| 词条 | Tongmenghui |
| 释义 |
| name = Zhongguo Tongmenghui | logo = Naval Jack of the Republic of China.svg | native_name = 中國同盟會 中国同盟会 | logo2 = Flag of the Republic of China 1912-1928.svg | other_name = Chinese United League, Chinese Revolutionary Alliance, United Allegiance Society | country = {{flagicon|Qing dynasty}} China | leader = Sun Yat-sen, Song Jiaoren | foundation = {{Start date|1905|8|20|df=yes}} | dissolved = {{End date|1912|8|25|df=yes}} | merger = Revive China Society, Guangfuhui | successor = Kuomintang | ideology = Republicanism Mínshēng Anti-Qing sentiment | attacks = Xinhai Revolution | status = Inactive | size = Ca. 100,000 }}{{Chinese|pic=Sun Yat Sen together with the members of the Singapore Branch of Tongmen Hui.png|picsize=300px|t=同盟會|s=同盟会|p=Tóngménghuì|w=T'ung-meng Hui|j=Tung4 mang4 wui6|mi={{IPAc-cmn|t|ong|2|m|eng|2|h|ui|4}}}} The Tongmenghui (or T'ung-meng Hui, variously translated Chinese United League, United League, Chinese Revolutionary Alliance, Chinese Alliance, United Allegiance Society, 中國同盟會) was a secret society and underground resistance movement founded by Sun Yat-sen, Song Jiaoren, and others in Tokyo, Japan, on 20 August 1905.[1][2] It was formed from the merger of many Chinese revolutionary groups in the late Qing dynasty. HistoryRevolutionary eraThe Tongmenghui was created through the unification of Sun Yat-sen's Xingzhonghui (Revive China Society), the Guangfuhui (Restoration Society) and many other Chinese revolutionary groups. Among the Tongmenghui's members were Huang Xing, Li Zongren, Zhang Binglin, Chen Tianhua, Wang Jingwei, Hu Hanmin, Tao Chengzhang, Cai Yuanpei, Li Shizeng, Zhang Renjie, and Qiu Jin. In 1906, a branch of the Tongmenghui was formed in Singapore, following Sun's visit there; this was called the Nanyang branch and served as headquarters of the organization for Southeast Asia. The members of the branch included Wong Hong-kui (黃康衢; Huang Kangqu),[3] Tan Chor Lam (陳楚楠; Chen Chu'nan; 1884-1971)[4] and Teo Eng Hock (張永福; Zhang Yongfu; originally a rubber shoe manufacturer).[5] Tan Chor Lam, Teo Eng Hock and Chan Po-yin (陳步賢; Chen Buxian; 1883-1965) started the revolution-related Chong Shing Chinese Daily Newspaper (中興日報, 中興 meaning China revival),[6] with the inaugural issue on 20 August 1907 and a daily distribution of 1,000 copies. The newspaper ended in 1910, presumably due to the Xinhai Revolution in 1911. Working with other Cantonese people, Tan, Teo and Chan opened the revolution-related Kai Ming Bookstore (開明書報社, 開明 meaning open wisdom)[7] in Singapore. For the revolution, Chan Po-yin raised over 30,000 yuan for the purchase and shipment (from Singapore to China) of military equipment and for the support of the expenses of people travelling from Singapore to China for revolutionary work.[8][9] In 1909, the headquarters of the Nanyang Tongmenghui was transferred to Penang. Sun Yat-Sen himself was based in Penang from July to December 1910. During this time, the 1910 Penang Conference was held to plan the Second Guangzhou Uprising. The Tongmenghui also started a newspaper, the Kwong Wah Jit Poh, with the first issue published in December 1910 from 120 Armenian Street, Penang. In Henan, some Chinese Muslims were members of the Tongmenghui.[10] Republican eraAfter Shanghai was occupied by the revolutionaries in November 1911, the Tongmenghui moved its headquarters to Shanghai. After the Nanjing Provisional Government was established, the headquarters was moved to Nanjing. A general meeting was held in Nanking on 20 January 1912, with thousands of members attending. Hu Hanmin, who represented the Provisional President Sun Yat-sen, moved that the Tongmenghui oath be changed to "overthrow the Manchu government, consolidate the Republic of China, and implement the Min Sheng Chu I". Wang Jingwei was elected as Chairman, succeeding Sun. Wang resigned the following month, and Sun resumed the chairmanship.