释义 |
- Prior to 4th century
- 4th–15th centuries
- 15th–18th centuries
- 19th century
- 20th century
- 21st century
- See also
- References
- Bibliography Published in 18th–19th centuries Published in 20th century Published in 21st century
- External links
The following is a timeline of the history of the town of Istanbul, Turkey. {{Dynamic list}}{{TOC right}}Prior to 4th century{{see also|Byzantium}}{{History of Turkey}}- 657 BCE – Byzantium founded by Greeks.
- 513 BCE – City taken by Persians under the rule of Darius I.[1]
- 479 BCE – Spartans take control of Byzantium from the Persians following their victory at the Battle of Plataea.[2]
- 411 BCE – Captured by Sparta.
- 408 BCE – Captured by Athens.
- 340 BCE – Besieged unsuccessfully by the forces of Philip II of Macedon.
- 193 CE
- Besieged by Septimius Severus.
- Population: 15,000
- 196 – Captured by Septimius Severus.[3] Walls demolished and city razed.
- 203
- Septimius Severus rebuilds the city.
- Hippodrome built (approximate date).
- Mese main street built.
- Baths of Zeuxippus built (approximate date).
- Walls rebuilt (approximate date).
- 267 – Captured by the Herules.
4th–15th centuries{{see also|Constantinople}}- 315 – Hagia Irene church built (approximate date).
- 324
- 8 November: Constantine renames the city as Constantinoupolis and begins large-scale rebuilding.
- Serpent Column relocated to Byzantium.
- Hippodrome enlarged.
- Population: 20,000
- 328 – 4 November: Constantine dedicates Constantinople as capital.
- 330
- 11 May: Column of Constantine dedicated.
- Church of the Holy Apostles built (approximate date).
- Chora Church built (approximate date).
- Milion erected (approximate date).
- 332
- 18 May: Free distribution of food to citizens. 80,000 rations a day from 117 distribution points.
- 359 – First urban prefect appointed.
- 360 – 15 February: Great Church of Holy Wisdom inaugurated.
- 362 – Kontoskalion built.
- 365 – City taken by forces of Procopius.[3]
- 368
- Valens Aqueduct completed.
- Magnaura palace built (approximate date).
- Population: 150,000
- 378 – Battle of Constantinople (378): Gothic attack on the city.
- 381 – First Council of Constantinople held in the Hagia Irene church.
- 382
- Drought.
- Second line added to the Valens Aqueduct.
- 390 – Obelisk of Theodosius installed.
- 393
- Forum of Theodosius rebuilt.
- Column of Theodosius erected.
- Arch of Theodosius completed.
- Population: 200,000
- 395 – Earthquake (approximate date).
- 400 – City occupied by the rebel forces of Gainas for several months.
- 401 – Construction of the Column of Arcadius begins.
- 403
- Forum of Arcadius built.
- Column of Aelia Eudoxia erected.
- Earthquake.
- 407 – 1 April: Earthquake.
- 413 – Theodosian Walls built.
- 415 – 10 October: Church of Theodosius II inaugurated.
- 420 – Palace of Lausus built (approximate date).
- 421 – Cistern of Aetius built.
- 425 – 27 February: Pandidakterion school founded by emperor Theodosius II.
- 428 – Theodosius Cistern built (approximate date).
- 430 – Palace of Antiochos built.
- 433 – August: Fire destroys buildings along the Golden Horn.
- 437 – 25 September: Constantinian and Theodosian Walls damaged by an earthquake.
- 439 – Boukoleon Palace built (approximate date).
- 440 – Saint Andrew in Krisei built (approximate date).
- 447
- 26 January: Walls damaged by an earthquake.
- Walls rebuilt in 60 days by 16,000 workers under praetorian prefect Constantinus.
- 6 November: Constantinian and Theodosian Walls damaged by an earthquake.
- 450
- Column of Marcian erected (approximate date).
- Church of St. Mary of Blachernae built.
- 459
- Construction of the Cistern of Aspar begins.
- Augustaion rebuilt.
- 462 – Monastery of Stoudios founded.
- 464 – September: Fire begins in the dockyards of the Golden Horn and damages eight of the city's fourteen regions.
- 473 – Imperial Library of Constantinople burned.
- 476 – Basilica Cistern rebuilt (approximate date).
- 478 – 25 September: Walls damaged by an earthquake.
- 498 – Riot by the Greens damages the Hippodrome and surrounding area.
- 500
- Cistern of Mocius built (approximate date).
- Palace of Blachernae built (approximate date).
- Byzantine structure that would become the Balaban Aga Mosque built (approximate date).
- 524 – Church of St. Polyeuctus built.
- 527 – Construction of the Church of the Saints Sergius and Bacchus begins.
- 532
- January: Nika riots.
- 23 February: Construction of the Hagia Sophia church begins.
- Basilica Cistern rebuilt and enlarged.
- 533 – Earthquake.
- 536 – Church of the Saints Sergius and Bacchus finished.
- 537
- 26 December: Hagia Sophia completed.
- Population: 300,000–500,000
- 541 – Plague of Justinian kills 40% of the population.
- 543 – Column of Justinian erected.
- 545 – Wheat and wine shortage.
- 548 – Hagia Irene rebuilt.
- 550 – 28 June: Church of the Holy Apostles rebuilt.
- 553 – Second Council of Constantinople held.
- 554 – 16 August: Earthquake.
- 555 – May–July: Bread shortage.
- 557 – 14 December: 557 Constantinople earthquake destroys large parts of the city.
- 558 – February–July: Re-occurrence of the plague of Justinian.
- 560 – Monastery of the Mother of God at the Spring built.
- 562 – November: Drought.
- 570
- Chrysotriklinos built by emperor Justin II (approximate date).
- Orphanage of Saint Paul founded (approximate date).
- 573–574 – Re-occurrence of the plague of Justinian.
- 575 – Kontoskalion harbor deepened and enlarged.
- 576 – Valens Aqueduct repaired and expanded.
- 582 – Famine.
- 586 – Re-occurrence of the plague of Justinian.
- 599 – Re-occurrence of the plague of Justinian.
- 626 – Siege of Constantinople (626) by Avars, Slavs and Sassanid Persians.
- 674–678 – Siege of Constantinople (674–78).
- 680 – Third Council of Constantinople held.
- 690 – Hall of Justinianos built by emperor Justinian II (approximate date).
- 692 – Quinisext Council held.
- 698 – Outbreak of plague.
