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词条 Slavery in 21st-century Islamism
释义

  1. Enslavement

     By Boko Haram  By ISIS 

  2. History

  3. Islamist views on slavery

     Qutb brothers  Abul A'la Maududi  ISIS  Boko Haram 

  4. See also

  5. Notes

  6. References

{{Slavery}}Quasi-state-level Islamist groups, including Boko Haram and the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, have captured and enslaved women and children, often for sexual slavery.[1][2] In 2014, both groups were reported to have kidnapped large numbers of girls and younger women.[3][4]

Enslavement

By Boko Haram

{{See also|Chibok schoolgirls kidnapping}}

Apparently the first report of slave-taking by Boko Haram was on 13 May 2013 when a video was released of Boko Haram leader Abubakar Shekau saying his group had taken women and children - including teenage girls - hostage in response to the arrest of its members' wives and children.[3]

According to Islamism expert Jonathan N.C. Hill, Boko Haram began kidnapping large numbers of girls and young women for sexual use in 2014. The attacks echoed kidnappings of girls and young women for sexual use by Algerian Islamists in the 1990s and early 2000s, and may reflect influence by al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb.[4][5]

According to a community leader from Borno state quoted by the BBC, some captured young women and teenage girls held by Boko Haram have been forced to marry one Boko Haram fighter after another as the fighters are killed. "Any time they go for an operation and one of the fighters is killed they will force the young woman to marry another one ... Eventually she becomes a habitual sex slave."[6]

By ISIS

{{Main|Genocide of Yazidis by ISIL#Sexual slavery|Sexual violence in the Iraqi insurgency}}{{See also|Human rights in ISIL-controlled territory#Slave trade|History of slavery#ISIL slave trade}}
Islamic State price list for
women and children slaves
1–9 years old$165
10–20$124
21–30$82
31–40$62
41–50$41
SOURCE: Zainab Bangura,
UN special envoy on
sexual violence in conflict.[9]
The Economist reports that ISIS (also called "Islamic State") has taken "as many as 2,000 women and children" captive, selling and distributing them as sexual slaves. Matthew Barber, a scholar of Yazidi history at the University of Chicago, later stated to have compiled a list of 4,800 captured Yazidi women and children, and estimated that the overall number could be up to 7,000.[7] Yazidi are a small minority who practice a religion based on "a mix of Christian, Islamic, and ancient Mesopotamian beliefs".[9]

According to reports endorsed as credible by The Daily Telegraph, virgins among the captured women were selected and given to commanders as sexual slaves.[8] According to an August 2015 story in The New York Times "The trade in Yazidi women and girls has created a persistent infrastructure, with a network of warehouses where the victims are held, viewing rooms where they are inspected and marketed, and a dedicated fleet of buses used to transport them."[9][10]

In April 2015, Zainab Bangura, the United Nations special envoy on sexual violence in conflict, visited Iraq and was given a copy of an Islamic State pamphlet including a list of prices for captured women and children. According to a story on the list in Bloomberg, the list's authenticity "was established by UN researchers who'd gathered anecdotes on similar slave markets in Islamic State-controlled areas". The captives are non-Muslim minorities, "mostly Arab Christians and Yazidis" who have refused to convert to Islam and whose adult male relatives have been executed. Bidders for the captive women and children include "the groups own fighters and wealthy Middle Easterners."[11]

History

{{main|History of slavery in the Muslim world}}

In a study of the Arab slave trade from 650 C.E. to 1905 C.E., which considered human trafficking in North Africa, the Middle East, and India, Professor Ralph Austen estimates the number of slaves to be 17,000,000.[12]

Female slavery was common during the medieval Arab slave trade, where prisoners of war captured in battle from non-Arab lands often ended up as concubines (who are considered free when their master dies).[13]

During the Islamic Golden Age, some Muslim jurists writing on military jurisprudence advocated severe penalties for rebels who use "stealth attacks" and practise abductions, poisoning of water wells, arson, attacks against wayfarers and travellers, assaults under the cover of night and rape.[14]

