请输入您要查询的百科知识：

　

词条 Timeline of Canadian history
释义

  1. Prehistory

  2. 8th century

  3. 9th century

  4. 10th century

  5. 11th century

  6. 12th century

  7. 13th century

  8. 14th century

  9. 15th century

  10. 16th century

  11. 17th century

  12. 18th century

  13. 19th century

  14. 20th century

  15. 21st century

  16. See also

  17. References

  18. Further reading

  19. External links

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}{{History of Canada sidebar}}

This is a brief timeline of the history of Canada, comprising important social, economic, political, military, legal, and territorial changes and events in Canada and its predecessor states.

Prehistory

YearDate Event Ref.
to 14,000 BCEAt some unknown time prior to this date, Paleo-Indians moved across the Beringia land bridge from eastern Siberia into northwest North America, settling in some areas of Alaska and the Yukon,[1] but are blocked from further travel south into the continent by extensive glaciation.[2][3]
14,000 BCE Glaciers that covered Canada began melting, allowing Paleo-Indians to move south and east into Canada and beyond.[4]
3,000–2,000 BCE The Indigenous peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands begin to cultivate different types of squash.[5]
3,000 BCEPaleo-Eskimos begin to settle the Arctic regions of North America from Siberia.[6]

8th century

YearDate Event Ref.
796 CECouncil of Three Fires (also known as the Three Fires Confederacy) is formed.[7]

9th century

10th century

YearDate Event Ref.
1000 A short-lived Norse settlement is founded at L'Anse aux Meadows. It is possibly connected with the attempted colony of Vinland, established by Leif Erikson around the same period or, more broadly, with Norse exploration of the Americas. [8][9]

11th century

12th century

YearDate Event Ref.
1142 31 August The Iroquois Confederacy (also known as the League of Peace and Power) is formed.[10]

13th century

14th century

15th century

YearDate Event Ref.
1497 24 June Genoese navigator John Cabot lands the Matthew of Bristol somewhere on the northern Atlantic coast of North America, claiming the land for England. The precise location of Cabot's landing is widely debated but generally believed to be on Newfoundland. [11]

16th century

YearDate Event Ref.
1534 24 July Explorer Jacques Cartier claims the Gaspé Peninsula for France. [12]

17th century

YearDate Event Ref.
1605 French colonists establish the first permanent European settlement in the future Canada at Port-Royal, founding the colony that would become known as Acadia. [13]
16083 July Quebec City founded, becoming the capital of New France.[14]
16344 JulyTrois-Rivières founded, becoming the second permanent settlement in New France.[15]
1642 17 May Fort Ville-Marie -(Old Montreal) founded with the majority of immigrants coming directly from France led by Paul de Chomedey and Jeanne Mance, a lay woman.[16]
1666 First census of North America released.[17]
16702 MayHudson's Bay Company formed creating a monopoly over the region (Rupert's Land).[18]

18th century

YearDate Event Ref.
1701 4 August The Great Peace of Montreal, between New France and 39 First Nations, is finalized.[19]
1713 11 April The War of the Spanish Succession is ended by the Treaty of Utrecht. France cedes Acadia to Great Britain and renounces claims to some British territories in Canada, as well as its claim to a monopoly of trade with the indigenous population, but retains control of Île Royale colony (present-day Cape Breton Island and Prince Edward Island). [20]
1749 21 June Halifax is founded and settled by the British. The indigenous Mi'kmaq believe Britain's unilateral action violates treaties signed after Father Rale's War in 1726, starting Father Le Loutre's War in which British colonists drive French and Mi'kmaq inhabitants from peninsular Nova Scotia but are repelled from Acadian settlements further north (present-day New Brunswick). [21][22]
1755 11 August British Brigadier-General Charles Lawrence orders the Expulsion of the Acadians. Over the next decade an estimated 11,400 French Catholics are deported to the Thirteen Colonies and Europe. Many settle in Louisiana. [23]
1758 8 June {{endash}} 26 July The French naval fortress at Louisbourg is sieged for a second time by the British, having been returned to the French after a previous occupation in 1745. After being used to stage attacks on French Canada the following year, British soldiers reduce the fortress to rubble to prevent its return to the French a second time. [24][25]
1759 13 September A three-month British siege of Quebec City culminates in the pivotal Battle of the Plains of Abraham just outside the city's walls. Both the British and French commanders are killed in the battle. Following a decisive British victory, the French evacuate the city. [26]
1763 10 February The Seven Years' War is ended by the Treaty of Paris. France cedes New France to Great Britain, its colony Canada becoming the British Province of Quebec, and its remaining maritime colonies annexed by Nova Scotia. [27]
1769 14 July St. John's Island is partitioned from Nova Scotia, becoming a separate colony from the mainland. The colony is renamed Prince Edward Island in 1798. [28]
1784 18 June New Brunswick and Cape Breton Island are partitioned from Nova Scotia, becoming separate colonies. Cape Breton re-joins Nova Scotia in 1820. [29]
1791The Constitutional Act of 1791 divides the Province of Quebec into Upper and Lower Canada (modern-day Ontario and Quebec).[30]