- 717–718 – Siege of Constantinople (717–18).
- 740 – October 26: Earthquake.
- 747 – Outbreak of plague.
- 753 – Hagia Irene rebuilt.
- 758 – Drought.
- 766 – Valens Aqueduct restored.
- 769 – Church of the Virgin of the Pharos in existence.
- 813 – City besieged by Bulgarian forces.
- 821 – City besieged by forces of Thomas the Slav.
- 860 – Siege of Constantinople (860).
- 869 – A portion of the walls collapses in an earthquake.
- 870 – Fourth Council of Constantinople (Catholic Church) held.
- 880
- Fourth Council of Constantinople (Eastern Orthodox) held.
- 1 May: Nea Ekklesia built.
- 907 – Siege of Constantinople (907).
- 908 – Lips Monastery built.
- 920 – Myrelaion built.
- 922 – Battle of Constantinople (922).
- 941 – Siege of Constantinople (941).
- 971 – Church of Christ of the Chalke built by emperor John I Tzimiskes.
- 1000 – Hagios Theodoros built (approximate date).
- 1030 – Monastery of St. Mary Peribleptos built by emperor Romanos III Argyros.
- 1045 – Monastery of St. George of Mangana built (approximate date).
- 1047 – September: Siege by rebels under Leo Tornikios.
- 1059 – Saint Thekla of the Palace of Blachernae built.
- 1060 – Pammakaristos Church built (approximate date).
- 1081 – Chora Church rebuilt.
- 1087 – Monastery of Christ Pantepoptes built.
- 1100
- Paper in use.[4]
- Saint John the Forerunner by-the-Dome built.
- 1110
- Monastery of Kecharitomene built.
- Maiden's Tower built.
- 1136 – Monastery of the Pantocrator completed.
- 1147 – September: Battle of Constantinople (1147)
- 1181 – 2 May: Uprising of Maria Komnene against the rule of Alexios Komnenos suppressed.
- 1182 – April: Massacre of the Latins.
- 1197 – 25 July: Fire destroys the Latin Quarter and other buildings.
- 1200 – Theotokos Kyriotissa built (approximate date).
- 1203 – Siege of Constantinople (1203) by the Fourth Crusade, in which Alexius IV was able to usurp the throne after Alexius III fled to Thrace.
- 1204 – April: Siege of Constantinople (1204) by the Fourth Crusade, in which the Byzantines were overwhelmed and the city thoroughly sacked.
- 1235 – Siege of Constantinople (1235).
- 1260 – Siege of Constantinople (1260).
- 1261
- 25 July: Captured by Nicaean forces under Alexios Strategopoulos.
- Population: 35,000
- 1268 – Kyra Martha nunnery founded.
- 1289 – June: Earthquake.
- 1304 – South Church of Lips Monastery built.
- 1307 – Monastery of Christ Philanthropos built.
- 1325 – Church of San Domenico built.
- 1332 – 17 January: Earthquake.
- 1347
- 14 October: Earthquake.
- 18 October: Earthquake.
- 1348
- Galata Tower built.
- Population: 80,000
- 1351 – 28 May: Fifth Council of Constantinople completed.
- 1376 – City besieged by forces of Andronikos IV Palaiologos.
- 1394
- Blockade of the city begun by Ottoman forces under Bayezid I.
- Anadoluhisarı fortress built.
15th–18th centuries- 1402
- Ottoman blockade lifted.
- Earthquake.
- 1410 – June: Battle of Kosmidion.
- 1411 – Siege of Constantinople (1411).
- 1422 – Siege of Constantinople (1422).
- 1427 – Church of Saint Benoit built.
- 1437
- 4 September: Earthquake.
- 25 November: Earthquake.
- 1452 – Rumelihisarı fortress built.
- 1453
- 6 April-29 May: Final Siege of Constantinople; City besieged by Ottoman forces; Mehmed II in power.
- Capital of the Ottoman Empire relocated to Constantinople from Edirne.{{sfn|Agoston|2009}}
- Hagia Sophia (mosque) in use.[6]
- Medrese predecessor of Istanbul University established.
- Population: 40,000–50,000
- 1454
- 18 April: Treaty of Constantinople (1454)
- Imperial Arsenal established.
- Phanar Greek Orthodox College founded.
- Ağa hamamı built.
- 1458
- Yedikule Fortress built.
- Eyüp Sultan Mosque built.
- 1460 – Grand Bazaar built (approximate date).{{sfn|Grove|2009}}
- 1465 – Topkapı Palace construction begins.
- 1467 – Turkish State Mint established.
- 1470
- Fatih Mosque built.
- Sahn-ı Seman Medrese established.
- 1471 – Rum Mehmed Pasha Mosque built.
- 1472 – Tiled Kiosk built.
- 1478 – Galata Mosque in use.
- 1479 – 25 January: Treaty of Constantinople (1479)
- 1481 – Galatasaray High School established.
- 1488 – Complex of Sultan Bayezid II built.
- 1491 – Firuz Ağa Mosque built in Fatih.
- 1497 – Gazi Atik Ali Pasha Mosque built.
- 1505 – İskender Pasha Mosque, Fatih built (approximate date).
- 1506 – Bayezid II Mosque built.
- 1509 – 1509 Constantinople earthquake.[6]
- 1512 – Vasat Atik Ali Pasha Mosque built.
- 1520 – Suleiman the Magnificent becomes Sultan of the Ottoman Empire.
- 1521 – Ibrahim Pasha Palace in use.
- 1528 – Yavuz Selim Mosque built.
- 1531 – Piri Mehmed Pasha Mosque built.
- 1533 – 22 July: Treaty of Constantinople (1533).
- 1535 – French embassy established.
- 1539 – Haseki Sultan Complex built.
- 1541 – Tomb of Hayreddin Barbarossa built.
- 1542 – Defterdar Mosque built.
- 1548
- Mihrimah Sultan Mosque (Üsküdar) built.
- Şehzade Mosque built.
- 1550
- Mosque with the Spiral Minaret built.
- Yavuz Sultan Selim Madras built.
- 1551 – Hadim Ibrahim Pasha Mosque built.
- 1554 – Coffee house in business.[5]
- 1555 – November/December: Sinan Pasha Mosque (Istanbul) built.
- 1556 – Bath-house of Haseki Hurrem Sultan built.
- 1557
- Süleymaniye Mosque built.
- Süleymaniye Hamam bath built.
- 1559 – Caferağa Medresseh built.
