“Synactive Theory of Newborn Behavioral Organization and Development”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Synactive Theory of Newborn Behavioral Organization and Development ^[1]^[2] (Synaction n., or Synactive adj. [from the Greek syn “together” and the Latin actio “action,” resulting in: “together in action”]) suggests that development of the human fetus, and later newborn, proceeds through the constant balancing of approach and avoidance behaviors, leading to: (1) a continuous interaction of the subsystems (i.e., Autonomic, Motor, State and Attention/Interaction, and Regulatory) and their increasingly defined delineations within the organism, that is the infant, and (2) the organism's interaction with the environment at large. This process is aimed at bringing about the increasingly well-defined species-unique developmental agenda.^[1]

Description

The model provides a graphic representation of the Synactive Theory of development, as applied to both fetal and newborn stages. It focuses upon the infant's within-organism, four subsystems of functioning, and their continuous interaction with each other and with the environment across time (i.e., “together in action,” or synaction). The four subsystems^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5] include the:

Autonomic Subsystem: Expressed in the pattern of respiration (e.g., fast, slow, pauses) color changes (e.g., pink, pale, red), neurological indicators (e.g., seizures, tremulousness), and visceral or gut signals such as bowel movements, gagging, and hiccoughing;

Motor Subsystem: Observable through the tone, posture and movement patterns of the infant;

State and Attention/Interaction Subsystem: Expressed via: 1) the range of states available to the infant (i.e., deep sleep, light sleep, drowsy, alert, hyperalert, and cry), 2) how clearly it is to observably differentiate one state from the other, and 3) the patterns of transitions from one state to another (e.g., smooth well-differentiated state transitions versus abrupt unorganized state transitions).

The attention/interaction system is set within this state continuum (i.e., from deep sleep to cry) and represented by the infant's ability to adjust the robustness and increasing refinement of an alert, attentive state. The infant uses this state to take in cognitive and social information from the environment as well as to bring forth and modify inputs from the surrounding world; and

Regulatory Subsystem: Behaviorally represented via the observable strategies the infant uses (Self-Regulation) in maintaining a balanced, relatively stable and relaxed state of subsystem of functioning or in returning to this a state of subsystem functioning if imbalance, or stress has occurred within the subsystems.

An additional component of the regulatory subsystem is observable in the kind and amount of support offered by the caregiver (e.g., supporting a soft, tucked, flexed position of the infant's arms and legs) or by the environment (e.g., dimming the lights in the nursery). This Co-Regulation may be necessary to help the infant's return to balance in situations when his/her own self-regulatory capacities are exceeded.

The graphic representation of the Synactive Theory above depicts the developing organism, that is, the infant, in constant interaction with the environment from within the womb to the newborn intensive care unit (NICU), and the caregiving family's support in the NICU, to the family in their home. Newborn infants are actively striving for their next steps in development, while depending upon “good enough” environments and care to assure progress along their developmental agenda.

The Synactive Theory of Development continues to be instrumental in guiding clinicians (e.g., neonatologist, nurses, psychologists, developmental specialists, Speech-Language Pathologists, physical/occupational therapists, etc.) and researchers in their understanding of the often very small steps in development that prematurely born and other high risk newborns attempt to accomplish (which are major steps for their immature or injured brain). This theory gives professionals the framework and tools with which to identify the infant's strengths, challenges and accomplishments. Such accomplishments may include breathing, sucking and swallowing in a coordinated sequence; moving food down into and through the stomach and intestinal track instead of upwards, leading to reflux and vomiting; looking at the caregiver and breathing at the same time, as well as many others.

The Synactive Theory is the foundation of both: 1) the Assessment of Preterm Infants’ Behavior (APIB),^[3]^[4] a standardized comprehensive newborn test, and 2) the Newborn Individualized Developmental Care and Assessment Program (NIDCAP),^[5] which is the care and intervention approach, that focuses on each infant's behavioral cues (e.g., hand(s) to mouth, bracing with feet against a supporting surface) in order to support the infant's strengths and reduce the infant's vulnerabilities. The infant's family is viewed as the infant's most important nurturer and is integrated in all care from the infant's birth on throughout the infant's hospitalization.

References

1. ^¹²{{cite journal|last1=Als|first1=H|title=Toward a synactive theory of development:Promise for the assessment of infant individuality.|journal=Infant Mental Health Journal|date=1982|volume=3|pages=229–243}}
2. ^¹{{cite journal|last1=Als|first1=H|title=A synactive model of neonatal behavioral organization: Framework for the assessment and support of the neurobehavioral development of the premature infant and his parents in the environment of the neonatal intensive care unit. In JK Sweeney (ed.), The high risk neonate: Developmental therapy perspectives.|journal=Physical and Occupational Therapy in Pediatrics|date=1986|volume=6|pages=3–53}}
3. ^¹Als H, Lester BM, Tronick EC & Brazelton TB (1982). Manual for the assessment of preterm infants' behavior (APIB). In HE Fitzgerald, BM Lester & MW Yogman (eds.), Theory and research in behavioral pediatrics. New York, Plenum Press. 1: 65-132.
4. ^¹Als H, Lester BM, Tronick EC & Brazelton TB (1982).Towards a research instrument for the assessment of preterm infants' behavior (APIB). In HE Fitzgerald, BM Lester & MW Yogman (eds.), Theory and research in behavioral pediatrics. New York, Plenum Press. 1: 35-63.
5. ^¹Als H (1986; rev. 2013). Program Guide- Newborn Individualized Developmental Care and Assessment Program (NIDCAP): An Education and Training Program for Health Care Professionals. Boston, Copyright, NIDCAP Federation International.