19th century

YearDate Event Ref.
1813 21–22 June During the War of 1812, Laura Secord learns of an American plan to launch a surprise attack on British forces and walks 20 miles to warn the defenders. The British defeat the American invaders at the Battle of Beaver Dams on 24 June. [31]
1818 20 October The London Convention is signed, setting the boundary between the United States and British North America to the 49th parallel from the Northwest Angle in Minnesota west to the continental divide of the Rocky Mountains, and establishing joint control of the Oregon Country. [32]
1829 6 June Shanawdithit, the last known living member of the Beothuk people native to Newfoundland, dies; she was about 29 years old.[33]
1846 15 June The Oregon boundary dispute is settled with the signing of the Oregon Treaty, extending the boundary between British North America and the United States along the 49th parallel from the Rocky Mountains to the Juan de Fuca Strait, and defining the maritime boundary to the Pacific Ocean. [34]
1864 1 {{endash}} 9 September The Charlottetown Conference, the first of several meetings to discuss a Maritime Union and Canadian Confederation, is held in Charlottetown. [35]
1867 1 July The British North America Act, 1867, divides the Province of Canada into Ontario and Quebec and joins them with New Brunswick and Nova Scotia to form a confederated state called the Dominion of Canada. [36][37]
1869–1870 11 October–12 May A group of Métis led by Louis Riel mount the Red River Rebellion against Canadian intrusion and form the Red River Colony. The Canadian government regains control after acceding to many of Riel's demands, but he flees into exile in the United States after the government refused to grant him amnesty. [38]
1870 15 July Concluding a series of agreements between Canada, the United Kingdom, and the Hudson's Bay Company, Canada acquires Rupert's Land and the North-Western Territory, forming the North-West Territories. In the aftermath of the Red River Rebellion, Manitoba is subdivided from the new territory in the area around Winnipeg, becoming Canada's fifth province. Land rights are granted to the Métis. [39][40]
1871 20 July The colonies of British Columbia and Vancouver Island amalgamate and then enter Confederation as the Province of British Columbia, Canada's the sixth province. [41]
1873 1 July Prince Edward Island enters Confederation as the seventh province. [42]
1880 1 September The British Arctic Territories are ceded to Canada, becoming part of the North-West Territories. [43]
1885 26 March – 3 June Several hundred Catholic Francophone Métis led by Louis Riel and supported by Cree fighters mount the North-West Rebellion and establish the Provisional Government of Saskatchewan. Riel is captured at the Battle of Batoche (9–12 May), tried for treason, and hanged on 16 November 1885. Francophones bitterly denounce the sentence and Canada becomes deeply polarized along ethno-religious lines. [44][45]
7 November The transcontinental Canadian Pacific Railway, then the longest in the world, is completed. [46]

20th century

YearDate Event Ref.
1905 1 September Alberta and Saskatchewan are partitioned out of the Northwest Territories to become the eighth and ninth provinces of Canada. [47]
1910 4 May Royal Canadian Navy is established. [48]
1914 4 August Great Britain declares war on Germany, bringing Canada into the First World War. [49]
1917 9–12 April The four divisions of the Canadian Expeditionary Force fight together for the first time in the Battle of Vimy Ridge, which becomes celebrated as a national symbol of achievement and sacrifice and a formative milestone in the development of Canada's national identity. [50]
6 December An explosion caused by an accidental collision between two merchant ships, one filled with explosives for the war, occurs in Halifax Harbour, resulting in 2000 people dead and 9000 injured. [51]
1918 24 May Women gain the right to vote in federal elections. [52][53]
19 September Canadian Air Force (after 1920, Royal Canadian Air Force) is established. [54]
1919 Canada sends a delegation to the Paris Peace Talks, the conference resolving war issues. Canada signs the Versailles treaty as part of the British Empire, with parliament's approval. [55]
1920 Canada is admitted as a full member of the League of Nations, independently of Britain. It joins the League Council (governing board) in 1927. Canada plays a minor role and opposes sanctions or military action by the League. The League is virtually defunct by 1939.[56]
1926 25 June – 14 September A constitutional crisis, known as the King-Byng Affair, is precipitated when Governor General Byng refused Prime Minister King's request to dissolve parliament and call an election, instead asking opposition leader Meighen to form a government, which in turn was quickly defeated. King framed the dispute as one of Britain, represented by the Governor General, interfering with Canadian affairs. Consequently, the affair played a role in the Balfour Declaration of 1926, in which each Dominion of the British Empire was declared to be of equal status with Britain. [57]
1927 25 November Canada appoints Vincent Massey as its first fully accredited envoy to a foreign capital. [58]
1929 1929 - 1939 Great Depression in Canada begins, resulting in widespread poverty and unemployment for the next decade.[59]
1931 11 December The Statute of Westminster 1931 is enacted in Britain, officially ending the power of the British parliament to pass and nullify laws in a Dominion without the Dominion's request and consent. The statute formally recognized the de facto independence attained by Canada following the First World War. [60]
193910 September Canada, with its parliament's support, enters the Second World War by declaring war on Germany. The Dominion of Newfoundland had entered the war as a British colony upon the United Kingdom's declaration of war one week earlier.[61][62]
19391939 - 1945 During the war, the government mobilizes Canadian money, supplies, and volunteers to support Britain while boosting the economy and maintaining home front morale. Canada plays a military role protecting convoys against German submarines and fighting the German Army in Western Europe, while helping to liberate the Netherlands. Canada expands its small navy into the third largest in the world, after the U.S. and U.K. It had 363 ships and 100,000 sailors (of whom 6700 were women.)[63][64]
[65][66]
194524 October Canada joins the United Nations, seeking to play a world role as a "middle power", with interest in the UN Charter and in relief agencies.[67]
1949 31 March Newfoundland enters Confederation as the tenth province following a pair of contentious referenda on whether the island should remain a British Crown Colony, become fully independent, or join Canada. [68]
1959 27 June The Saint Lawrence Seaway, a joint project between Canada and the United States, is officially opened. [69]
19601 JulyFirst Nations people are granted the right to vote in federal elections without having to give up their treaty rights and Indian Status[70]
1967 Canada celebrates its centennial. [71]
27 April Expo 67 opens in Montreal and goes on to be considered most successful World's Fair of the 20th century and a landmark moment in Canadian history. [72][73]
1970 5 October The government invokes the War Measures Act to apprehend the Front de libération du Québec (FLQ), a separatist paramilitary group in Quebec that was responsible for over 160 violent incidents that killed eight people and in October 1970 had kidnapped a British official (later released) and Quebec labour minister Pierre Laporte, who they killed. The FLQ collapses. [74]
1980 20 May A referendum on Quebec independence is held, resulting in a majority (59.56%) of the province voting to remain in Canada. [75]
1982 17 April Canada achieves total independence from Great Britain through Patriation of its Constitution with the enactment of the Constitution Act, 1982 (which includes the Charter of Rights and Freedoms), by royal proclamation. The Government of Quebec refuses to sign the deal and attempts to veto the Act; the Supreme Court of Canada rules that Quebec's assent is not required.[76][77]
199011 July – 26 SeptemberThe Oka Crisis occurs as indigenous Mohawk activists protest the construction of a golf course on a burial ground, barricading roads and the Mercier Bridge. In August, after a series of violent standoffs between protesters and the Sûreté du Québec (SQ, Quebec's provincial police) which led to the death of one officer, Premier Robert Bourassa requests aid from the Canadian Armed Forces. In September, facing military invasion of their community, the protesters surrender and many leaders are arrested. Construction of the golf course is later cancelled.[78]
1995 30 October Another referendum on Quebec independence is held. A majority (50.58%) of the province votes to remain in Canada.[79]
1999 1 April Nunavut is partitioned from the Northwest Territories to become Canada's third territory, following a series of plebiscites in 1982 and 1992, and establishment of the Nunavut Land Claims Agreement in 1993. [80]