- 1560 – İskender Pasha Mosque, Kanlıca built.
- 1563 – Rüstem Pasha Mosque built.
- 1567 – Sokollu Mehmed Pasha Mosque (Büyükçekmece) built.
- 1570 – Mihrimah Sultan Mosque (Edirnekapı) built.
- 1571 – Sokollu Mehmed Pasha Mosque (Kadırga) built.
- 1572 – Kara Ahmed Pasha Mosque built.
- 1573 – Piyale Pasha Mosque built.
- 1577 – Observatory of Taqi al-Din built.
- 1578 – Sokollu Mehmed Pasha Mosque (Azapkapı) built.
- 1580 – Kılıç Ali Pasha Complex built.
- 1581 – Şemsi Pasha Mosque built.
- 1583 – 26 March: First British ambassador to Constantinople arrives.
- 1584
- Çemberlitaş Hamamı (bath) built.
- Molla Çelebi Mosque built.
- Church of St. Mary Draperis, Istanbul established.
- 1586
- Atik Valide Mosque built.
- Mesih Mehmed Pasha Mosque built.
- 1590
- 21 March: Treaty of Constantinople (1590).
- Zal Mahmud Pasha Mosque built.
- 1604 – Church of SS Peter and Paul, Istanbul built.
- 1612 – 20 November: Treaty of Nasuh Pasha.
- 1613 – Aynalıkavak Palace built.
- 1615 – Cossack raid on Istanbul (1615)
- 1616 – Sultan Ahmed Mosque built.
- 1620 – Cossack raid on Istanbul (1620)
- 1624 – Cossack raids on Istanbul (1624)
- 1648 – Atmeydanı incident.
- 1656 – 26 February: Çınar incident.
- 1660
- 24–26 July: Great Fire of 1660.
- New Bazaar built.
- 1665 – Valide Sultan Mosque built.
- 1678 – Church of St. Mary Draperis rebuilt.
- 1700 – 13 July: Treaty of Constantinople (1700).
- 1710 – Yeni Valide Mosque built.
- 1728 – Fountain of Ahmed III built.
- 1729 – Fountain of Ahmed III (Üsküdar) built.
- 1730 – 20 September: Patrona Halil rebellion.
- 1732 – Tophane Fountain built.
- 1736 – 24 September: Treaty of Constantinople (1736).
- 1742 – 15 April: Apostolic Vicariate of Constantinople established.
- 1746 – Kalenderhane Mosque consecrated.
- 1753 – Yedikule Hospital founded.
- 1755 – Nuruosmaniye Mosque built.
- 1758 – Şemsipaşa Primary School established.
- 1763 – Laleli Mosque built.
- 1766 – Earthquake.
- 1769 – Zeynep Sultan Mosque built.
- 1771 – Fatih Mosque rebuilt.
- 1773 – Naval Engineering at Golden Horn Naval Shipyard college founded.
- 1774 – Rami Barracks built.
- 1781 – Emirgan Mosque built.
- 1793 – Balıklı Greek Hospital rebuilt.
- 1795
- Imperial School of Military Engineering established.
- Mühendishane-i Berri Hümayun printing house established.
19th century- 1800 – Eyüp Sultan Mosque rebuilt.
- 1801 – Big Selimiye Mosque built.
- 1806 – Taksim Military Barracks built.
- 1807 – 29 May: Coup of 1807.
- 1808 – 28 July: Coup of 1808.
- 1813 – Hidayet Mosque built.
- 1814 – Sultan Mahmut Fountain built.
- 1821 – Constantinople Massacre of 1821.
- 1825 – Pangaltı Mkhitaryan School established.
- 1826
- 15 June: Auspicious Incident.
- Nusretiye Mosque built.
- 1828
- 6 February: Selimiye Barracks built.
- Beyazıt Tower built.
- 1831 – October: Takvim-i Vekayi newspaper established.
- 1832
- February: Treaty of Constantinople (1832).
- Beylerbeyi Palace Tunnel built.
- Davutpaşa Barracks built.
- 1833 – 8 July: Treaty of Hünkâr İskelesi.
- 1834
- Military Academy established.
- 31 May: Surp Pırgiç Armenian Hospital opened.
- 1836 – 3 September: Hayratiye Bridge built.
- 1837 – Surp Agop Hospital opened.
- 1843 – Church of SS Peter and Paul rebuilt.
- 1844 – Naum Theatre opened.
- 1845
- Galata Bridge built.
- 21 September: Mekteb-i Fünun-ı İdadiye military high school established.
- 1846
- Cathedral of the Holy Spirit built.
- 1 July: Armenian Evangelical Church established.
- 23 July: House of Multiple Sciences established (predecessor of Istanbul University).
- 1848
- Küçük Mecidiye Mosque built.
- Nusretiye Clock Tower built.
- Ottoman Military College established.
- 1849 – 9 October: Bulgarian St. Stephen Church inaugurated.
- 1850
- 21 March: Istanbul Girls High School inaugurated.
- 22 March: Cağaloğlu Anadolu Lisesi established.
- 1851
- Hırka-i Şerif Mosque built.
- Emirgan Pier opened.
- 1852
- Taşkışla houses built.
- Taksim German Hospital founded.
- 1853 – Üsküdar Ferry Terminal opened.
- 1854 – Teşvikiye Mosque built.
- 1855
- Ihlamur Palace built.
- Dolmabahçe Mosque built.
- 1856
- 27 November: Lycée Notre Dame de Sion Istanbul established.
- Dolmabahçe Palace built in Beşiktaş.
- Ortaköy Mosque built.
- Ottoman Bank founded.
- Fenerbahçe Lighthouse built.
- 1857
- Küçüksu Palace built.
- Ahırkapı Feneri lighthouse built.
- 1859
- 12 February: Mekteb-i Mülkiye-i Şahane college established.
- Şişli Greek Orthodox Cemetery founded.
- 1861
- 14 April: Bulgarian Catholic Apostolic Vicariate of Constantinople established.
- Adile Sultan Palace built.
- Al-Jawâ'ib begins publication.
- Liceo Italiano di Istanbul founded.
- 1862 – Tekel tobacco company founded.
- 1863
- 16 September: Robert College opened.
- First painting exhibition sponsored by Sultan Abdul Aziz.
- 1865
- Beylerbeyi Palace built.
- Altunizade Mosque built.
- 1866 – Gedikpaşa Tiyatrosu theatre established.
- 1867 – Çırağan Palace built.
