| 词条 | Thomas Hare (political scientist) |
| 释义 |
| name = Thomas Hare | image = | alt = | caption = Sir Thomas Hare | birth_name = | birth_date = {{Birth date|1806|03|28|df=yes}} | birth_place = England, UK | death_date = {{Death date and age|1891|05|06|1806|03|28|df=yes}} | death_place = | nationality = British | other_names = | occupation = Lawyer, political reformer | known_for = }} Sir Thomas Hare (28 March 1806 in England – 6 May 1891) was a British proponent of electoral reform. LifeHe was born on 28 March 1806, was the only son of A Hare of Leigh, Dorset. On 14 November 1828 he was admitted a student of the Inner Temple, and was called to the bar on 22 November 1833. He practised in the chancery courts and from 1841 reported in Vice-chancellor Wigram's court. {{sfn|Courtney|1901}} He studied law, and was called to the Bar in November 1833 and published several works on judges' decisions. In 1853 he became Inspector of Charities and was later Assistant Commissioner on the Royal City Charities Commission, about which he published several books. He was a Conservative Party member who resigned from public life in 1846.{{sfn|Courtney|1901}} FamilyHe married, first, in Dorsetshire on 7 August 1837, Mary, daughter of Thomas Samson of Kingston Russell. She died on 21 October 1855, and was buried in the churchyard of Brompton church. They had eight children. The eldest daughter, Marian, wife of the Rev. W. R. Andrews of Eastbourne, has written under the pseudonym of 'Christopher Hare;' the second daughter, Alice, married Professor Westlake. Hare married, secondly, on 4 April 1872, Eleanor Bowes Benson (1833–1890), second sister of Edward White Benson, archbishop of Canterbury, by whom he had issue Mary Eleanor (1874–1883). ViewsHare was said to have been 'conspicuous for great industry – to have wide interests in life and clearness of intellectual vision'. He was a member of the London-based Political Economy Club and the British Dictionary of National Biography says of him: Hare's energies were concentrated in an attempt to devise a system which would secure proportional representation of all classes in the United Kingdom, including minorities in the House of Commons and other electoral assemblies. His original electoral system ideas included making The United Kingdom one huge electorate (Hare, in 1854, set the divisor as 654 the number of seats in the UK Parliament) (later he changed this to seven or eight hundred electorates) and that each voter would sign and check his vote. By 1873, however, he had adapted his ideas to take account of the secret vote. Under Hare's method, simply dividing the vote by the number of seats constituted the quota and then the surplus was expected to be distributed 'at random'. Hare's famous original work Machinery of Representation appeared in 1857 (in two editions)[1] and many editions of his equally famous Treatise on the Election of Representatives: Parliamentary and Municipal appeared between 1859 and 1873.[2] In the preface to the fourth edition, he stated his belief that proportional representation would 'end the evils of corruption, violent discontent and restricted power of selection or voter choice'.[3] A great deal of writing on that theory developed and several societies were formed worldwide for its adoption although Hare pointed out that his scheme was not meant to bear the title 'representation for minorities'. Moreover, he noted in the preface to his third edition a point that was to become a feature of Tasmanian politics: Can it be supposed that the moment the electors are allowed a freedom of choice they will immediately be seized with a desire to vote for some distant candidate with whom they are unacquainted, rather than for those whom they know – who are near to them, whose speeches they have heard and who have personal recommendations to the favour and respect of the town and neighbourhood. Finally, with the help of contemporaries such as John Stuart Mill and Catherine Helen Spence, Hare popularised the idea of proportional representation worldwide. The permanent recognition of his name in the Tasmanian system is perhaps appropriate despite little being left of his original proposals. His death in May 1891 occurred several years before the first use of proportional representation in Tasmania in 1897. The former London headquarters of the Electoral Reform Society was named in his honour. SystemsHare lends his name to the following:
The Single Transferable Vote method has been widely used for multiple-winner elections. While continuing to be the main method of elections in the Republic of Ireland and for some elections in Australia, it has been widely used in numerous corporations and organizations, and has been employed in local elections in a few jurisdictions of the United States. 2007 saw the reintroduction of STV in public elections on the British mainland in elections to Scottish local authorities. STV had been used for elections to Parliament for some University Seats from 1918 to 1945 and in 1918 for Scottish boards. Mill described Hare's system as "the greatest improvement of which the system of representative government is susceptible; an improvement which…exactly meets and cures the grand, and what before seemed inherent, defect of the representative system".[4][5] Hare, not a mathematician, never subjected his STV system to a rigorous mathematical analysis. Law reportsHare also obtained minor fame in an entirely different field: law reporting. At a time when there were no official reports of judicial decisions, Hare published reports of key decisions of the courts to enable them to be used as precedents. Two key judicial decisions, which are still frequently cited today, are reported only in Hare's Reports in Chancery:
The Hare law reports were published from 1841 to 1853. Works
References1. ^See {{Cite book |last=Hare |first=Thomas |author-link=|year=1859 |editor-last= |editor-first= |contribution= |title=The Machinery of Representation |edition=2 |publisher= W. Maxwell |publication-date=1859 |publication-place=London |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8iBcAAAAQAAJ&dq=The%20machinery%20of%20representation&hl=bg&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q=The%20machinery%20of%20representation&f=false|accessdate=20 June 2014}} via Google.books 2. ^See {{Cite book |last=Hare |first=Thomas |author-link=|year=1859 |editor-last= |editor-first= |contribution= |title=Treatise on the Election of Representatives: Parliamentary and Municipal |edition=1 |publisher= Longman, Brown, Green, Longmans, & Roberts |publication-date=1859 |publication-place=London |url=https://archive.org/details/atreatiseonelec01haregoog |accessdate=20 June 2014}} via Archive.org 3. ^See {{Cite book |last=Hare |first=Thomas |author-link=|year=1873 |editor-last= |editor-first= |contribution= |title=Treatise on the Election of Representatives: Parliamentary and Municipal |edition=4 |publisher= Longman, Green, Reader, & Dyer |publication-date=1873 |publication-place=London |page=V |url= https://archive.org/details/electionofrepres00hareuoft |accessdate=20 June 2014 }} via Archive.org 4. ^{{cite web | title=Autobiography, John Stuart Mill (1806–73) | work=The Harvard Classics. 1909–14. | url=http://www.bartleby.com/25/1/7.html | accessdate=10 January 2007}} 5. ^{{Cite book |last=Mill |first=John Stuart |year=1873 |title= Autobiography |publisher=John W.Parker & Son |place=London |edition= 1 |url= https://archive.org/stream/autobiographymil00milluoft#page/258/mode/2up |page= 258 | accessdate= 9 September 2014}} via Archive.org 6. ^The rule provides, broadly, that when a matter becomes the subject of litigation between the parties, each party must bring their whole case before the court so that all aspects of it may be finally decided (subject, of course, to any appeal) once and for all. In the absence of special circumstances, the parties cannot later return to the court to advance arguments, claims or defences which they could have put forward for decision on the first occasion but failed to raise.
External links
5 : 1806 births|1891 deaths|British political scientists|Voting theorists|Single transferable vote |
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