and in mid-2018.[3] As per ASI and later studies[6][7], the remains found in 2005-06 season, the "Sanauli cemetery", belonged to Late Harappan Phase. The "Sanauli cemetery", like the extensive Harappan graveyard at Farmana, is expected to provide extensive additional data on the Late Harappan culture.[6]

Major findings from 2018 trial excavations include several wooden coffin burials, "chariots", copper swords, and helmets. The wooden carts ("the chariots") - with solid disk wheels - were protected by copper sheets.[3][5] [6] In December 2018 ASI approved a new phase of digging at Sinauli. The official communication from ASI was sent to an amateur archaeologist in Baraut.[7]

Excavations.

{{quote box
| width = 30em
| bgcolor = #DED79E
| align = right
| quote = "For a potential beginning of the Vedic period, only a small area of Harappa[n Civilisation] has been stratigraphically studied, providing data for around 1300 BC...more recently, additional data have emerged, like the extensive Harappan [Indus] graveyard at Farmana, and the recently found burials at Sinauli, allegedly dating to 1800-2000 BC—well before the immigration of the Indo-Aryans (IAs) to Greater Punjab. Thus, any overlap between Harappan and Vedic civilisations is as yet unclear, though it can be expected for the Haryana/Delhi area."
| source = — Michael Witzel[6]
}}

The site at Sinauli was accidentally discovered by people levelling agricultural land. The farmers came across human skeleton and ancient pottery. The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) began excavations at the site in September 2005.[5][8]

Sanauli cemetery

The 2005-06 excavation headed by D. V. Sharma, ASI found more than a hundred burials (no coffins) tentatively dated c. 2200–1800 BCE.[7][3] Sharma, and later studies[6][7], associated the finding with the Harappan (Indus) civilisation.[3]

The burials are all oriented in a NW-SE direction and most are identified as primary burials. Some of the burials are identified as secondary, multiple and symbolic burials. The age of the buried starts from 1–2 years and includes all age groups and both male and female.[7] Grave goods generally consisted of odd number of vases/bowls (3, 5, 7, 9, 11 etc.) placed near the head, with dish-on-stand usually placed below the hip area as well as flask-shaped vessels, terracotta figurines, gold bracelets and copper bangles, beads of semi-precious stones (two necklaces of long barrel shape), steatite, faience, and glass.[8][7]

The two antennae swords from Sinauli, one found in situ in a grave with a copper sheath, has similarities to the Copper Hoard Type in a Late Harappan context.[7] A dish-on-stand and a violin-shaped flat copper container (having nearly 35 arrowhead shaped copper pieces placed in a row) are included in other important grave goods from Sinauli.[9] The survey found that a dish-on-stand was usually placed below the hip area, but in some cases was placed near the head or feet. The stand is holding the head of a goat in one case.[9]

Remains of a burnt brick wall with a finished inner surface ran along the eastern side of the burial. [9]

2018 excavations

{{quote box
| width = 30em
| bgcolor = #DED79E
| align = left
| quote = "The [2018] artefacts probably belong to a period between 2000-1800 BCE. It can help us determine how those people lived... It may help re-evaluate how we understood the Late Harappan contemporary culture."
| source = — S. K. Manjul, ASI director (excavations)[10]
}}{{quote box
| width = 30em
| bgcolor = #E4FAA6
| align = left
| quote = "Horse-driven chariots are known in the Vedic period. However, iron makes [its] appearance in the post-Vedic [period], or not earlier than the late Vedic period. [So] this [2018] find cannot be dated to the pre-Vedic/Harappa phase."
| source = —D. N. Jha, historian[11]
}}{{quote box
| width = 30em
| bgcolor = #E4FAA6
| align = left
| quote = "We should first obtain clarity on why ASI is calling them 'chariots'. It isn't uncommon for a Late Harappan site to have bullock carts. There is already evidence of such terracotta carts...ASI has a tendency to colour their discoveries from the lens of Hindutva. They had earlier interpreted female figures as 'mother goddesses', even though there was no evidence to suggest it."
| source = —Ruchika Sharma, JNU[12]
}}

Trial excavations conducted at Sinauli in March-May 2018 (about 100 m from the 2005-06 site) have yielded the remains of several coffin burials and three full-sized "chariots".[3] According to ASI director (excavations) Sanjay Manjul the burials may belong to the period c. 2000 - 1800 BCE.[13][1][3][5] Other discoveries include copper helmets, copper antenna swords, copper swords, a ladle made of copper, large terracotta pots, red vases with flaring rims, copper nails and beads.[3] Wooden coffins were first discovered at Harappa in Punjab and then from Dholavira in Gujarat.[14]

Local youths, after giving a basic training, were also enlisted into the excavation activities by the ASI.[4]

Seven human burials - including three coffin burials - have been excavated by the ASI at Sinauli in 2018.[3] In all burials the head was found to be on the northern side, with pottery beyond the head and on the south after the feet. The copper objects are kept below the "sarcophagi".[3]