21st century

YearDate Event Ref.
2005 20 July The Civil Marriage Act legalizes same-sex marriage throughout Canada. [81]
2012FebruaryStudents in Quebec protest and stop proposed increases in university tuition.[82]
4 MayThe Royal Canadian Mint strikes the last Canadian penny. The coin is removed from circulation a few months later, though existing pennies remain legal tender.[83]
201817 OctoberThe Cannabis Act becomes law, making recreational cannabis use legal throughout the country. Canada is the second country (after Uruguay in 2013) to legalize recreational cannabis use nationwide.[84]

See also

{{Portal|History of Canada}}
  • History of Canada
  • Historiography of Canada
  • Events of National Historic Significance
  • List of years in Canada
  • Heritage Minutes
  • National Historic Sites of Canada
  • Persons of National Historic Significance
  • Timeline of Ontario history
  • Timeline of Quebec history
  • List of Canadian monarchs
  • List of Governors General of Canada
  • List of Prime Ministers of Canada

References

1. ^{{cite journal |title=The Late Pleistocene Dispersal of Modern Humans in the Americas |first=Ted |last=Goebel |first2=Michael R. |last2=Waters |first3=Dennis H. |last3=O'Rourke |url=http://www.centerfirstamericans.com/cfsa-publications/Science2008.pdf |year=2008 |doi=10.1126/science.1153569 |accessdate=5 February 2010 |pmid=18339930 |volume=319 |issue=5869 |journal=Science |pages=1497–502 |bibcode=2008Sci...319.1497G |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102191740/http://www.centerfirstamericans.com/cfsa-publications/Science2008.pdf |archive-date=2 January 2014 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}
2. ^{{cite book |first=Graeme |last=Wynn |title=Canada And Arctic North America: An Environmental History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bxGFaFvo2oMC&pg=PA20 |year=2007 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-85109-437-0 |page=20 |access-date=6 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160510192447/https://books.google.com/books?id=bxGFaFvo2oMC&pg=PA20 |archive-date=10 May 2016 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}
3. ^{{cite journal|author=Jacques Cinq-Mars|title=The Significance of the Bluefish Caves in Beringian Prehistory|url=http://www.historymuseum.ca/learn/research/resources-for-scholars/essays/significance-of-the-bluefish-caves-in-beringian-prehistory|date=2001|publisher=Canadian Museum of Civilization|location=Hull|access-date=3 March 2015|journal=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131124540/http://www.historymuseum.ca/learn/research/resources-for-scholars/essays/significance-of-the-bluefish-caves-in-beringian-prehistory/|archive-date=31 January 2016|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}
{{cite book|author=Laurel Sefton MacDowell|title=An Environmental History of Canada|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bM9TCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA14|year=2012|publisher=UBC Press|isbn=978-0-7748-2104-9|page=14|access-date=6 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423200407/https://books.google.com/books?id=bM9TCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA14|archive-date=23 April 2016|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}
{{cite journal |author=Guy Gugliotta |title=When Did Humans Come to the Americas? |url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/when-did-humans-come-to-the-americas-4209273/?all |journal=Smithsonian Magazine |date=February 2013 |access-date=25 June 2015 |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160515002408/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science%2Dnature/when%2Ddid%2Dhumans%2Dcome%2Dto%2Dthe%2Damericas%2D4209273/?all |archive-date=15 May 2016 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}
4. ^{{cite book|author=Mark Nuttall|title=Encyclopedia of the Arctic|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Swr9BTI_2FEC&pg=PA238|date= 2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-78680-8|page=238}}
5. ^{{cite book|author1=Emory Dean Keoke|author2=Kay Marie Porterfield|title=Encyclopedia of American Indian Contributions to the World: 15,000 Years of Inventions and Innovations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QIFTVWJH3doC&pg=PA6|year=2009|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-0990-9|page=6}}
6. ^{{cite book|author=Mark M. Jarzombek|title=Architecture of First Societies: A Global Perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DuevAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT331|year=2014|publisher=MIT - John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-118-42105-5|page=331}}
7. ^{{cite book|author=James B. Minahan|title=Ethnic Groups of the Americas: An Encyclopedia: An Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OJilCCGFCTYC&pg=PA271|year=2013|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-61069-164-2|page=271}}
8. ^{{cite book|author1=Linda S. Cordell|author2=Kent Lightfoot|author3=Francis McManamon|author4=George Milner|title=Archaeology in America: An Encyclopedia: An Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=arfWRW5OFVgC&pg=PA82|date=30 December 2008|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-02189-3|pages=82–|access-date=6 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230134928/https://books.google.com/books?id=arfWRW5OFVgC&pg=PA82|archive-date=30 December 2016|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}