- 1868
- 1 April: Court of Cassation (Turkey) established.
- 1 May: Deutsche Schule Istanbul founded.
- Kandilli Observatory established.
- Galatasaray Museum established.
- 1870
- June 5: Fire in Pera.[6]
- 24 November: Diyojen (magazine) founded.
- Malta Kiosk built.
- 1871
- Feriye Palace built.
- American College for Girls established in Arnavutköy.[6]
- 1872
- Pertevniyal Valide Sultan Mosque built.
- Haydarpaşa railway station opened.
- Pertevniyal High School founded.
- El Tiempo (Istanbul) Ladino-language newspaper founded.
- 22 July:
- Bakırköy railway station opened.
- Küçükçekmece railway station opened.
- 27 July: Sirkeci railway station opened.
- 22 September:
- Bostancı railway station opened.
- Erenköy railway station opened.
- Feneryolu railway station opened.
- Kartal railway station opened.
- Küçükyalı railway station opened.
- 1873
- 27 April: Fenerbahçe railway station opened.
- Darüşşafaka High School founded.
- 1874 – Population: 827,750
- 1875
- 17 January:
- Beyoğlu (Tünel) railway station opened.
- Karaköy (Tünel) railway station opened.
- Esma Sultan Mansion built.
- 1876
- 3 January: Akhtar (magazine) Persian-language magazine established.
- Muharrir (magazine) established.
- Üsküdar American Academy founded.
- Göztepe railway station built.
- 1877 – 18 December: Central Committee for Defending Albanian Rights formed.
- 1878
- 26 June: Tercüman-ı Hakikat newspaper first published.
- Istanbul Bar Association established.
- 1879 – 12 October: Society for the Publication of Albanian Writings formed.
- 1880
- 14 September: Hagia Triada Greek Orthodox Church, Istanbul built.
- Yıldız Palace built.
- 1882
- Palazzo Corpi built.
- Ottoman Public Debt Administration building constructed.
- School of Fine Arts established.
- Numune-i Terakki school founded.
- 14 January: Istanbul Chamber of Commerce established.
- 1883
- School of Economics established.[6]
- Orient Express (Paris–Istanbul) begins operating.
- Drita (magazine) Albanian magazine begins publishing.
- 1886
- 1 September: Getronagan Armenian High School established.
- Yıldız Hamidiye Mosque built.
- 1887
- Ertuğrul Tekke Mosque built.
- Hidayet Mosque rebuilt.
- 1890
- Yıldız Clock Tower built.
- Kum Kapu demonstration.
- Tekel Birası brewery established.
- 1891 – 13 June: Imperial Museum founded.
- 1892
- Pera Palace Hotel built.
- Mekteb-i Aşiret-i Humayun school established.
- 1893 – Zografeion Lyceum inaugurated.
- 1894
- 10 July: an earthquake in the Gulf of İzmit kills about 1,349 people.{{sfn|Haydn|1910}}
- Pando's Creamery in business.[7]
- 1895
- Dolmabahçe Clock Tower built.
- Russian Archaeological Institute of Constantinople established.
- Lycée Sainte-Euphémie established.
- 1896
- 1 January: Kurtuluş S.K. founded.
- 26 August: Occupation of the Ottoman Bank.
- 1897
- Treaty of Constantinople (1897).
- Istanbul Naval Museum established.
- Tokatlıyan Hotels built.
- 1899 – 20 April: Port of Haydarpaşa opened.
20th century- 1900 – Port of Istanbul opened.
- 1901
- 27 January: German Fountain inaugurated.
- Ulus Sephardi Jewish Cemetery established.
- 1903
- 4 March: Beşiktaş J.K. founded.
- Moda F.C. founded.
- 1904
- Istanbul Football League established.
- Elpis F.C. founded.
- HMS Imogene F.C. founded.
- 1905
- 21 July: Yıldız assassination attempt.
- 30 October: Galatasaray S.K. founded.
- 1907
- 3 May: Fenerbahçe S.K. (football) founded.
- Khedive Palace built.
- Etfal Hospital Clock Tower built.
- 1908
- Istanbul declared a province with nine constituent districts.
- Ottoman National Olympic Society founded.
- Şükrü Saracoğlu Stadium inaugurated.
- Kabataş Erkek Lisesi established.
- Karagöz (magazine) established.
- Osmanischer Lloyd established.
- Demet (magazine) established.
- Jamanak Armenian-language newspaper established.
- El Gugeton Ladino-language newspaper established.
- Vefa S.K. founded.
- Beykoz S.K.D. founded.
- Üsküdar Anadolu S.K. founded.
- Strugglers F.C. founded.
- 1909
- 13 April: Ottoman countercoup of 1909.
- 24 April: 31 March Incident.
- National Bank of Turkey established.
- Scouting and Guiding Federation of Turkey predecessor formed.
- Al-Muntada al-Adabi formed.
- Shehbal (magazine) founded.
- Altınordu İdman Yurdu S.K. founded.
- 1910
- Mısır Apartment built.
- Suadiye railway station opened.
- Hamevasser newspaper established.
- Apikoğlu company founded.
- 22 April: Hikmet (magazine) established.
- 1911
- Yıldız Technical University established.
- Istanbul International Community School established.
- Erenköy Girls High School established.
- Marmnamarz sports magazine begins publishing.
- Küçükçekmece S.K. founded.
- Beylerbeyi S.K. founded.
- Rumblers F.C. founded.
- 11 June: Greek Byzantine Catholic Church established.
- 23 July: Monument of Liberty, Istanbul completed.
- 1912
- İnterbank moves to Constantinople.
- Church of St. Anthony of Padua, Istanbul built.
- Gülhane Park opens.
- Orfeon Records established.
- Istanbul Friday League established.
- Hilal S.K. founded.
- Telefoncular F.C. founded.
- 25 March: Turkish Hearths founded.
- 1913
- 23 January: 1913 Ottoman coup d'état.
- 29 September: Treaty of Constantinople (1913)
- Turkish and Islamic Arts Museum opens.[8]
- Bebek Mosque built.
- Veliefendi Race Course opened.
- Anadolu Hisarı İdman Yurdu S.K. founded.
- 1914
- Population: 1,125,000
- 25 January: Electric tram line begins operating on the European side.
- 11 February: Silahtarağa Power Station opened.
- 28 June: Darülbedayi founded.
- Metrohan Building built.
- Darülbedayi theatre founded.
- Istanbul Championship League established.
- Beyoğlu S.K. established.
