“1982 in science”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The year 1982 in science and technology involved many significant events, listed below.

Astronomy

January 17 – Allan Hills A81005, the first lunar meteorite found on Earth, is discovered in the Allan Hills at the end of the Transantarctic Mountains by John Schutt and Ian Whillans during the ANSMET meteorite gathering expedition.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]

March 10 – Syzygy: all 9 planets align on the same side of the Sun.

October 14 – Halley's Comet: First spotted in the sky after 70 year return.

Computer science

January 7 – The Commodore 64 8-bit home computer is launched by Commodore International (released in August); it becomes the all-time best-selling single personal computer model.^[8]

January 30 – First computer virus, the Elk Cloner, written by 15-year-old Rich Skrenta, is found in the wild.^[9] It infects Apple II computers via floppy disk.

July 9 – Sci-fi movie Tron is the first feature film to use computer animation extensively.

Mathematics

Michael Freedman proves the Poincaré conjecture in dimensions equal to 4.^[10]

Gerhard Frey draws attention to the property of the elliptic curve which becomes known as the Frey curve.^[11]

Brazilian mathematician Celso Costa gives a mathematical description of Costa's minimal surface, the first embedded minimal surface discovered in more than a century.^[12]

Alexander Merkurjev and Andrei Suslin prove the norm residue isomorphism theorem in Milnor K2-theory for the case {{nowrap|1=n = 2}} and ℓ arbitrary, with applications to the Brauer group.

Medicine

July 20 – Allen Hill and colleagues at the University of Oxford develop a glucose biosensor.^[13]^[14]

September 9 – George Brownlee and colleagues at the University of Oxford publish their results of cloning human clotting factor IX.^[15]

November – Helen House, the world’s first children’s hospice, is set up by Sister Frances Dominica in Oxford, England.^[16]

December 2 – At the University of Utah, 61-year-old retired dentist Barney Clark becomes the first person to receive a permanent artificial heart; he lives for 112 days with the device.

Working Formulation adopted as a standard classification for non-Hodgkin lymphomas.

Atomic Energy of Canada creates the Therac-25, a radiation treatment for cancer patients to remove tumors, however the treatment caused 6 deaths between 1985-87 after people were seriously burned by the number of rads, the correct dose of rads is 200-1,000 rads but the Therac-25 had 15,000-20,000 rads which is fatal. It was no longer used after 1987.

Deaths

February 20 – Derek Jackson (b. 1906), British-born spectroscopist and steeplechase rider.

March 25 – Rufus P. Turner (b. 1907), African American electronic engineer.

April 9 – Robert Havemann (b. 1910), German chemist.

May 3 – Henri Tajfel (b. 1919), Polish-born British social psychologist.

May 22 – Jay Laurence Lush (b. 1896), American livestock geneticist.

June 12 – Karl von Frisch (b. 1886), Austrian-born ethologist and winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.

July 29 – Vladimir K. Zworykin (b. 1889), Russian American pioneer of television technology.

December 27 – Jack Swigert (b. 1931), American astronaut.