9. ^{{cite book|author=Axel Kristinsson|title=Expansions: Competition and Conquest in Europe Since the Bronze Age|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9s2uzr47M-cC&pg=PA216|year=2010|publisher=ReykjavíkurAkademían|isbn=978-9979-9922-1-9|page=216|access-date=6 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230190128/https://books.google.com/books?id=9s2uzr47M-cC&pg=PA216|archive-date=30 December 2016|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}
10. ^{{cite book|author=Jordan E. Kerber|title=Archaeology of the Iroquois: Selected Readings and Research Sources|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-Jb8MF-Ib6oC&pg=PA388|year=2007|publisher=Syracuse University Press|isbn=978-0-8156-3139-2|page=388}}
11. ^{{cite book|author=Roger E. Riendeau|title=A Brief History of Canada|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CFWy0EfzlX0C&pg=PA22|year=2007|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-0822-3|page=22}}
12. ^{{cite book|author=Alan Gordon|title=The Hero and the Historians: Historiography and the Uses of Jacques Cartier|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jZhdAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA16|year=2010|publisher=UBC Press|isbn=978-0-7748-5920-2|page=16}}
13. ^{{cite book|first= Desmond|last= Morton|title= Canada: A Millennium Portrait|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=GOxGQZg0KtoC&pg=PT19|date= 30 November 1999|publisher= Dundurn|isbn= 978-1-4597-1085-6|page= 19|access-date= 15 January 2019|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170118083129/https://books.google.com/books?id=GOxGQZg0KtoC&pg=PT19|archive-date= 18 January 2017|dead-url= no|df= dmy-all}}
14. ^{{cite book|author=Rene Chartrand|title=French Fortresses in North America 1535-1763: Quebec, Montreal, Louisbourg and New Orleans|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ihSrWOl-zsIC&pg=PA11|year=2013|publisher=Osprey Publishing|isbn=978-1-4728-0317-7|page=11}}
15. ^{{cite book|author=David B. Knight|title=Choosing Canada's Capital: Conflict Resolution In a Parliamentary System|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zPY3hRG0a-EC&pg=PA35|year=1991|publisher=McGill-Queen's Press |isbn=978-0-88629-148-8|page=35}}
16. ^{{cite book|author=Terence J. Fay|title=History of Canadian Catholics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4OszB8KwdjgC&pg=PA17|year=2002|publisher=McGill-Queen's Press|isbn=978-0-7735-2313-5|page=17|access-date=8 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170409030512/https://books.google.com/books?id=4OszB8KwdjgC&pg=PA17|archive-date=9 April 2017|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}
17. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/98-187-x/4064814-eng.htm |title=Censuses of Canada 1665 to 1871: Jean Talon |date= |work=Statistics Canada |accessdate=17 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923060811/http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/98-187-x/4064814-eng.htm |archive-date=23 September 2015 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}
18. ^{{cite book|author=Elle Andra-Warner|title=Hudson's Bay Company Adventures: Tales of Canada's Fur Traders|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TMsq10u35pIC&pg=PT18|year=2011|publisher=Heritage House|isbn=978-1-926613-14-7|page=18}}
19. ^{{cite book|author=Colin G. Calloway|title= Treaties and Treaty Making in American Indian History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kjh3f96YJK0C&pg=PA1|year=2013|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-998686-6|page=1}}
20. ^{{cite book|author=Saliha Belmessous|title=Native Claims: Indigenous Law Against Empire, 1500-1920|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XyIK3fBFzdsC&pg=PA108|year=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press, USA|isbn=978-0-19-979485-0|page=108}}
21. ^Grenier, John. The Far Reaches of Empire. War in Nova Scotia, 1710-1760. Norman: U of Oklahoma P, 2008; Thomas Beamish Akins. History of Halifax, Brookhouse Press. 1895. (2002 edition). p 7
22. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.northeastarch.com/vieux_logis.html |title=Fort Vieux Logis |publisher=Northeast Archaeological Research |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514082831/http://www.northeastarch.com/vieux_logis.html |archivedate=14 May 2013}}
23. ^{{cite book|last=White|first=Stephen A.|editor=Ronnie Gilles LeBlanc|title=Du Grand Dérangement à la Déportation: nouvelles perspectives historiques|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BscRAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA21|year=2005|publisher=Université de Moncton|isbn=978-1-897214-02-2|pages=21–56|chapter=The True Number of Acadians}}
24. ^{{cite web |title=Siege of Louisbourg: 30 May-27 July 1758 |website=The Loyal Edmonton Regiment Military Museum |url=https://www.lermuseum.org/imperial-rivalry-1731-1763/siege-of-louisbourg-30-may-27-july-1758 |accessdate=14 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190115075717/https://www.lermuseum.org/imperial-rivalry-1731-1763/siege-of-louisbourg-30-may-27-july-1758 |archive-date=15 January 2019 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}
25. ^{{cite web |title=Fortress of Louisbourg National Historic Site: History |website=Parks Canada |date=11 April 2017 |url=https://www.pc.gc.ca/en/lhn-nhs/ns/louisbourg/decouvrir-discover/histoire-history |accessdate=14 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106053029/https://www.pc.gc.ca/en/lhn-nhs/ns/louisbourg/decouvrir-discover/histoire-history |archive-date=6 January 2019 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}
26. ^{{cite web |title=Sept 13, 1759 the battle that changed North America and the world |first=Marc |last=Montgomery |website=Radio Canada |date=11 September 2015 |url=http://www.rcinet.ca/en/2015/09/11/history-sept-13-1759-the-battle-that-changed-north-america/ |accessdate=14 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190115023520/http://www.rcinet.ca/en/2015/09/11/history-sept-13-1759-the-battle-that-changed-north-america/ |archive-date=15 January 2019 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}