[11] After the establishment of the Republic of China, the Tongmenghui transformed itself into a political party on 3 March 1912, in preparation for participation in constitutional and parliamentary activities. It issued a Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China, which consisted of 34 articles, meaning it had 10 more than the constitutional proposal made when the Tongmenghui was a secret society. The leadership election was held on the same day, with Sun Yat-sen elected as Chairman, Huang Xing and Li Yuanhung as Vice-Chairmen. In May 1912, the Tongmenghui moved its headquarters to Beijing. At that time, the Tongmenghui was the largest party in China, with branches in Guangdong, Szechuan, Wuhan, Shanghai, Hangzhou, Suzhou, Anqing, Fuzhou and Tianjin. It had a membership of about 550 thousand.[11] In August 1912, the Tongmenghui formed the nucleus of the Kuomintang, the governing political party of the republic. Slogan and mottoIn 1904, by combining republican, nationalist, and socialist objectives, the Tongmenghui came up with their political goal: to expel the Manchu people, to revive Zhonghua, to establish a Republic, and to distribute land equally among the people. (驅除韃虜, 恢復中華, 創立民國, 平均地權 Qūchú dálǔ, huīfù Zhōnghuá, chuànglì mínguó, píngjūn dì quán).[2] The Three Principles of the People were created around the time of the merging of Revive China Society and the Tongmenghui.[12][13] See also{{Portal|China}}
References1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.countriesquest.com/asia/china/history/imperial_china/the_manchu_qing_dynasty_1644-1911/internal_threats.htm |title=The Manchu Qing Dynasty (1644-1911), Internal Threats |work=Countries Quest |accessdate=26 September 2011}} 2. ^1 {{cite book |author1=計秋楓 |author2=朱慶葆 |year=2001 |script-title=中國近代史 |volume=Volume 1 |publisher=Chinese University Press. |isbn=9789622019874 |page=468}} 3. ^{{cite web |url=http://book.ifeng.com/lianzai/detail_2009_02/04/291077_27.shtml |script-title=zh:尤列事略补述一 |work=ifeng.com |publisher=Phoenix New Media |language=Chinese}} 4. ^{{cite web |url=http://baike.baidu.com/view/1059160.htm |work=Baidu Baike |script-title=zh:陈楚楠 |trans-title=Chen Chu'nan |date=3 December 2011 |language=Chinese}} 5. ^{{cite web |url=http://baike.baidu.com/view/1966793.htm |work=Baidu Baike |publisher=Baidu |script-title=zh:张永福 |trans-title=Zhang Yongfu |date=6 May 2012 |language=Chinese}} 6. ^{{cite web |url=http://baike.baidu.com/view/2936626.htm |work=Baidu Baike |publisher=Baidu |script-title=zh:中兴日报 |trans-title=ZTE Daily |date=8 December 2011 |language=Chinese}} 7. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.chinanews.com/cul/2011/10-29/3423493.shtml |script-title=zh:（辛亥百年）探寻同德书报社百年坚守的"秘诀" |date=21 October 2011 |work=China News |agency=China News Service |location=Singapore |author=张冬冬 |trans-title=Xinhai Century: exploring the Tongmenhui publisher's hundred-year secret |language=Chinese}} 8. ^{{cite book |first1=Rebecca |last1=Chan Chung |first2=Deborah |last2=Chung |first3=Cecilia |last3=Ng Wong |title=Piloted to Serve |year=2012}} 9. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.facebook.com/PilotedToServe |work=Facebook |title=Piloted to Serve}} 10. ^{{cite journal |url=http://chinaperspectives.revues.org/649?&id=649#ftn73 |last=Allès |first=Elisabeth |title=Notes on some joking relationships between Hui and Han villages in Henan |journal=China Perspectives |issue=49 |date=September–October 2003}} 11. ^1 {{cite book|script-title=民國初年的政黨 [Minguo chu nian de zheng dang]|last=Zhang|first=Yufa|year= 1985 |publisher=Institute of Modern History, Academia Sinica}} 12. ^{{cite book |last=Sharman |first=Lyon |title=Sun Yat-sen: His life and its meaning, a critical biography |year=1968 |publisher=Stanford University Press |location=Stanford |pages=94, 271}} 13. ^{{cite book |author1=Li Chien-Nung |author2=Li Jiannong |last3=Teng |first3=Ssu-yu |last4=Ingalls |first4=Jeremy |year=1956 |title=The political history of China, 1840-1928 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=9780804706025 |pages=203–206}} External links{{Commons category|Tongmenghui}}
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