In 1899, Winston Churchill wrote about the Islamic slave trade: "...all [of the Arab tribes in The Sudan], without exception, were hunters of men. To the great slave markets of Jeddah a continual stream of negro captives has flowed for hundreds of years. The invention of gunpowder and the adoption by the Arabs of firearms facilitated the traffic...Thus the situation in the Sudan for several centuries may be summed up as follows: The dominant race of Arab invaders was increasingly spreading its blood, religion, customs, and language among the black aboriginal population, and at the same time it harried and enslaved them...The warlike Arab tribes fought and brawled among themselves in ceaseless feud and strife. The negroes trembled in apprehension of capture, or rose locally against their oppressors."[15]

The Lieber Code of 1863 codified the protection of civilians and stated that "all rape...[is] prohibited under the penalty of death"[16] and subsequent laws of war and humanitarian law have made maltreatment of civilians criminal.[17] Slavery was formally abolished in nearly all countries in the mid-20th century.[18][19]

Islamist views on slavery

{{Main|Islamic views on slavery|Muhammad and slavery|Ma malakat aymanukum|Mukataba}}

Earlier in the 20th century, Islamist authors declared slavery outdated without actually clearly affirming and promoting its abolition. This has caused at least one scholar (William Clarence-Smith[20]) to bemoan the notable "evasions and silences of Muhammad Qutb".[21][22] and the "dogged refusal of Mawlana Mawdudi to give up on slavery".[23]

According to some scholars,[24] there has been a "reopening" of the issue of slavery by some conservative Salafi Islamic scholars after its "closing" earlier in the 20th century when Muslim countries banned slavery and "most Muslim scholars" found the practice "inconsistent with Qur'anic morality."[25][26]

In response to the Nigerian extremist group Boko Haram's Quranic justification for kidnapping and enslaving people,[27][28] and ISIL's religious justification for enslaving Yazidi women as spoils of war as claimed in their digital magazine Dabiq,[29][30][31][32][33][34] 126 Islamic scholars from around the Muslim world, in late September 2014, signed an open letter to the Islamic State's leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, rejecting his group's interpretations of the Qur'an and hadith to justify its actions.[35][36][37] The letter accuses the group of instigating fitna – sedition – by instituting slavery under its rule in contravention of the anti-slavery consensus of the Islamic scholarly community.[38]

Qutb brothers

Sayyid Qutb, a leading scholar of the Islamist Muslim Brotherhood wrote in his tafsir (commentary of the Quran) that slavery was a way of handling prisoners-of-war and it "was necessary for Islam to adopt a similar line of practise until the world devised a new code of practise during war other than enslavement".[39] Qutb's brother and promoter, Muhammad Qutb, vigorously defended Islamic slavery, telling his audience that "Islam gave spiritual enfranchisement to slaves" and "in the early period of Islam the slave was exalted to such a noble state of humanity as was never before witnessed in any other part of the world."[40] He contrasted the adultery, prostitution,[45] and (what he called) "that most odious form of animalism" casual sex that are found in Europe,[41] with (what he called) "that clean and spiritual bond that ties a maid [i.e. slave girl] to her master in Islam."[42]

Abul A'la Maududi

Abul A'la Maududi, the founder of Jamaat-e-Islami has written:

{{quote|Islam has clearly and categorically forbidden the primitive practice of capturing a free man, to make him a slave or to sell him into slavery. On this point the clear and unequivocal words of [Muhammad] are as follows:
There are three categories of people against whom I shall myself be a plaintiff on the Day of Judgement. Of these three, one is he who enslaves a free man, then sells him and eats this money" (al-Bukhari and Ibn Majjah).

The words of this Tradition of the Prophet are also general, they have not been qualified or made applicable to a particular nation, race, country or followers of a particular religion.....After this the only form of slavery which was left in Islamic society was the prisoners of war, who were captured on the battlefield. These prisoners of war were retained by the Muslim Government until their government agreed to receive them back in exchange for Muslim soldiers captured by them.....[43]}}

ISIS

According to CNN and The Economist, the self-styled Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant "justifies its kidnapping of women as sex slaves citing Islamic theology." An article entitled, 'The revival (of) slavery before the Hour,' (of Judgement Day), published in the ISIL online magazine, Dabiq, claimed that Yazidi women can be taken captive and forced to become sex slaves or concubines under Islamic law, "[o]ne should remember that enslaving the families of the kuffar -- the infidels -- and taking their women as concubines is a firmly established aspect of the Shariah, or Islamic law."[7][44][45]

It not only justified the taking of slaves but declared that those who "deny or mock" the verses of the Koran or hadith that justified it were apostates from Islam, asserting that concubinage is specifically justified in the Koran:

