| 词条 | Thomas Chrowder Chamberlin |
| 释义 |
|name = Thomas Chrowder Chamberlin |image = T.C.Chamberlin.gif |image_size = |caption = Chamberlin in the 1870s |birth_date = September 25, 1843 |birth_place = Mattoon, Illinois |death_date = {{d-da|November 15, 1928|September 25, 1843}} |death_place = Chicago |residence = |citizenship = |nationality = American |ethnicity = |field = Geology |work_institutions = Columbian University University of Wisconsin University of Chicago |alma_mater = Beloit College {{small|(A.B., 1866)}} University of Michigan |doctoral_advisor = Alexander Winchell |doctoral_students = |known_for = Planetesimal Hypothesis |author_abbrev_bot = |author_abbrev_zoo = |influences = |influenced = |prizes = Hayden Memorial Geological Award {{small|(1920)}} Penrose Gold Medal (1924) Penrose Medal (1927) |religion = |footnotes = |signature = |children = Rollin Thomas Chamberlin (1881–1948), geologist and skeptic of Wegener's continental drift hypothesis }} Thomas Chrowder Chamberlin ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|r|aʊ|d|ər|}};[1] September 25, 1843 – November 15, 1928) was an American geologist and educator. In 1893 he founded the Journal of Geology, of which he was editor for many years. BiographyChamberlin was born September 25, 1843, in Mattoon, Illinois. When he was three years old his family moved north to near Beloit, Wisconsin. His father was a Methodist circuit minister and farmer. He attended a preparatory academy before entering Beloit College, where he received a classical education in Greek and Latin, while becoming interested in natural science. While a student at Beloit he directed a church choir and participated in athletics and debate. After graduation from Beloit College in 1866, Chamberlin worked for two years as a teacher and later principal in a high school near Beloit. He was married to Alma Wilson in 1867. In 1868–1869, Chamberlin spent a year taking graduate courses, including geology, at the University of Michigan to strengthen his scientific background. Subsequently (1869–1873), he became professor of natural science at Whitewater Normal School in Wisconsin. He joined the Beloit faculty in 1873, where he was professor of geology, zoology, and botany. In 1873 he also became one of several part-time participants in conducting a comprehensive geological survey of Wisconsin. His geologic mapping work in southeastern Wisconsin, a region mantled with thick glacial deposits, led him to recognize multiple episodes of glaciation during the Pleistocene. His terminology for glacial stages in North America is still in use, with minor modifications. In 1875 he started a business with his brother and sold spring water, a popular brand at the time.[2] In 1876 Chamberlin became chief geologist for the Wisconsin geological survey, supervising the completion of the survey and the publication of the four-volume report, for which he authored sections on glacial deposits, Paleozoic and Precambrian bedrock geology, lead-zinc ore deposits, artesian wells, and soils. The project brought him national attention and led to his appointment as head of the glacial division of the US Geological Survey in 1881. He later was president of the University of Wisconsin (1887 to 1892). In 1890[3], and again in 1897[4], Chamberlin wrote The method of multiple working hypotheses, in which he advocated the importance of simultaneously evaluating several hypotheses, rejecting those that conflict with available data, and ending with the one hypothesis supported by the data. This stood in contrast to what he called the single ruling theory, which encouraged scientists to find supporting data and not challenge it with difficult tests. The paper is considered a landmark [5] on the scientific method, was an inspiration for the approach called strong inference, and was reprinted in 1965[6]. In 1892 Chamberlin accepted the offer to organize a department of geology at the new University of Chicago, where he remained as a professor until 1918. From 1898 to 1914 he was president of the Chicago Academy of Sciences. In 1899 Chamberlin wrote, An Attempt to Frame a Working Hypothesis of the Cause of Glacial Periods on an Atmospheric Basis, and developed at length the idea that changes in climate could result from changes in the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide, and wrote about climate actions: {{quote|When the temperature is rising after a glacial episode, dissociation is promoted, and the ocean gives forth its carbon dioxide at an increased rate, and thereby assists in accelerating the amelioration of climate.A study of the life of the geological periods seems to indicate that there were very notable fluctuations in the total mass of living matter. To be sure there was a reciprocal relation between the life of the land and that of the sea, so that when the latter was extended upon the continental platforms and greatly augmented, the former was contracted, but notwithstanding this it seems clear that the sum of life activity fluctuated notably during the ages. It is believed that on the whole it was greatest at the periods of sea extension and mild climates, and least at the times of disruption and climatic intensification. This factor then acted antithetically to the carbonic acid freeing previously noted, and, so far as it went, tended to offset its effects It now becomes necessary to assign agencies capable of removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere at a rate sufficiently above the normal rate of supply, at certain times, to produce glaciation; and on the other hand, capable of restoring it to the atmosphere at certain other times in sufficient amounts to produce mild climates.