  • Coffin Burial I: Primary burial (2.4 m long and 40 cm high). Alongside two full-sized "chariots". No remains of a draught animal(s) - horse or bull - is found. The wooden parts of the coffin are decomposed.[3]

The wooden coffin stands on four wooden legs. The entire coffin, including legs, is covered with copper sheets (3mm thickness) on all sides. [3] The sides of the coffin have running floral motifs. The copper sheet on the legs also has intricate carvings.[3] The coffin lid has eight motifs carved (high relief) on it. It depicts either a person with a headgear (made of two bull horns and a pipal leaf in the centre) or a bull head.[3]

Body of an adult man inside the coffin: oriented in NW-SE direction (head facing NW).[3]

Carts: "Chariots" have two solid wheels (not spoked). The wheels rotated on a fixed axle linked by a shaft to the yoke. The chassis of the two "chariots" are made of wood and covered with thick copper sheets.[3] The wheels are decorated with triangles made of copper (fastened on the wheel with copper nails). The triangles are distributed in three concentric circles from the hub flange of the wheel. The seat seemed to semi-circular. The frame of the seat is made of copper pipes. A pipe for the attachment of the umbrella is also visible. [3]
  • Coffin Burial II: The third "chariot" was found with another wood coffin burial. The pit also included a shield (decorated with geometrical patterns in copper), a torch, an antenna sword, a digger, hundreds of beads and a variety of pots.[3] The "chariot" - unlike the ones found in the "two chariot burial" - has (copper triangle) decorations on the pole and yoke.[3]
  • Coffin Burial III: Skeleton of a women (primary burial, coffin burial with no copper lid): wearing an armlet (made of banded agate beads around the elbow). Burial goods: 10 red vases with flared rims, four bowls, two basins, and a thin antenna sword.[3]

See also

  • Indus Valley Civilization
  • Mahabharata

References

1. ^Rai, Sandeep. "ASI unearths ‘first-ever’ physical evidence of chariots in Copper Bronze Age" The Times of India 06 Jun. 2018. [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/meerut/asi-unearths-first-ever-physical-evidence-of-chariots-in-copper-bronze-age/articleshow/64469616.cms]
2. ^Sethi, Atul. "Grave Secrets of Sinauli" The Times of India 01 Jul. 2006. [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/deep-focus/Grave-Secrets-of-Sinauli/articleshow/1696409.cms]
3. ^10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Subramanian, T. S. "Royal burial in Sanauli" Frontline 28 Sept. 2018 [https://frontline.thehindu.com/arts-and-culture/heritage/article24923229.ece]
4. ^Narayanan, P. M. "ASI-Excavated Sanauli Chariots Have Potential To Challenge Aryan Invasion Theory" Outlook 11 Jun. 2018. [https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/asi-excavated-sanauli-chariots-have-potential-to-challenge-aryan-invasion-theory/312415]
5. ^Bharadwaj, Deeksha. "ASI finds corpses, ‘chariots’ at contemporary Harappan site, royalty angle being explored" The Print 05 Jun. 2018. [https://theprint.in/governance/asi-finds-corpses-chariots-at-contemporary-harappan-site-royalty-angle-being-explored/66363/]
6. ^Witzel, Michael. "After Meluhha, The Melange" Outlook 02 Aug. 2018. [https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/after-meluhha-the-melange/300465]
7. ^Rai, Sandeep. "ASI approves 2nd phase of excavation at Sinauli" The Times of India 04 Dec. 2018. [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/meerut/asi-approves-2nd-phase-of-excavation-at-sinauli/articleshow/66926804.cms]
8. ^{{cite web |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_exca_2007_sanauli.asp |title=Excavations - 2006-2007 |accessdate=29 June 2012}}
9. ^Singh, Upinder. A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century. Delhi: Pearson Education India, 2008. 215. [https://books.google.co.in/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false]
10. ^ The Wire 08 Jun. 2018. [https://www.thewire.in/history/asi-claims-to-have-found-harappan-era-chariots-at-excavation-site-in-up]
11. ^ "ASI Claims to Have Found Harappan-Era 'Chariots' at Excavation Site in UP" The Wire 08 Jun. 2018. [https://www.thewire.in/history/asi-claims-to-have-found-harappan-era-chariots-at-excavation-site-in-up]
12. ^ The Wire 08 Jun. 2018. [https://www.thewire.in/history/asi-claims-to-have-found-harappan-era-chariots-at-excavation-site-in-up]
13. ^Rai, Sandeep. "In A First, Chariot From Pre-Iron Age Found During Excavation In UP's Sanauli" India Times 06 Jun. 2018. [https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/in-a-first-chariot-from-pre-iron-age-found-during-excavation-in-up-s-sanauli-346843.html]
14. ^{{Cite web|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/arts-and-culture/heritage/article24923977.ece|title=From the Bara culture: R.S. Bisht|last=Subramanian|first=T. S.|website=Frontline|language=en|access-date=2019-01-03}}

3 : Archaeological sites in Uttar Pradesh|Indus Valley Civilisation sites|Bagpat district

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