Yazidi women and children [are to be] divided according to the Shariah amongst the fighters of the Islamic State who participated in the Sinjar operations [in northern Iraq] … Enslaving the families of the kuffar [infidels] and taking their women as concubines is a firmly established aspect of the Shariah that if one were to deny or mock, he would be denying or mocking the verses of the Koran and the narrations of the Prophet … and thereby apostatizing from Islam.[46]

Another article in Dabiq rebuked supporters of ISIS who had denied ISIS had taken slaves "as if the soldiers of the Khilafah had committed a mistake or evil," and promised "slave markets will be established."[47]

ISIL appealed to apocalyptic beliefs and "claimed justification by a Hadith that they interpret as portraying the revival of slavery as a precursor to the end of the world."[48] In late 2014 ISIL released a pamphlet on the treatment of female slaves.[49][50][51][52][53][54]

Boko Haram

Abubakar Shekau, the leader of Boko Haram, a Nigerian Islamist group, said in an interview "I shall capture people and make them slaves" when claiming responsibility for the 2014 Chibok kidnapping.[27] Shekau has justified his actions by appealing to the Quran saying "[w]hat we are doing is an order from Allah, and all that we are doing is in the Book of Allah that we follow."[55]

See also

  • Forced marriage
  • Sexual jihad
  • Sexual slavery § Middle East
  • History of slavery
  • Human trafficking
  • Islamic views on slavery
  • Raptio – large scale abduction of women
  • Slavery and religion
  • Wartime sexual violence