- 1915
- 24 April: Deportation of Armenian intellectuals on 24 April 1915.
- 15 June: The 20 Hunchakian gallows hanging occurs in Beyazıt Square.
- Göztepe railway station rebuilt.
- 1916
- Aviation Martyrs' Monument completed.
- Kandilli Anatolian High School for Girls established.
- 1917 – Darülelhan conservatory established.
- 1918
- 13 November: Occupation of Constantinople by Allied forces begins, per Armistice of Mudros.[9]
- November: Karakol society founded against the occupation of Constantinople.
- 1919
- Sultanahmet demonstrations.
- Sultanahmet Jail built.
- Eyüpspor founded.
- 1920 – 5 March: Green Crescent established.
- 1921
- 15 January: Kasımpaşa S.K. founded.
- Taksim Stadium established.
- Istanbul Men's Volleyball League established.
- 1922 – Tayyare Apartments built.
- 1923
- 4 October: Allied occupation ends and the newly-formed Republic of Turkey takes control.
- 13 October: Turkish capital relocated from Istanbul to Ankara.[3]
- Vatan (former newspaper) established.
- Istanbul Maltepespor founded.
- 1924
- Airport opened in Yeşilköy.
- Emek (movie theater) opened.
- 7 May: Cumhuriyet newspaper established.
- 15 October: Bakırköy Psychiatric Hospital founded.
- 1925 – 12 July: Apoyevmatini Greek-language newspaper founded.
- 1926
- 4 January: İstanbulspor founded.
- Istanbul 4th Vakıf Han built.
- Fatih Karagümrük S.K. founded.
- 1927
- 6 March: Süreyya Opera House opened.
- Istanbul Basketball League established.
- Feriköy S.K. founded.
- 1928
- Electric tram line begins operating on the Asian side.
- Paşakapısı Prison established.
- 1929 – Istanbul Medical Chamber founded.
- 1930
- City renamed "Istanbul".[10]
- Istanbul Shield established.
- 1931 – Italian Synagogue (Istanbul) established.
- 1932 – Fil Bridge built.
- 1933
- 1 August: Istanbul University established.[6]
- October: Güneş S.K. founded.
- Istanbul Zoology Museum established.
- 1934 – 26 September: Haydarpaşa High School established.
- 1936 –
- Istanbul University Observatory established.
- Beşiktaş Atatürk Anadolu Lisesi high school founded.
- 1938 – 10 November: Death of Atatürk.
- 1940
- 31 August: Marmara (newspaper) Armenia-language newspaper begins publishing.
- Baghdad Railway begins operating.
- Atatürk Bridge built.
- Sarıyer S.K. founded.
- Taksim S.K. founded.
- Population: 789,346.[11]
- 1942 –
- VitrA (sanitaryware) company established.
- Istanbul Football Cup established.
- 1943 – Taksim Gezi Park built.
- 1944
- 22 February: Ülker company established.
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences Building, Istanbul University built.
- Yıldız Holding established.
- 1945
- Population: 860,558.[12]
- Ali Sami Yen Stadium built.
- Beyti (Istanbul) restaurant founded.
- Aşiyan Museum established.
- Yıldırım Bosna S.K. founded.
- 1946
- Cezmi Or Memorial established.
- Modaspor (basketball) founded.
- 1947
- 19 May: İnönü Stadium opens in Beşiktaş.
- 9 August: Cemil Topuzlu Open-Air Theatre opened.
- 29 October: Şalom begins publishing.
- 1948
- 1 May: Hürriyet newspaper begins publishing.
- Bütün Dünya periodical begins publishing.
- 1949
- 3 June: Istanbul Lütfi Kırdar International Convention and Exhibition Center opened.
- 18 August: Kartal S.K. founded.
- Şişli Mosque built.
- İstanbul (newspaper) begins publishing.
- Bakırköyspor founded.
- 1950
- Population: 1,000,022.[13]
- 3 May: Milliyet begins publishing.
- Hünkar (restaurant) established.
- Pendikspor founded.
- Paşabahçe S.K. founded.
- Alibeyköy S.K. founded.
- 1951
- 25 March: Neve Shalom Synagogue inaugurated.
- Ismet Baba Fish Restaurant established.
- 1952
- 9 March: ITU TV broadcast. First Turkish television broadcast.
- Türk Ticaret Bankası relocated to Istanbul.
- 1953
- 1 March: ITU School of Mines established.
- Tiled Kiosk opens as a museum.
- Zeytinburnuspor founded.
- 1954
- Arçelik company established.
- Alarko Holding company established.
- Migros Türk company established.
- İçmeler railway station opened.
- Akbank moves to Istanbul.
- Tuzlaspor founded.
- 1955
- 10 June: Hilton Istanbul Bosphorus opened.
- 6–7 September: Istanbul pogrom.
- 4 December:
- Cankurtaran railway station opened.
- Florya railway station opened.
- Kazlıçeşme railway station opened.
- Yenimahalle railway station opened.
- Zeytinburnu railway station opened.
- Beko company founded.
- Kadıköy Anadolu Lisesi founded.
- Adam Mickiewicz Museum, Istanbul founded.
- Küçükçekmece railway station rebuilt.
- Istanbul Women's Volleyball League established.
- 1956
- Divan Istanbul built.
- Demirören Group founded.
- Tekfen Construction and Installation founded.
- Tabanlıoğlu Architects founded.
- Yeşilyurt Women's Volleyball Team founded.
- 1957
- Enka İnşaat ve Sanayi A.Ş. company founded.
- Pudding Shop restaurant opened.
- 1958
- Birleşik Fon Bankası founded.
- Banks Association of Turkey founded.
- Küçük Emek cinema opens.[14]
- 1959
- Beşiktaş Anadolu Lisesi founded.
- Sait Faik Abasıyanık Museum opened.
- Karaköy Pier opened.
- Güzelyalı railway station opened.
- Bayrampaşaspor founded.
- 1960
- Erler Film company founded.
- Ekonomist (Turkey) magazine founded.
- Galatasaray Kalamış Facilities training center built.
- 1961
- March: Hürriyet Daily News founded.
- Yenibosna S.K. founded.
- 1962
- E.C.A. Elginkan Anadolu Lisesi founded.
- Telsiz ve Radyo Amatörleri Cemiyeti founded.
- 1963 – Gaziosmanpaşaspor founded.
- 1964
- Askam (trucks) company founded.
- Harbiye Muhsin Ertuğrul Stage opens.
