| 词条 | Toccoa/Ocoee River | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| name = Toccoa/Ocoee River | image = Toccoa River 2013.JPG | image_caption = Toccoa River near the Blue Ridge Dam | source1_location = Confluence of Canada and Mauldin Creeks in Union County, Georgia | mouth_location = Hiwassee River in Polk County, Tennessee | length = | source1_elevation = ~ {{convert|2,120|ft|m|abbr=on}}[1] | mouth_elevation = ~ {{convert|750|ft|m|abbr=on}}[2] | discharge1_avg = | basin_size = }} The Toccoa River and Ocoee River are the names in use for a single {{convert|93|mi|km|adj=mid|-long}}[3] river that flows northwestward through the southern Appalachian Mountains of the southeastern United States. It is a tributary of the Hiwassee River, which it joins in Polk County, Tennessee, near the town of Benton. Three power generating dams are operated along it. It is notorious for its whitewater rapids on the Tennessee side. The river is called the Toccoa for its {{convert|56|mi}} through Georgia,[3] until it reaches the twin cities of McCaysville, Georgia and Copperhill, Tennessee, at the truss bridge which connects Georgia 5 (Blue Ridge Street) with Tennessee 68 and Georgia 60 (Ocoee Street and Toccoa Street). The remainder is called the Ocoee through Tennessee, known for its whitewater rafting, and host to whitewater slalom events during the Centennial 1996 Summer Olympics held primarily in Atlanta, about {{convert|100|mi}} to the south. The name Ocoee originates from the Cherokee name for Passiflora incarnata, ocoee.[4] Toccoa comes from the Cherokee term for "where the Catawbas lived".[5] On February 16, 1990 flooding of the river submerged much of the central business district of the riverfront towns of Copperhill, Tennessee and McCaysville, Georgia.[6] The area was once heavily mined for copper ore from the Copper Basin and polluted by smelting operations. Extensive logging and plant destroying smog depleted topsoil and polluted acid and metals into the area's streams.[7] The area has since been cleaned and greened.[8] Olympic kayaker Joe Jacobi led a successful effort to bring the Atlanta Olympic white-water event to the Ocoee River in 1996, and his wife Lisa, a former CNN news producer, left her job to open a downtown bed-and-breakfast and become a local internet entrepreneur.[8] Dams and power generationThe Ocoee's flow is controlled by the Tennessee Valley Authority via three dams. Most often the riverbed is nearly dry in the ten-mile (16 km) stretch used for sporting, the water being diverted through flumes along the side of the river gorge. The dam was originally built in 1913 by the East Tennessee Power Company to provide hydroelectric power to the new Alcoa company, which was starting aluminum production operations in Blount County, Tennessee, south of Knoxville. The three Ocoee dams are numbered sequentially, with #1 being the farthest downstream and #3 being the farthest upstream. TVA acquired the two original dams (Ocoee #1 and Ocoee #2) in 1939 and started building Ocoee #3 dam in 1940. These dams generate an average of 67,000 kilowatts of electricity in total. The Ocoee #2 dam diverts water from the middle section of the river through the flume. After a rock slide in September 1976 that damaged the flume, the TVA began a major overhaul of the flume system. During this time, the river, which had been dry during the early years of recreational whitewater sports, ran without diversion. The Ocoee gained the attention of paddlers and rafting companies who offered rafting trips to the public while the repairs were taking place. When the flume overhaul was finished, the Ocoee River Council was formed in order to secure future recreational releases from the TVA. After an extensive legal battle requiring an act of Congress, recreational releases were conceded by the TVA and the river runs most weekends from March through October.[9] The Middle Section contains some 20 named Class III and IV rapids and provides recreational opportunities throughout its eight-month season. One of the largest rapids on the Middle Ocoee, "Hell's Hole," runs right beneath the bridge leading to the power station, with "Powerhouse", a significant ledge with a strong hydraulic, right after it. Upstream (to the southeast), TVA also operates Blue Ridge Dam, which creates Lake Blue Ridge (called Blue Ridge Reservoir by TVA). Whitewater kayaking and raftingThe whitewater slalom events during the 1996 Summer Olympics were conducted on a half-mile Olympic whitewater course that is fed by releases of water from Ocoee #3. The Ocoee Whitewater Center was built by the U.S. Forest Service for this purpose, including a large building along U.S. 64, whose eastbound lanes were originally built for traffic which are now converted to be used as a parking and staging area. A 4.5-mile whitewater rafting area farther downstream is fed by water released from Ocoee Dam #2.[10] The Olympic section was not open to the public until after the Olympics, while the middle section had been open to the public since the late 1970s. After the Olympics, rafting tours (including bus transportation) are provided by several different companies located in both directions on U.S. 64, which runs next to the river for a few miles (several kilometers). These outfitters provide other activities on and along the river such as biking, hiking, kayaking and lodging. White water rafting is the most popular and is led by trained river guides through a number of rapids. Rapids on the Middle:
Variant namesThe river was once known as the Ocowee River and, according to the Geographic Names Information System, the Toccoa/Ocoee River has also been known as:[11]
See also
References1. ^U.S. Geological Survey. Suches quadrangle, Georgia. 1:24,000. 7.5 Minute Series. Washington D.C.: USGS, 1988. 2. ^U.S. Geological Survey. Benton quadrangle, Tennessee. 1:24,000. 7.5 Minute Series. Washington D.C.: USGS, 1974. 3. ^1 {{cite web| url=http://viewer.nationalmap.gov/viewer/| title=The National Map| publisher=U.S. Geological Survey| accessdate=Feb 16, 2011}} 4. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.tn.gov/state-symbols.shtml#flowers| title=State Symbols| publisher=Tennessee State Government| accessdate=Dec 21, 2014| deadurl=yes| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140625045751/http://www.tn.gov/state-symbols.shtml#flowers| archivedate=June 25, 2014| df=}} 5. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.epodunk.com/cgi-bin/genInfo.php?locIndex=8242| title =Toccoa, Georgia City Information| publisher=ePodunk}} 6. ^http://www.takemytrip.com/06appalachian/06_13a.htm 7. ^Flood May Be Last Straw for Troubled Copper Town LAURAN NEERGAARD, Associated Press Mar. 1, 1990 8. ^1 [https://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/14/travel/escapes/14copperhill.html?pagewanted=all Up From the Mines in Tennessee] Erik S. Lesser for The New York Times By CHRIS DIXON December 14, 2007 9. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.leagle.com/decision/19811328540FSupp788_11215| title=OCOEE RIVER COUNCIL v. T. V. A| publisher=Leagle, Inc.| accessdate=Oct 11, 2013}} 10. ^Ocoee Whitewater, TVA website 11. ^{{Gnis|330011}} External links
7 : Hiwassee River|Rivers of Georgia (U.S. state)|Rivers of Tennessee|Tennessee Valley Authority|Bodies of water of Polk County, Tennessee|Bodies of water of Union County, Georgia|Bodies of water of Fannin County, Georgia |
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