Notes

1. ^{{cite news|last1=Spencer|first1=Richard|title=Monday 20 October 2014 Thousands of Yazidis sold as sex slaves, say Isil|url=http://www.independent.ie/world-news/middle-east/thousands-of-yazidis-sold-as-sex-slaves-say-isil-30661972.html|accessdate=20 October 2014|publisher=Irish Independent|date=14 October 2014}}
2. ^{{cite news|last1=McPhee|first1=Rod|title=The schoolgirls stolen as sex slaves by Nigeria's anti-education jihadists Boko Haram|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/boko-haram-329-schoolgirls-stolen-3489356|accessdate=20 October 2014|issue=3 May 2014|publisher=Daily Mirror|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140905131526/http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/boko-haram-329-schoolgirls-stolen-3489356|archive-date=2014-09-05|dead-url=no|df=}}
3. ^{{cite news|title=Boko Haram timeline: From preachers to slave raiders|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-22538888|accessdate=3 October 2015|agency=BBC News|date=15 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118120757/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-22538888|archive-date=2015-11-18|dead-url=no|df=}}
4. ^1 {{cite journal|last1=Hill|first1=Jonathan N.C.|title=Boko Haram, the Chibok Abductions and Nigeria's Counterterrorism Strategy|journal=Combatting Terrorism Center at West Point|date=July 30, 2014|url=https://www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/boko-haram-the-chibok-abductions-and-nigerias-counterterrorism-strategy|accessdate=4 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140904160609/https://www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/boko-haram-the-chibok-abductions-and-nigerias-counterterrorism-strategy|archive-date=2014-09-04|dead-url=no|df=}}
5. ^Marina Lazreg, "Consequences of Political Liberalisation and Sociocultural Mobilisation for Women in Algeria, Egypt and Jordan," in Anne-Marie Goetz, Governing Women: Women's Political Effectiveness in Contexts of Democratisation and Governance Reform (New York: Routledge/UNRISD, 2009), p. 47.
6. ^{{cite news|last1=Ross|first1=Will|title=Nigeria: What next for the rescued Boko Haram captives?|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-32625811|accessdate=3 October 2015|agency=BBC News|date=8 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019033600/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-32625811|archive-date=2015-10-19|dead-url=no|df=}}
7. ^1 2 {{cite news|last1=EconomistStaff|title=Jihadists Boast of Selling Captive Women as Concubines|url=https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21625870-jihadists-boast-selling-captive-women-concubines-have-and-hold|accessdate=20 October 2014|publisher=The Economist|date=October 18, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020082720/http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21625870-jihadists-boast-selling-captive-women-concubines-have-and-hold|archive-date=2014-10-20|dead-url=no|df=}}
8. ^{{cite news|last1=Sherlock|first1=Ruth|title=Islamic State commanders 'using Yazidi virgins for sex'|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/islamic-state/11171874/Islamic-State-commanders-using-Yazidi-virgins-for-sex.html|accessdate=20 October 2014|publisher=The Daily Telegraph|date=18 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020014223/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/islamic-state/11171874/Islamic-State-commanders-using-Yazidi-virgins-for-sex.html|archive-date=2014-10-20|dead-url=no|df=}}
9. ^{{cite news|last1=CALLIMACHI;|first1=RUKMINI|title=ISIS Enshrines a Theology of Rape|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/14/world/middleeast/isis-enshrines-a-theology-of-rape.html?_r=0|accessdate=17 August 2015|agency=New York Times|date=13 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150816170045/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/14/world/middleeast/isis-enshrines-a-theology-of-rape.html?_r=0|archive-date=2015-08-16|dead-url=no|df=}}
10. ^see also {{cite news |first=Kirk |last=Semple |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/15/world/middleeast/yazidi-girls-seized-by-isis-speak-out-after-escape.html |title=Yazidi Girls Seized by ISIS Speak Out After Escape |newspaper=The New York Times |date=November 14, 2014 |access-date=2017-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170115182424/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/15/world/middleeast/yazidi-girls-seized-by-isis-speak-out-after-escape.html |archive-date=2017-01-15 |dead-url=no |df= }}
11. ^1 2 {{cite news|last1=Yoon|first1=Sangwon|title=Islamic State Circulates Sex Slave Price Lis|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-08-03/sex-slaves-sold-by-islamic-state-the-younger-the-better|accessdate=9 August 2015|agency=Bloomberg L.P.|date=August 3, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150807011203/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-08-03/sex-slaves-sold-by-islamic-state-the-younger-the-better|archive-date=2015-08-07|dead-url=no|df=}}
12. ^Quoted by John Ralph Willis. "Jihad and the ideology of enslavement", in Slaves and slavery in Muslim Africa— vol. 1. Islam and the ideology of enslavement, London, England; Totowa, N.J.: Frank Cass, 1985, p x.
13. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/slavery_1.shtml#section_7 |title=Islam and slavery: Sexual slavery |publisher=Bbc.co.uk |date= |accessdate=2014-04-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170624234057/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/slavery_1.shtml#section_7 |archive-date=2017-06-24 |dead-url=no |df= }}
14. ^Abou El Fadl, Khaled. [Commentary: Terrorism Is at Odds With Islamic Tradition]. Muslim Lawyers
15. ^Winston Churchill. The River War, Vol. II, London: Longmans, Green & Co., 1899, pp. 248—50.
16. ^{{harvp|Askin|1997|pp=35–36}}
17. ^Nicolas Werth, Karel Bartošek, Jean-Louis Panné, Jean-Louis Margolin, Andrzej Paczkowski, Stéphane Courtois, The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression, Harvard University Press, 1999, hardcover, 858 pages, {{ISBN|0-674-07608-7}}, page 5.
18. ^Murray Gordon. 'Slavery in the Arab World', New York: New Amsterdam, 1989, p. 234.
19. ^{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/4091579.stm | work=BBC News | title=Slavery: Mauritania's best kept secret | date=December 13, 2004 | accessdate=May 5, 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090414194052/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/4091579.stm | archive-date=2009-04-14 | dead-url=no | df= }}
20. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.soas.ac.uk/staff/staffinfo.cfm?contactid=36 |accessdate=August 9, 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060417083811/http://www.soas.ac.uk/staff/staffinfo.cfm?contactid=36 |archivedate=April 17, 2006 }}
21. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.lse.ac.uk/collections/economicHistory/GEHN/GEHNPDF/Islam%26SlaveryWGCS.pdf |title=at p.6 - 'Islam and Slavery' by William Gervase Clarence-Smith |access-date=2018-11-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325013630/http://www.lse.ac.uk/collections/economicHistory/GEHN/GEHNPDF/Islam%26SlaveryWGCS.pdf |archive-date=2009-03-25 |dead-url=no |df= }}
22. ^{{cite book|last1=Clarence-Smith|first1=W. G.|title=Islam and the Abolition of Slavery|date=2006|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=186|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nQbylEdqJKkC&pg=PA186&dq=clarence-smith+muhammad+qutb+slavery+disturbing&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CCAQ6AEwAGoVChMIn5b9tduwxwIVSTOSCh3gGwsa#v=onepage&q=clarence-smith%20muhammad%20qutb%20slavery%20disturbing&f=false|accessdate=17 August 2015}}
23. ^{{cite book|last1=Clarence-Smith|first1=W. G.|title=Islam and the Abolition of Slavery|date=2006|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=188|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nQbylEdqJKkC&pg=PA188&lpg=PA188&dq=Mawdudi++slavery&source=bl&ots=CmLMEByvlq&sig=w86dCgydEDzJos8lhPYcgMSUUBw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CCUQ6AEwAWoVChMInMnp79mwxwIVUBCSCh3X9w3r#v=onepage&q=Mawdudi%20%20slavery&f=false|accessdate=17 August 2015}}
24. ^Khaled Abou El Fadl and William Clarence-Smith
25. ^Abou el Fadl, Great Theft, HarperSanFrancisco, c2005.
26. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.lse.ac.uk/collections/economicHistory/GEHN/GEHNPDF/Islam&SlaveryWGCS.pdf |format=PDF |title=Islam and Slavery |first=William G. |last=Clarence-Smith |access-date=2018-11-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325013630/http://www.lse.ac.uk/collections/economicHistory/GEHN/GEHNPDF/Islam%26SlaveryWGCS.pdf |archive-date=2009-03-25 |dead-url=no |df= }}
27. ^1 {{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2014/05/06/world/africa/nigeria-boko-haram-analysis/ |publisher=CNN |title=Boko Haram: The essence of terror |last=Lister |first=Tim |date=6 May 2014 |accessdate=13 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140513033040/http://www.cnn.com/2014/05/06/world/africa/nigeria-boko-haram-analysis/ |archive-date=2014-05-13 |dead-url=no |df= }}
28. ^{{cite news|last1=Ferran|first1=Lee|title=Boko Haram: Kidnappers, Slave-Owners, Terrorists, Killers|url=http://abcnews.go.com/Blotter/boko-haram-kidnappers-slave-owners-terrorists-killers/story?id=23598347|publisher=ABC News|date=5 May 2014}}
29. ^"Islamic State Seeks to Justify Enslaving Yazidi Women and Girls in Iraq," {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101221822/http://www.newsweek.com/islamic-state-seeks-justify-enslaving-yazidi-women-and-girls-iraq-277100 |date=2014-11-01 }} Newsweek, 10-13-2014
30. ^Athena Yenko, "Judgment Day Justifies Sex Slavery Of Women – ISIS Out With Its 4th Edition Of Dabiq Magazine," {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141014091529/http://au.ibtimes.com/articles/569402/20141013/islamic-state-dabiq-magazine-isis-slavery.htm |date=2014-10-14 }} International Business Times-Australia, October 13, 2014
31. ^Allen McDuffee, [https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/10/isis-confirms-and-justifies-enslaving-yazidis-in-new-magazine-article/381394/ "ISIS Is Now Bragging About Enslaving Women and Children,"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830060025/https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/10/isis-confirms-and-justifies-enslaving-yazidis-in-new-magazine-article/381394/ |date=2017-08-30 }} The Atlantic, Oct 13 2014