- 1965
- Population: 2,293,823 (districts of Adalar, Bakırköy, Beşiktaş, Beykoz, Beyoğlu, Çatalca, Eyüp, Fatih, Gaziosmanpaşa, Kadıköy, Kartal, Sarıyer, Silivri, Şile, Şişli, Üsküdar, Yalova, and Zeytinburnu).[15]
- Yapı Merkezi company founded.
- 1966 – İdealtepe railway station opened.
- 1967
- 15 June: Confederation of Progressive Trade Unions of Turkey holds first meeting.
- Kaynarca railway station opened.
- Moğollar established.
- 1968
- Yedikule Anadolu Lisesi founded.
- Küçükköyspor founded.
- 1969
- 17 January: Vehbi Koç Foundation established.
- 16 February: Bloody Sunday (1969).
- 12 April: Atatürk Cultural Center dedicated.
- Efes Beverage Group established.
- 1970
- Eyüboğlu High School founded.
- 22 April: Türkiye (newspaper) begins publishing.
- 1971
- 2 November: Beyoğlu station re-opened after reconstruction.
- Turkish Industry and Business Association established.
- Turkish Society for Electron Microscopy established.
- 1972 – Desa (company) established.
- 1973
- 12 January: Millî Gazete begins publishing.
- 19 April: Dostluk S.K. founded.
- Bosphorus Bridge built.
- Ömerli Dam built.
- 50th Anniversary of the Republic Sculptures erected.
- Istanbul International Music Festival begins.
- Istanbul Foundation for Culture and Arts established.
- 1974
- 10 September: Haliç Bridge opened.
- Derimod company founded.
- 1975
- 30 January: Turkish Airlines Flight 345 crash.
- Çukurova (construction firm) established.
- Istanbul Technical University Turkish Music State Conservatory founded.
- 1976
- Muhammad Maarifi Mosque built.
- Çamlıca TRT Television Tower built.
- Polin Waterparks company founded.
- 1977
- 1 May: Taksim Square massacre.
- A&T Bank established.
- 1978 – December: Kadınca women's magazine begins publishing.
- 1979 – Istanbul Marathon begins.
- 1980
- 14 October: Sadberk Hanım Museum opened.
- Cengiz Holding established.
- Bogazici University Sports Fest founded.
- 1981
- 2 March: Dünya (newspaper, 1981) founded.
- Koçbank founded.
- Permak company founded.
- Can Yayınları publishing company founded.
- Metris Prison established.
- 1982
- 19 February: Güneş (newspaper) founded.
- International Istanbul Film Festival begins.
- Istanbul Book Fair inaugurated.
- Atatürk High School of Science, Istanbul established.
- World Trade Center Istanbul established.
- Timas Publishing Group established.
- İletişim Yayınları publishing company established.
- Kaynak Yayınları publishing company established.
- Malta Kiosk restored and re-opened.
- Ezginin Günlüğü band formed.
- 1983
- ITU Mustafa Inan Library opened.
- Enka SK founded.
- İstanbul Güngörenspor founded.
- 1984
- March: Hotel Yeşil Ev established.
- March 23: Municipality of Greater Istanbul established.
- Population: 2,951,000 (estimate).[16]
- 1986 – 6 September: Neve Shalom Synagogue massacre. Gunmen kill 22 Jews in an attack orchestrated by Palestinian militant Abu Nidal.
- 1987 – 1 October: Galleria Ataköy opened.
- 1988
- 9 May: TGC Press Media Museum established.
- 3 July: Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge built.
- Koç School opened.
- 1989
- 3 September: Istanbul Metro begins operating.
- Best Western Plus The President Hotel Istanbul established.
- Kadıköy Haldun Taner Stage in use.
- 1990 – İstanbul Başakşehir F.K. established.
- 1991 – Swissôtel The Bosphorus opened.
- 1992
- 1 March: Neve Shalom Synagogue bomb attack. No casualties or damage.
- 13 June: T1 (Istanbul Tram) line opened.
- Istanbul Hezarfen Airfield opened.
- 1993
- Sabancı Center built.
- International Defence Industry Fair established.
- Akbank Sanat opened.
- Koç University opened.
- 6–7 May: 2nd ECO Summit held.
- 18 December: Akmerkez opened.
- 1994
- 31 October: Istanbul Bilgi University established.
- December: Galata Bridge rebuilt.
- Esenler Coach Terminal built.
- Recep Tayyip Erdoğan becomes mayor of greater Istanbul.
- Population: 7,615,500 in city (approximate estimate).[17]
- 1995 – 12–15 March: 1995 Gazi Quarter riots.
- 1996
- United Nations Conference on Human Settlements held.
- Üsküdar Belediyespor founded.
- 1998 – Ahmet Cömert Sport Hall built.
- 1999
- 13–14 March: 1999 Istanbul bombings.
- 26 July – 1 August: 1999 European Aquatics Championships held.
- The 7.6 {{M|w|link=y}} İzmit earthquake shakes northwestern Turkey with a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent), leaving 17,118–17,127 dead and 43,953–50,000 injured in the region.
- Changa (restaurant) established.
21st century- 2000
- City expands to include districts of Avcılar, Bağcılar, Bahçelievler, Esenler, Güngören, Maltepe, Sultanbeyli, and Tuzla (approximate date).{{citation needed|date=December 2013}}
- Population: 10,018,735.[18]
- Tekstilkent Plaza built.
- 6 May: Istanbul Postal Museum established.
- 26 August: Isbank Tower 1 built.
- 16 September: M2 (Istanbul Metro) opened.
- 2001
- Istanbul Sabiha Gökçen International Airport opened.
- 21 September: Tepe Nautilus mall opened.
- 2002
- Tekfen Tower built.
- Endem TV Tower built.
- Sakıp Sabancı Museum opened.
- 2003
- Istanbul Pride begins.
- 2 May: Miniatürk opened.
- November: 2003 Istanbul bombings.[10]
- Miniatürk park opens.[19]
- 2004
- City boundaries become coterminous with those of Istanbul Province.
- Kadir Topbaş becomes mayor of Greater Istanbul.
- March 9, 2004 attack on Istanbul restaurant.
- 12 and 15 May: Eurovision Song Contest 2004 held.
- 28–29 June: City hosts 2004 Istanbul summit.[10]
- 11 December: İstanbul Modern museum of art opened.
- 2005 – April: Sabancı Performing Arts Center opens in Tuzla.