References

1. ^{{cite web|title=Allan Hills A81005|url=http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meteor/metbull.php?code=1965|publisher=Meteoritical Society|accessdate=2013-01-11}}
2. ^{{cite journal|last=Marvin|first=Ursula B.|title=The discovery and initial characterization of Allan Hills 81005: The first lunar meteorite|journal=Geophysical Research Letters|date=1983-01-01|volume=10|issue=9|pages=775–778|doi=10.1029/GL010i009p00775|bibcode=1983GeoRL..10..775M }}
3. ^{{cite web|title=Allan Hills A81005|url=http://curator.jsc.nasa.gov/antmet/lmc/F2%20ALHA81005.pdf|publisher=NASA|accessdate=2013-01-11|first1=Kevin|last1=Righter|first2=John|last2=Gruener}}
4. ^{{cite web|title=The Lunar Meteorite Compendium|url=http://curator.jsc.nasa.gov/antmet/lmc/|publisher=NASA|accessdate=2013-01-11|first1=Kevin|last1=Righter|first2=John|last2=Gruener}}
5. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Greener | first1 = Mark | year = 2005 | title = MAbs Turn 30 | url = | journal = The Scientist | volume = 19 | issue = 3| pages = 14–16 }}
6. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Tseng | first1 = S.C. | last2 = Jarvinen | first2 = M.J. | last3 = Nelson | first3 = W.G. | last4 = Huang | first4 = J.W. | last5 = Woodcock-Mitchell | first5 = J. | last6 = Sun | first6 = T.T. | year = 1982 | title = Correlation of specific keratins with different types of epithelial differentiation: monoclonal antibody studies | url = | journal = Cell | volume = 30 | issue = 2| pages = 361–372 | pmid = 6183000 | doi=10.1016/0092-8674(82)90234-3}}
7. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Woodcock-Mitchell | first1 = J. | last2 = Eichner | first2 = R. | last3 = Nelson | first3 = W.G. | last4 = Sun | first4 = T.T. | year = 1982 | title = Immunolocalization of keratin polypeptides in human epidermis using monoclonal antibodies | doi = 10.1083/jcb.95.2.580 | journal = Journal of Cell Biology | volume = 95 | issue = 2| pages = 256–269 | pmid = 6183275 | pmc=2112943}}
8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.pagetable.com/?p=547 |title=How many Commodore 64 computers were sold? |work=pagetable |accessdate=2013-03-25 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306232450/http://www.pagetable.com/?p=547 |archivedate=2016-03-06 |df= }}
9. ^{{cite web|url=http://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid14_gci989616,00.html|title=Elk Cloner|work=SearchSecurity|accessdate=2012-01-28|date=June 2004}}
10. ^{{cite book|first=Tony|last=Crilly|title=50 Mathematical Ideas you really need to know|location=London|publisher=Quercus|year=2007|isbn=978-1-84724-008-8|page=93}}
11. ^{{cite journal|last1=Frey|first1=Gerhard|title=Rationale Punkte auf Fermatkurven und getwisteten Modulkurven|year=1982|journal=Journal für die reine und angewandte Mathematik|volume=331|pages=185–191}}
12. ^{{cite book|last=Costa|first=Celso|title=Imersões mínimas completas em

de gênero um e curvatura total finita|year=1982}} Ph.D. Thesis, IMPA, Rio de Janeiro.
13. ^{{cite journal|author=Cass, A. E. G.|title=Ferrocene-mediated enzyme electrode for amperometric determination of glucose|journal=Analytical Chemistry|volume=56|year=1985|pages=667–71|display-authors=etal|doi=10.1021/ac00268a018|pmid=6721151}}
14. ^{{cite web|title=RSC honours Oxford University team behind diabetic breakthrough|publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry|url=http://www.rsc.org/AboutUs/News/PressReleases/2012/oxford-university-glucose-sensor-chemical-landmark.asp|date=2012-07-16|accessdate=2014-10-10}}
15. ^{{cite journal|journal=Nature|volume=299|pages=178–180|year=1982|doi=10.1038/299178a0|title=Molecular cloning of the gene for human anti-haemophilic factor IX|author1=Choo, K. H. |author2=Gould, K. G. |author3=Rees, D. J. G. |author4=Brownlee, G. G. |pmid=6287289|issue=5879|bibcode = 1982Natur.299..178C }}
16. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/berkshire/content/articles/2009/01/09/helen_house_feature.shtml|title=The story of Helen House|first=Emma|last=Midgley|date=2009-09-09|publisher=BBC Berkshire|accessdate=2013-09-07}}

3 : 1982 in science|20th century in science|1980s in science

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History of science

Mathematics

Medicine

Physics

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Awards

Births

Deaths

References