32. ^Salma Abdelaziz, "ISIS states its justification for the enslavement of women," {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621204748/http://www.cnn.com/2014/10/12/world/meast/isis-justification-slavery |date=2017-06-21 }} CNN, October 13, 2014
33. ^Richard Spencer, [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/islamic-state/11158797/Thousands-of-Yazidi-women-sold-as-sex-slaves-for-theological-reasons-says-Isil.html "Thousands of Yazidi women sold as sex slaves 'for theological reasons', says Isil,"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180409195532/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/islamic-state/11158797/Thousands-of-Yazidi-women-sold-as-sex-slaves-for-theological-reasons-says-Isil.html |date=2018-04-09 }} The Daily Telegraph, 13 Oct 2014.
34. ^[https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21625870-jihadists-boast-selling-captive-women-concubines-have-and-hold "To have and to hold: Jihadists boast of selling captive women as concubines,"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829145631/https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21625870-jihadists-boast-selling-captive-women-concubines-have-and-hold |date=2017-08-29 }} The Economist, Oct 18th 2014
35. ^{{cite news|title=Muslim Scholars Release Open Letter to Islamic State Meticulously Blasting Its Ideology|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/09/24/muslim-scholars-islamic-state_n_5878038.html|work=The Huffington Post|date=24 September 2013|author=Lauren Markoe|agency=Religious News Service|accessdate=25 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140925115145/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/09/24/muslim-scholars-islamic-state_n_5878038.html|archive-date=2014-09-25|dead-url=no|df=}}
36. ^{{cite news|last1=Smith|first1=Samuel|title=International Coalition of Muslim Scholars Refute ISIS' Religious Arguments in Open Letter to al-Baghdadi|url=http://www.christianpost.com/news/international-coalition-of-muslim-scholars-refute-isis-religious-arguments-in-open-letter-to-al-baghdadi-127032/|accessdate=18 October 2014|work=The Christian Post|date=25 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018115318/http://www.christianpost.com/news/international-coalition-of-muslim-scholars-refute-isis-religious-arguments-in-open-letter-to-al-baghdadi-127032/|archive-date=2014-10-18|dead-url=no|df=}}
37. ^Abubakar Shekau, the leader of Boko Haram, a Nigerian extremist group, said in an interview "I shall capture people and make them slaves" when claiming responsibility for the 2014 Chibok kidnapping. ISIL claimed that the Yazidi are idol worshipers and their enslavement part of the old shariah practice of spoils of war.
38. ^{{cite web|title=Open Letter to Al-Baghdadi |url=http://lettertobaghdadi.com/index.php |date=September 2014 |accessdate=25 September 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140925193528/http://lettertobaghdadi.com/index.php |archivedate=25 September 2014 |df= }}
39. ^in Fi Zilal al-Qur'an, Surah Tawbah (3/1669) also in Tafsir of Surah Baqarah (/230), tafsir of Surah Mu'minoon (4/2455), tafsir of Surah Muhammad (6/3285)
40. ^Qutb, Muhammad, Islam, the Misunderstood Religion {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304063143/http://www.islamicbulletin.org/free_downloads/new_muslim/islam_the_misunderstood_religion.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }}, islamicbulletin.org p.27-8
41. ^Qutb, Muhammad, Islam, the Misunderstood Religion, Markazi Maktabi Islami, Delhi-6, 1992 p.50
42. ^1 Qutb, Muhammad, Islam, the Misunderstood Religion {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304063143/http://www.islamicbulletin.org/free_downloads/new_muslim/islam_the_misunderstood_religion.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }}, islamicbulletin.org p.41
43. ^From "Human Rights in Islam" by 'Allamah Abu Al-'A'la Mawdudi. Chapter 3, subsection 5   {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923201757/http://www.central-mosque.com/fiqh/slav3.htm |date=2015-09-23 }}
44. ^{{cite news|last1=Abdelaziz|first1=Salma|title=ISIS states its justification for the enslavement of women|url=http://www.cnn.com/2014/10/12/world/meast/isis-justification-slavery/|accessdate=13 October 2014|publisher=CNN|date=13 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621204748/http://www.cnn.com/2014/10/12/world/meast/isis-justification-slavery|archive-date=2017-06-21|dead-url=no|df=}}
45. ^{{cite news|last1=Mathis-Lilly|first1=Ben|title=ISIS Declares Itself Pro-Slavery|url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/the_slatest/2014/10/13/isis_yazidi_slavery_group_s_english_language_publication_defends_practice.html|accessdate=20 October 2014|publisher=Slate|date=14 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019203700/http://www.slate.com/blogs/the_slatest/2014/10/13/isis_yazidi_slavery_group_s_english_language_publication_defends_practice.html|archive-date=2014-10-19|dead-url=no|df=}}
46. ^{{cite journal|last1=Wood|first1=Graeme|title=What ISIS Really Wants|journal=The Atlantic|date=March 2015|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/features/archive/2015/02/what-isis-really-wants/384980/|accessdate=26 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150226023536/http://www.theatlantic.com/features/archive/2015/02/what-isis-really-wants/384980/|archive-date=2015-02-26|dead-url=no|df=}}