- 2006 – 6 June: Kanyon Shopping Mall opened.
- 2007
- 19 January: Assassination of Hrant Dink.
- 29 April: Republic Protest.
- 12 September: T4 (Istanbul Tram) opened.
- Şişli Plaza built.
- Süreyya Opera House in Kadıköy.
- 2008
- Istanbul expands to include districts of Arnavutköy, Ataşehir, Başakşehir, Beylikdüzü, Çekmeköy, Esenyurt, Sancaktepe, and Sultangazi.[20][21]
- 1 February: 2008 Istanbul fireworks explosion in Davutpaşa.
- 9 July: 2008 United States consulate in Istanbul attack.
- 21 July: 70 Million Steps Against Coups.
- 27 July: 2008 Istanbul bombings.
- Labour strike in Tuzla.{{citation needed|date=December 2013}}
- 2009
- 7 May: Şakirin Mosque opened.
- 17 October: Istanbul Congress Center opened
- City districts increased from 32 to 39.
- Istanbul Congress Center built.
- Depo art space founded.[22]
- 2010
- 14 January: Harbiye Muhsin Ertuğrul Stage rebuilt.
- 28 August – 12 September: 2010 FIBA World Championship held.
- 31 October: 2010 Istanbul bombing.
- Trump Towers Istanbul built.
- Baklahorani (carnival) revived.
- 2011
- 4 March: Istanbul Sapphire opened.
- 18 March: Istanbul Shopping Fest inaugurated.
- July: Istanbul Çağlayan Justice Palace built.
- 6 October: Ora Arena opened.
- 2012
- 26 February 2012 Istanbul rally to commemorate the Khojaly massacre held.
- 17 August: M4 (Istanbul Metro) line opened.
- Sancaklar Mosque built.
- MEF University opened.
- Forensic Science Institute of Turkey opened.
- Museum of Innocence opens.[23]
- Population: 13,854,740.
- 2013
- 28 May: Gezi Park protests begin in Taksim Square.
- 14 June: M3 (Istanbul Metro) line opened.
- 10 October: Zorlu Center opened.
- 29 October:
- Marmaray Tunnel phase of the Marmaray project opened for public use.[24]
- Ayrılık Çeşmesi railway station opened.
- 2014
- 15 February: Golden Horn Metro Bridge opened.
- 1 September: Raffles Istanbul hotel opened.
- 29 November: Pope Francis visit to meet with Patriarch Bartholomew I and Muslim leaders.[25]
- Sancaklar Mosque built in Büyükçekmece.[https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-32016398]
- Istanbul Half Marathon established.
- 2015
- 6 January: 2015 Istanbul suicide bombing.
- 19 April: M6 (Istanbul Metro) line opened.
- 26 May: Mehmet Çakır Cultural and Sports Center opened.
- 1 December: 2015 Istanbul metro bombing.
- 23 December: 2015 Sabiha Gökçen Airport bombing.
- 2016
- 12 January: January 2016 Istanbul bombing.
- 19 March: March 2016 Istanbul bombing.
- 11 April: Vodafone Park opened.
- 7 June: June 2016 Istanbul bombing.
- 28 June: Istanbul Atatürk Airport attack.
- 15–16 July: 2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt.
- 20 August: Beykoz University established.
- 23 August: Özgürlükçü Demokrasi launched.
- 26 August: Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge opened.
- 6 October: October 2016 Istanbul bombing.
- 10 December: December 2016 Istanbul bombings.
- 22 December: Eurasia Tunnel opened.
- 2017
- 1 January: 2017 Istanbul nightclub shooting.
- 9 July: 2017 March for Justice.
- 29 October: F3 (Istanbul Metro) line opened.
- 15 December: M5 (Istanbul Metro) line opened.
- 2018
- Saha Expo first held.
- 20–23 September: Teknofest Istanbul held.
- 29 October: Istanbul Airport opened.
See also- History of Istanbul
- List of mayors of Istanbul
- List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire, 1450s–1920s
- Timelines of other cities in Turkey: Ankara, Bursa, Izmir
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Istanbul as Perceived by the Agents of the Sun Fire Office, 1865–1870 |chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=EtPy7G7NnZEC&pg=PA82 |pages=82–102 |display-editors=etal}} 7. ^{{citation |work=Reuters |url= https://www.reuters.com/article/2014/10/29/us-turkey-gentrification-idUSKBN0II0G020141029 |title= Gentrification tears at Istanbul's historically diverse fabric |date=29 October 2014 }} 8. ^{{cite book|editor=Karin Adahl and Mikael Ahlund |title=Islamic Art Collections: An International Survey |year=2000 |publisher=Curzon Press |isbn=978-1-136-11362-8 |chapter=Turkey |chapterurl= https://books.google.com/books?id=G5wvB8AsBVcC&pg=PA121 }} 9. ^{{cite book|author1= Stephen Pope |author2=Elizabeth-Anne Wheal|title=Dictionary of the First World War|year= 1995 |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=978-0-85052-979-1 |chapter=Select Chronology |chapterurl= https://books.google.com/books?id=fOrNAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA523 }} 10. ^1 2 {{cite web |url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-17994865 |title=Turkey Profile: Timeline |work=BBC News |accessdate=30 December 2013}} 11. ^1 2 {{Citation |publisher = G. & C. 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}}- {{Citation |publisher =Adam and Charles Black |publication-place = London |title =Guide to Constantinople |url = http://openlibrary.org/books/OL7046206M/A_guide_to_Constantinople. |author = Demetrius Coufopoulos |edition =4th |publication-date = 1910
}}- {{Citation |publisher = Ward, Lock & Co. |publication-place = London |title = Haydn's Dictionary of Dates |author = Benjamin Vincent |edition = 25th |publication-date = 1910 |chapter=Constantinople |chapterurl = https://archive.org/stream/haydnsdictionary00hayd#page/358/mode/1up
|ref= {{harvid|Haydn|1910}} }}- {{Citation |publisher = Century Co. |publication-place = New York |title = The Near East: Dalmatia, Greece and Constantinople |url = http://openlibrary.org/books/OL6561851M/The_near_East |author = Robert Hichens |publication-date = 1913 |oclc = 1293222
}}- {{cite book|editor=Francis Whiting Halsey |series=Seeing Europe with Famous Authors |year=1914|publisher=Funk & Wagnalls Company |title= Russia, Scandinavia, and the Southeast |volume=10 |via=HathiTrust |url= http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/003345383 |chapter= Constantinople
}}- {{cite book|author=William Harman Black|title=The Real Europe Pocket Guide-Book |number=10 |series=Black's Blue Books |chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=C_MxAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA564 |year=1920 |publisher=Brentano's |location=New York |chapter=Turkey: Constantinople