27. ^{{cite book|author=Spencer C. Tucker|title=The Encyclopedia of the Wars of the Early American Republic, 1783–1812: A Political, Social, and Military History [3 volumes]: A Political, Social, and Military History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sApvBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA782|year=2014|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-59884-157-2|page=782}}
28. ^{{cite web |title=The Honourable Walter Patterson |author=Office of the Lieutenant Governor |website=Government of Prince Edward Island |url=http://www.gov.pe.ca/olg/gallery/picture_setup.php?lg=01Patterson |accessdate=15 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190127024248/http://www.gov.pe.ca/olg/gallery/picture_setup.php?lg=01Patterson |archive-date=27 January 2019 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}
29. ^{{cite web |title=Winslow Papers: The Partition of Nova Scotia |publisher=University of New Brunswick Libraries |date=21 June 2005 |url=https://lib.unb.ca/winslow/partition.html |accessdate=15 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180428053645/https://www.lib.unb.ca/winslow/partition.html |archive-date=28 April 2018 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}
30. ^{{cite book|author=Terry A. Crowley|title=Canadian History: Pre-Colonization to 1867 Essentials|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-HQeJz8NOaMC&pg=PA40|year=2015|publisher=Research & Education Assoc.|isbn=978-0-7386-7205-2|page=40}}
31. ^{{citation |last=Bonikowsky |first=Laura Nielson |url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/laura-secord/ |title=Laura Secord |publisher=The Canadian Encyclopedia |date=24 March 2011 |accessdate=27 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150920030916/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/laura-secord/ |archive-date=20 September 2015 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}
32. ^{{cite book |last=United States Department of State |authorlink=United States Department of State |others=Compiled by the Treaty Affairs Staff, Office of the Legal Adviser, U.S. Department of State. |title=Treaties In Force: A List of Treaties and Other International Agreements of the United States in Force on November 1, 2007. Section 1: Bilateral Treaties |url=https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/83046.pdf |accessdate=23 May 2008 |edition=2007 |date=1 November 2007 |location=Washington, DC |pages=320 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150507053949/http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/83046.pdf |archive-date=7 May 2015 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}
33. ^{{cite book|last1=Howley|first1=James Patrick|authorlink1=James Patrick Howley|title=The Beothucks or Red Indians : the aboriginal inhabitants of Newfoundland|date=1915|publisher=University Press|location=Cambridge|url=https://archive.org/details/beothucksorredin00howl|accessdate=11 February 2018|page=231|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170504215304/https://archive.org/details/beothucksorredin00howl|archive-date=4 May 2017|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}
34. ^{{cite web |year=1999 |url=http://www.lexum.umontreal.ca/ca_us/en/cus.1846.28.en.html |title=Treaty between Her Majesty and the United States of America, for the Settlement of the Oregon Boundary |work=Canado-American Treaties |publisher=Université de Montréal |accessdate=2007-01-12 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091113034143/http://www.lexum.umontreal.ca/ca_us/en/cus.1846.28.en.html |archivedate=13 November 2009}}
35. ^The Charlottetown Conference, Dictionary of Canadian Biography, http://biographi.ca/en/theme_conferences_1864.html?p=8 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181110080247/http://biographi.ca/en/theme_conferences_1864.html?p=8 |date=10 November 2018 }}
36. ^{{harvnb|Gillmor|Turgeon|2000|p=277}}
37. ^Christopher Moore, 1867: How the Fathers Made a Deal (2011)
38. ^{{harvnb|Gillmor|Turgeon|2000|pp=284–287}}
39. ^Rupert's Land and North-Western Territory Order {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720084637/http://www.solon.org/Constitutions/Canada/English/rlo_1870.html |date=20 July 2011 }}
40. ^{{harvnb|Gillmor|Turgeon|2000|p=287}}
41. ^W. George Shelton, ed. British Columbia & Confederation (1967)
42. ^Francis Bolger, "Prince Edward Island and Confederation" CCHA, Report, 28 (1961), 25-30 online {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004134734/http://www.umanitoba.ca/colleges/st_pauls/ccha/Back%20Issues/CCHA1961/Bolger.pdf |date=4 October 2012 }}
43. ^{{cite wikisource |title=Adjacent Territories Order |date=31 July 1880}}
44. ^{{Citation |last=Wallace |first=W. Stewart |url=http://faculty.marianopolis.edu/c.belanger/quebechistory/encyclopedia/North-WestRebellion-CanadianHistory.htm |title=North-West Rebellion |publisher=Marianopolis College |accessdate=6 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303190852/http://faculty.marianopolis.edu/c.belanger/quebechistory/encyclopedia/North-WestRebellion-CanadianHistory.htm |archive-date=3 March 2016 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}
45. ^George F.G. Stanley, Louis Riel: Patriot or Rebel? Canadian Historical Association Booklet No. 2 (1979) online {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150506211632/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/obj/008004/f2/H-2_en.pdf |date=6 May 2015 }}