[7]}} In 1905, Chamberlin and Forest Ray Moulton developed a theory of the formation of the solar system that challenged the Laplacian nebular hypothesis. Their theory, the Chamberlin-Moulton planetesimal hypothesis, received favorable support for almost a third of a century, but passed out of favor by the late 1930s. It ultimately was discarded in the 1940s by the realization it was incompatible with the angular momentum of Jupiter. A portion of the theory stating that smaller objects — planetesimals — gradually collided to build the planets by accretion is still well-regarded. From his theories and other geological evidence he concluded that Earth was much older than assumed by Lord Kelvin (ca 100 million years) at the time. His speculations about the source of energy for such a long-lived Sun were prescient, involving the ability of the Sun to somehow extract energy from the inner structures of the atom. Chamberlin was awarded the inaugural Penrose Gold Medal of the Society of Economic Geologists in 1924,[8] and the inaugural Penrose Medal of the Geological Society of America in 1927.[9] He was president of the Geological Society of America in 1894.[10] Chamberlin remained active professionally up until his death in Chicago on November 15, 1928. His papers are housed at the University of Chicago archives and the Beloit College archives. The Beloit College archives also contain the papers of his son, Rollin T. Chamberlin, who was also a geologist.[11] There are buildings named for him on the Beloit College and University of Wisconsin–Madison campuses as well as a house in Burton-Judson Courts at The University of Chicago.[12] The lunar crater Chamberlin and a crater on Mars[13] are named in his honor. See also
Works
References1. ^Webster's New Biographical Dictionary (Springfield, Mass.: Merriam-Webster, 1988; {{ISBN|9780877795438}}), p. 1099. 2. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.beloit.edu/archives/documents/archival_documents/chamberlin_springs/|title=Chamberlin Springs: Rest & Research Since 1875|publisher=Beloit College}} 3. ^{{cite journal|author=Chamberlin, T. C.|year=1890|title=The method of multiple working hypotheses|journal=Science |volume=15 |pages=92–96}} 4. ^{{cite journal|author=Chamberlin, T. C.|year=1897|title=Studies for students: the method of multiple working hypotheses|journal=Journal of Geology |volume=5 |issue=8|pages=837–848|jstor=30054868|doi=10.1086/607980}} 5. ^{{cite journal|last = Elliot|first = L.P.|author2=B. W. Brook |title = Revisiting Chamberlin: multiple working hypotheses for the 21st century|journal = BioScience|date=2007|volume=57|issue = 7|pages=608–614|doi=10.1641/B570708}} 6. ^{{cite journal|author=Chamberlin, T. C.|year=1965|title=The method of multiple working hypotheses|journal=Science |volume=148 |issue=3671|pages=754–759|doi=10.1126/science.148.3671.754|pmid=17748786}} 7. ^{{cite journal|url=https://archive.org/details/jstor-30055497|author=Chamberlin, T. C.|year=1899|title=An Attempt to Frame a Working Hypothesis of the Cause of Glacial Periods on an Atmospheric Basis|journal=Journal of Geology |volume=7 |issue=8|pages=751–787|doi=10.1086/608524|bibcode=1899JG......7..751C}} 8. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.segweb.org/SEG/_About_SEG/_Medals_and_Awards/Penrose_Gold_Medal.aspx |title=Penrose Gold Medal |publisher=Society of Economic Geologists |accessdate=15 May 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20121228070411/http://www.segweb.org/SEG/_About_SEG/_Medals_and_Awards/Penrose_Gold_Medal.aspx |archivedate=28 December 2012 |df= }} 9. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.geosociety.org/awards/past.htm#penrose |title=Penrose Medalists |accessdate=May 15, 2012 |publisher=The Geological Society of America, Inc.}} 10. ^Eckel, Edwin, 1982, GSA Memoir 155, The Geological Society of America — Life History of a Learned Society, {{ISBN|0-8137-1155-X}}. 11. ^Beloit College Archives, {{cite web|url=http://www.beloit.edu/~archives/documents/archival_collections/alumni/thomas_chamberlin.php|title=Thomas C. Chamberlin}} 12. ^{{cite web|url=http://housing.sites.uchicago.edu/Chamberlin-house|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103232209/http://housing.sites.uchicago.edu/Chamberlin-house|dead-url=yes|archive-date=January 3, 2014|title=Chamberlin House|accessdate=January 3, 2014}} 13. ^{{cite journal | title=The new Martian nomenclature of the International Astronomical Union | display-authors=1 | last1=de Vaucouleurs | first1=G. | last2=Blunck | first2=J. | last3=Davies | first3=M. | last4=Dollfus | first4=A. | last5=Koval | first5=I. K. | last6=Kuiper | first6=G. P. | last7=Masursky | first7=H. | last8=Miyamoto | first8=S. | last9=Moroz | first9=V. I. | last10=Sagan | first10=Carl | last11=Smith | first11=Bradford | journal=Icarus | volume=26 | issue=1 | date=September 1975 | pages=85−98 | doi=10.1016/0019-1035(75)90146-3 | bibcode=1975Icar...26...85D }} Further reading
External links{{Commons category}}{{wikisource author}}
17 : 1843 births|1928 deaths|Leaders of the University of Wisconsin-Madison|American geologists|American science writers|Beloit College alumni|Beloit College faculty|University of Wisconsin–Whitewater faculty|People from Mattoon, Illinois|Science teachers|University of Chicago faculty|University of Michigan alumni|People from Beloit, Wisconsin|Penrose Medal winners|Academic journal editors|Writers from Illinois|Writers from Wisconsin |
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