}}- {{Citation |url = http://openlibrary.org/books/ia:altkonstantinope00diez/Alt-Konstantinopel_hundertzehn_photographische_aufnahmen_der_stadt_und_ihrer_bau-_und_kunst-denkmäle |title = Alt-Konstantinopel |trans-title=Old Constantinople: 110 photographs of the city |publication-date = 1920 |location = München |publisher= Roland-Verlag |language=German }}
- {{Citation |publisher = University of Oklahoma Press |publication-place = USA |title = Constantinople in the Age of Justinian |url = http://openlibrary.org/books/OL5800255M/Constantinople_in_the_age_of_Justinian. |author = Glanville Downey |publication-date = 1960 |ol=5800255M |series=Centers of Civilization Series
}}- {{Citation |publisher = University of Oklahoma Press |publication-place = USA |title = Istanbul and the Civilization of the Ottoman Empire |author = Bernard Lewis |publication-date = 1963 |oclc = 479098 }}
- {{citation |title=Istanbul, the City That Links Europe and Asia |year=1973 |volume=144 |work=National Geographic Magazine |location=Washington DC }}
- {{cite journal |title= Islamic City in the Near East: A Comparative Study of Cairo, Alexandria and Istanbul |author=J. H. G. Lebon |journal= Town Planning Review |volume= 41 |year= 1970 |jstor=40102697
}}- {{Citation |publisher = Time-Life Books |series=Great Cities |title =Istanbul |year=1978 |ol= 4178939M |url= http://openlibrary.org/works/OL2870741W/Istanbul |author=Colin Thubron }}
- {{Citation |publisher = John Murray |isbn = 9780719550768 |title = Constantinople: City of the World's Desire, 1453–1924 |author = Philip Mansel |publication-date = 1995
}}- {{cite book |editor=Trudy Ring |title=Southern Europe |series=International Dictionary of Historic Places |volume=3 |year= 1996 |publisher=Fitzroy Dearborn |oclc=31045650 |chapter=Istanbul
}}- {{Citation |publisher = Cambridge University Press |isbn = 052164304X |publication-place = New York |title = The Ottoman City between East and West: Aleppo, Izmir, and Istanbul |author = Edhem Eldem |publication-date = 1999|display-authors=etal
}}Published in 21st century- {{cite journal |title=From Constantinople to Istanbul: Two Sources on the Historical Folklore of a City |author= Arzu Öztürkmen |journal= Asian Folklore Studies |volume= 61 |year=2002 |jstor=1178974
}}- Europe's Muslim Capital by Philip Mansel in the June 2003 issue of History Today
- {{cite journal |title=Narratives in City Landscapes: Cultural Identity in Istanbul |author= Amy Mills |journal=Geographical Review |volume= 95 |year= 2005 |jstor=30034247
}}- {{cite book|editor=Josef W. Meri |title=Medieval Islamic Civilization |year=2006|publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-96691-7 |chapter= Istanbul
}}- {{cite book |title=Historic Cities of the Islamic World |editor= C. Edmund Bosworth |year=2007 |publisher=Koninklijke Brill |location=Leiden |isbn=9004153888 |chapter=Istanbul |pages= 180–218 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UB4uSVt3ulUC
}}- {{Citation |publisher = ABC-CLIO |publication-place = Santa Barbara, USA |editor1 = Michael R.T. Dumper |editor2=Bruce E. Stanley |isbn=9781576079195 |author=Bruce Stanley |chapter=Istanbul |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=3SapTk5iGDkC |title = Cities of the Middle East and North Africa |publication-date = 2008 |pages= 180–187
}}- {{cite journal |title=Istanbul: The Palimpsest City in Search of Its Architext |author= Nebahat Avcioğlu |journal= RES: Anthropology and Aesthetics |number= 53/54 |year= 2008 |jstor=25608817
}}- {{cite book|editor1=Gabor Agoston |editor2= Bruce Alan Masters |title=Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire |year= 2009|publisher=Facts on File |isbn=978-1-4381-1025-7 |chapter= Istanbul |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=QjzYdCxumFcC |page=286
|ref= {{harvid|Agoston|2009}} }}- {{cite book |chapter=Istanbul |title=Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art & Architecture |year=2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780195309911 |pages= 315–330 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=un4WcfEASZwC
|ref= {{harvid|Grove|2009}} }}- {{Citation |publisher = Cambridge University Press |publication-place = Cambridge |author = Ebru Boyar |title = Social history of Ottoman Istanbul |publication-date = 2010 |isbn=9780521199551
}}- {{citation |title= Transformation Of Public Squares Of Istanbul Between 1938—1949 |author=Birge Yildirim |via= International Planning History Society |year=2012 |url=http://planninghistory.org/conferences/sao-paulo-2012/
}}- {{cite book|editor=Gerhard Böwering |title= Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought|year=2013|publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=0-691-13484-7 |chapter=Istanbul |chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=q1I0pcrFFSUC&pg=PA266
}}{{refend}}External links{{Commons category|History of Istanbul}}- Europeana. [https://www.europeana.eu/portal/search.html?query=istanbul&rows=96 Items related to Istanbul], various dates.
- {{cite web
|url = http://www.islamicarchitecturedatabase.org/ircica/index2.php?page=Country&id=52 |title = Istanbul |work = Islamic Cultural Heritage Database |publisher= Organization of Islamic Cooperation, Research Centre for Islamic History, Art and Culture |location = Istanbul |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20130516092953/http://www.islamicarchitecturedatabase.org/ircica/index2.php?page=Country&id=52 |deadurl = yes |archivedate = 16 May 2013 }}- {{cite web |url= http://archnet.org/library/places/one-place.jsp?place_id=1754 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225100002/http://archnet.org/library/places/one-place.jsp?place_id=1754 |archivedate= 25 February 2012 |title= Istanbul |author=ArchNet }}
- {{cite web |url=http://www.istanbulurbandatabase.com |editor=Nil Tuzcu |title=Istanbul Urban Database |quote= Mapping platform ...that blends a wide range of historical data }}
{{Turkey year nav}}{{Black Sea}} 3 : History of Istanbul|Timelines of cities in Turkey|Istanbul-related lists |