46. ^{{cite book| title=Canadian Pacific Facts and Figures| publisher=Canadian Pacific Foundation Library| year=1946| page=15}}
47. ^{{Citation |last=Stout |first=C. H. |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=hTBkAAAAIBAJ&sjid=3XsNAAAAIBAJ&pg=6646%2C9015 |title=Alberta born 50 years ago to start new era |work=Calgary Herald |date=1 January 1955 |accessdate=5 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121064809/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=hTBkAAAAIBAJ&sjid=3XsNAAAAIBAJ&pg=6646%2C9015 |archive-date=21 November 2015 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}
48. ^{{cite book|author=Richard H. Gimblett|title=The Naval Service of Canada, 1910-2010: The Centennial Story|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=49PJdKG6yZUC&pg=PR14|date= 2009|publisher=Dundurn|isbn=978-1-4597-1322-2|page=14}}
49. ^{{cite book|author=David MacKenzie|title=Canada and the First World War: Essays in Honour of Robert Craig Brown|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xg-NBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT174|year=2015|publisher=University of Toronto Press, Scholarly Publishing Division|isbn=978-1-4426-5879-0|page=174}}
50. ^{{harvnb|Inglis|1995|p=2}}
51. ^Janet F. Kitz, Shattered city: the Halifax explosion & the road to recovery (Nimbus, 2008.)
52. ^{{cite book| first=Catherine| last=Cleverdon| title=The woman suffrage movement in Canada: The Start of Liberation, 1900-20| edition=2| publisher=University of Toronto Press| location=Toronto| year=1974| isbn=9780802021083}}
53. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.parl.gc.ca/parlinfo/compilations/provinceterritory/ProvincialWomenRightToVote.aspx| author=Parliament of Canada| title=Women's Right to Vote in Canada| publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada| accessdate=20 November 2015| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121020801/http://www.parl.gc.ca/parlinfo/compilations/provinceterritory/ProvincialWomenRightToVote.aspx| archive-date=21 November 2015| dead-url=no| df=dmy-all}}
54. ^{{cite book|author=Sydney F. Wise|title=The Official History of the Royal Canadian Air Force: Canadian airmen and the first world war|year=1980|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-0-8020-2379-7|page=ix}}
55. ^{{cite book|author=Alan Bowker|title=A Time Such as There Never Was Before: Canada After the Great War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CUclAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT29|year=2014|publisher=Dundurn|pages=28–29|isbn=9781459722828}}
56. ^{{cite book|author=Anique H. M. van Ginneken|title=Historical Dictionary of the League of Nations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-mjkuGZLhBIC&pg=PA54|year=2006|page=54|isbn=9780810865136}}
57. ^{{citation |last=Tattrie |first=Jon |url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/king-byng-affair/ |title=King-Byng Affair |publisher=The Canadian Encyclopedia |date=30 July 2013 |accessdate=3 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151105045015/http://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/king-byng-affair/ |archive-date=5 November 2015 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}
58. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.international.gc.ca/department/history-histoire/hplSearch_results-en.asp?frm=person&lan=1&prsnid=904| last=Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade| title=About the Department > Canadian Heads of Posts Abroad from 1880 > Massey, Hon. Vincent (Non-career)| publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada| accessdate=15 March 2009| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322125156/http://www.international.gc.ca/department/history-histoire/hplSearch_results-en.asp?frm=person&lan=1&prsnid=904| archive-date=22 March 2012| dead-url=yes| df=dmy-all}}
59. ^{{cite book|author=Pierre Berton|title=The Great Depression: 1929-1939|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vuVOyizWolgC&pg=PA9|date= 2012|publisher=Doubleday Canada|isbn=978-0-307-37486-8|pages=9–11}}
60. ^{{citation |url=http://pch.gc.ca/eng/1359726490418/1359726960231 |title=Giving Canada its own voice |publisher=Government of Canada |accessdate=3 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019034526/http://www.pch.gc.ca/eng/1359726490418/1359726960231 |archive-date=19 October 2015 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}
61. ^Jack L. Granatstein, and Robert Bothwell, "‘A self-evident national duty’: Canadian foreign policy, 1935–1939." The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 3#2 (1975): 212-233.
62. ^{{cite web |title=The History of Newfoundland and Labrador During the Second World War |first=Peter |last=Neary |website=Canadian War Museum |url=https://www.warmuseum.ca/learn/dispatches/the-history-of-newfoundland-and-labrador-during-the-second-world-war/#tabs |accessdate=14 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190114210720/https://www.warmuseum.ca/learn/dispatches/the-history-of-newfoundland-and-labrador-during-the-second-world-war/#tabs |archive-date=14 January 2019 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}
63. ^Tim Cook, Warlords: Borden Mackenzie King And Canada's World Wars (2012)
64. ^Jeffrey A. Keshen, Saints, Sinners, and Soldiers: Canada's Second World War (2004)
65. ^J.L. Granatstein, [https://books.google.com/books?id=NXhOurYDaqUC The last good war: An illustrated history of Canada in the Second World War, 1939-1945] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603152841/https://books.google.com/books?id=NXhOurYDaqUC |date=3 June 2016 }} (2005)
66. ^{{cite book|author=Spencer Tucker|title=World War II at Sea: An Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N0nrSWUHx6sC&pg=PA142|year=2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO|page=142|isbn=9781598844573}}