47. ^{{cite web|title=Issue 9 Of Islamic State (ISIS) English-Language Magazine 'Dabiq' Article Justifies The Practice Of Taking Women As Slaves|url=http://www.memrijttm.org/islamic-state-isis-english-language-magazine-dabiq-article-justifies-the-practice-of-taking-women-as-slaves.html|publisher=memri|accessdate=22 May 2015|date=May 22, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713215758/http://www.memrijttm.org/islamic-state-isis-english-language-magazine-dabiq-article-justifies-the-practice-of-taking-women-as-slaves.html|archive-date=2015-07-13|dead-url=no|df=}}
48. ^{{cite news |first=Nour |last=Malas |url=https://online.wsj.com/articles/ancient-prophecies-motivate-islamic-state-militants-1416357441 |title=Ancient Prophecies Motivate Islamic State Militants: Battlefield Strategies Driven by 1,400-year-old Apocalyptic Ideas |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal |date=November 18, 2014 |accessdate=November 22, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141122235410/http://online.wsj.com/articles/ancient-prophecies-motivate-islamic-state-militants-1416357441 |archive-date=2014-11-22 |dead-url=no |df= }}
49. ^{{cite news |first=Amelia |last=Smith |authorlink=Amelia Smith |url=http://www.newsweek.com/isis-release-questions-and-answers-pamphlet-how-treat-female-slaves-290511 |title=ISIS Publish Pamphlet On How to Treat Female Slaves |newspaper=Newsweek |date=September 12, 2014 |access-date=2014-12-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216011011/http://www.newsweek.com/isis-release-questions-and-answers-pamphlet-how-treat-female-slaves-290511 |archive-date=2014-12-16 |dead-url=no |df= }}
50. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2872884/Our-faith-condones-raping-underage-slaves-ISIS-publishes-shocking-guidebook-telling-fighters-buy-sell-abuse-captured-women.html|title=ISIS publishes guide telling fighters how to buy, sell and abuse captured women - Daily Mail Online|work=Mail Online|access-date=2014-12-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141215070445/http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2872884/Our-faith-condones-raping-underage-slaves-ISIS-publishes-shocking-guidebook-telling-fighters-buy-sell-abuse-captured-women.html|archive-date=2014-12-15|dead-url=no|df=}}
51. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2014/12/12/world/meast/isis-justification-female-slaves/|title=ISIS: Enslaving, having sex with 'unbelieving' women, girls is OK - CNN.com|author=Greg Botelho, CNN|date=12 December 2014|work=CNN|access-date=2014-12-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216004620/http://www.cnn.com/2014/12/12/world/meast/isis-justification-female-slaves/|archive-date=2014-12-16|dead-url=no|df=}}
52. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2014/12/13/pamphlet-islamic-state-guidelines-sex-slaves/20359049/|title=Pamphlet provides Islamic State guidelines for sex slaves|author=Katharine Lackey|date=13 December 2014|publisher=USA Today|access-date=2017-09-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921000131/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2014/12/13/pamphlet-islamic-state-guidelines-sex-slaves/20359049/|archive-date=2017-09-21|dead-url=no|df=}}
53. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.christiantoday.com/article/islamic.state.issues.abhorrent.sex.slavery.guidelines.about.how.to.treat.women/44435.htm|title=Islamic State issues abhorrent sex slavery guidelines about how to treat women - Christian News on Christian Today|publisher=Christian Today|access-date=2014-12-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216005105/http://www.christiantoday.com/article/islamic.state.issues.abhorrent.sex.slavery.guidelines.about.how.to.treat.women/44435.htm|archive-date=2014-12-16|dead-url=no|df=}}
54. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/isis-releases-abhorrent-sex-slaves-pamphlet-with-27-tips-for-militants-on-taking-punishing-and-raping-female-captives-9915913.html|title=Isis releases 'abhorrent' sex slaves pamphlet with 27 tips for militants on taking, punishing and raping female captives|work=The Independent|access-date=2017-09-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925193544/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/isis-releases-abhorrent-sex-slaves-pamphlet-with-27-tips-for-militants-on-taking-punishing-and-raping-female-captives-9915913.html|archive-date=2015-09-25|dead-url=no|df=}}
55. ^{{cite news|last1=Ferran|first1=Lee|title=Boko Haram: Kidnappers, Slave-Owners, Terrorists, Killers|url=http://abcnews.go.com/Blotter/boko-haram-kidnappers-slave-owners-terrorists-killers/story?id=23598347|publisher=ABC News|date=5 May 2014}}

References

{{reflist|30em}}{{Religion and slavery}}{{Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant}}{{Islamism}}

9 : Islamism|Islamic terrorism|Islam and slavery|Women's rights in Islam|Islam-related controversies|Slavery|Slave trade|Violence against women|Persecution of Yazidis by ISIL
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