67. ^Adam Chapnick, The middle power project: Canada and the founding of the United Nations (UBC Press, 2007)
68. ^{{harvnb|Gillmor|2001|pp=222–223}}
69. ^{{citation| url=http://www.cbc.ca/news2/interactives/timeline-queen-cdnvisits/timeline/timeline.html| title=St. Lawrence Seaway opening| publisher=CBC| accessdate=20 November 2015| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140612071543/http://www.cbc.ca/news2/interactives/timeline-queen-cdnvisits/timeline/timeline.html| archive-date=12 June 2014| dead-url=no| df=dmy-all}}
70. ^{{cite book|author1=Rita J. Simon|author2=Vassia Gueorguieva|title=Voting and Elections the World Over|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GqYGgdWftrgC&pg=PA4|year=2008|publisher=Lexington Books|isbn=978-0-7391-3092-6|page=4}}
71. ^{{cite book|author=Peter H Aykroyd|title=The Anniversary Compulsion: Canada's Centennial Celebrations, A Model Mega-Anniversary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qJYqm24jOsEC&pg=PR12|year=1992|publisher=Dundurn|isbn=978-1-55488-307-3|page=12}}
72. ^{{citation| url=http://www.voicesofeastanglia.com/2011/11/the-most-successful-world-fair-expo-67.html| title=The Most Successful World Fair—Expo 67| journal=Voices of East Anglia| accessdate=20 November 2015| date=2011-11-22| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121020616/http://www.voicesofeastanglia.com/2011/11/the-most-successful-world-fair-expo-67.html| archive-date=21 November 2015| dead-url=no| df=dmy-all}}
73. ^{{cite news|author=Tu Thanh Ha |title=Expo 67 Saw 'The World Coming To Us, In A Joyous Fashion' |date=26 April 2007 |newspaper=The Globe and Mail |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20070426.wexpo0427/BNStory/National/home |page=A3 |accessdate=24 August 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070905132736/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20070426.wexpo0427/BNStory/National/home |archivedate=5 September 2007 }}
74. ^H. D. Munroe, "The October Crisis revisited: Counterterrorism as strategic choice, political result, and organizational practice." Terrorism and Political Violence 21.2 (2009): 288-305.
75. ^{{cite book|author=Anne F. Bayefsky|title=Self-determination in International Law: Quebec and Lessons Learned : Legal Opinions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pq4c7MjNCVgC&pg=PA5|year=2000|publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers|isbn=978-90-411-1154-8|page=5}}
76. ^{{cite book|author1=Joel Krieger|author2=Margaret E. Crahan|title=The Oxford Companion to Politics of the World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2wd30pXJxpYC&pg=PA105|year=2001|publisher=Oxford University Press, USA|isbn=978-0-19-511739-4|page=105}}
77. ^{{cite journal| last=Russell| first=Peter H.| authorlink=Peter H. Russell| title=The Patriation and Quebec Veto References: The Supreme Court Wrestles with the Political Part of the Constitution| journal=Supreme Court Law Review| pages=75–76| year=2011| url=http://pi.library.yorku.ca/ojs/index.php/sclr/article/viewFile/34629/31489| issn=0228-0108}}
78. ^{{cite web |title=Canada History: July 11, 1990, the crisis and death at Oka |first=Marc |last=Montgomery |website=Radio Canada |url=http://www.rcinet.ca/en/2018/07/09/shooting-death-police-indian-canada-history-july-11-1990-the-crisis-and-death-at-oka/ |date=9 July 2018 |accessdate=14 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190114210557/http://www.rcinet.ca/en/2018/07/09/shooting-death-police-indian-canada-history-july-11-1990-the-crisis-and-death-at-oka/ |archive-date=14 January 2019 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}
79. ^{{cite book|author1=John Courtney|author2=David Smith|title=The Oxford Handbook of Canadian Politics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5KomEXgxvMcC&pg=PA97|year=2010|publisher=OUP USA|isbn=978-0-19-533535-4|page=97}}
80. ^{{cite web |title=Creation of a New Northwest Territories |website=Legislative Assembly of the Northwest Territories |url=https://www.assembly.gov.nt.ca/visitors/creation-new-nwt |accessdate=15 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122210209/https://www.assembly.gov.nt.ca/visitors/creation-new-nwt |archive-date=22 November 2018 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}
81. ^{{cite book|author=Edward Hedican|title=Social Anthropology: Canadian Perspectives on Culture and Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2XtujZavgA4C&pg=PA130|year=2012|publisher=Canadian Scholars’ Press|isbn=978-1-55130-407-6|page=130}}
82. ^{{Cite book|title=The Failure of Nonviolence|last=Gelderloos|first=Peter|publisher=|year=2015|isbn=|location=|pages=}}
83. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2012/05/04/canadas-last-penny_n_1476664.html?ref=canada|title=Canada's Last Penny: Final Cent Struck In Winnipeg Friday As Currency Killed|publisher=Canadian Press/Huffington Post Canada|date=4 May 2012|accessdate=4 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507014338/http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2012/05/04/canadas-last-penny_n_1476664.html?ref=canada|archive-date=7 May 2012|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}
84. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/marijuana-faq-legalization-need-to-know-1.4862207 |title=Cannabis is legal in Canada — here's what you need to know |date=17 October 2018 |website=CBC News |publisher=CBC |access-date=27 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025205048/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/marijuana-faq-legalization-need-to-know-1.4862207 |archive-date=25 October 2018 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}

Further reading

{{main|Bibliography of Canadian history}}{{refbegin}}
  • {{Cite book

|title = Journeys: A History of Canada
|first1 =RD | last1 = Francis |first2 = Richard |last2 =Jones |first3 = Donald B |last3 =Smith
|publisher = Nelson Education
|year = 2009
|isbn = 978-0-17-644244-6
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GbbZRIOKclsC&pg=PP1
  • {{cite book|author1=Crowley, Terence Allan|author2=Terry Crowley|author3=Rae Murphy|title=The Essentials of Canadian History: Pre-colonization to 1867—the Beginning of a Nation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-HQeJz8NOaMC&pg=PP1|year=1993|publisher=Research & Education Assoc.|isbn=978-0-7386-7205-2}}
  • {{cite book|author1=Felske, Lorry William|author2=Beverly Jean Rasporich|title=Challenging Frontiers: the Canadian West|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tcAikMMDA8sC&pg=PP1|year=2004|publisher=University of Calgary Press|isbn=978-1-55238-140-3}}
  • Hill, Brian H. W. Canada, 875-1973: A Chronology and Fact Book (1973)
  • {{cite book|first =Arthur R. M. | last =Lower

|title =Canadians in the Making: A Social History of Canada
|edition =
|publisher=Longmans, Green
|year =1958
|isbn =
|url =https://www.questia.com/library/107385/canadians-in-the-making-a-social-history-of-canada
}}
  • {{cite book|author=Morton, Desmond|title=A short history of Canada|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=beFgpa6lj-EC&pg=PP1|year=2001|publisher=McClelland & Stewart Limited|isbn=978-0-7710-6509-5}}
  • {{cite book|author=Morton, Desmond|title=A Military History of Canada : from Champlain to Kosovo|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ui8ecMckv08C&pg=PP1|year=1999|publisher=McClelland & Stewart Limited|isbn=978-0-7710-6514-9}}
  • Norrie, Kenneth, Douglas Owram and J.C. Herbert Emery. (2002) A History of the Canadian Economy (4th ed. 2007)
  • {{cite book|author=Riendeau, Roger E. |title=A Brief History of Canada|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CFWy0EfzlX0C&pg=PP1|year=2007|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-0822-3}}
  • {{cite book |last = Taylor |first = Martin Brook|author2=Owram, Doug|year = 1994|title =Canadian History|volume=[https://books.google.com/books?id=FamJrJEvymIC&pg=PP1 1] & [https://books.google.com/books?id=HKmAjZJCJFoC&pg=PP1 2]|publisher= University of Toronto Press}} {{ISBN|978-0-8020-5016-8}}, {{ISBN|978-0-8020-2801-3}}
  • {{cite book|author1=Taylor, Martin Brook|author2=Douglas Owram|title=Canadian History: A Reader's Guide: Beginnings to Confederation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FamJrJEvymIC&pg=PP1|year=1994|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-0-8020-6826-2}}
    • {{cite book|author1=Martin Brook Taylor|author2=Douglas Owram|title=Canadian history. 2. Confederation to the present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HKmAjZJCJFoC&pg=PP1|year=1994|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-0-8020-7676-2}}
{{refend}}
Primary sources
{{refbegin}}
  • {{cite book|author=Reid, J.H.Stewart ed.|title=A Source-book of Canadian History: Selected Documents and Personal Papers|url=https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=91233293|year=1959|publisher=Longmans Canada|displayauthors=etal }}
{{refend}}

External links

{{Sister project links|History of Canada}}
  • Canada Year Book (CYB) annual 1867–1967
  • Events of National Historic Significance{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=no }}
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20110605063141/http://www.pc.gc.ca/progs/lhn-nhs/recherche-search_e.asp?s=1 National Historic Sites of Canada]
  • Persons of National Historic Significance in Canada{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=no }}
  • The Dictionary of Canadian Biography
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20090204012447/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/canada.htm Canada]`` – UCB Libraries GovPubs
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20140821200252/http://www.iccs-ciec.ca/blackwell.html Canadian Studies] – Guide to the Sources
  • The Historica-Dominion Institute
{{Canadian history}}

2 : Timelines by country|History of Canada
随便看

　

开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。

　

Copyright © 2023 OENC.NET All Rights Reserved
京ICP备2021023879号 更新时间：2024/9/24 18:29:52