| 词条 | True Whig Party | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| name = True Whig Party | native_name = Liberian Whig Party | native_name_lang = English | lang1 = | name_lang1 = | lang2 = | name_lang2 = | lang3 = | name_lang3 = | lang4 = | name_lang4 = | logo = True Whig Party.png | logo_size = | caption = | colorcode = {{True Whig Party/meta/color}} | abbreviation = TWP | leader = | president = | chairperson = | general_secretary = | first_secretary = | secretary_general = | presidium = | secretary = | spokesperson = | founder = | leader1_title = Historic leaders | leader1_name = Edward James Roye Anthony W. Gardiner William Tubman William Tolbert | leader2_title = | leader2_name = | leader3_title = | leader3_name = | leader4_title = | leader4_name = | leader5_title = | leader5_name = | founded = {{Start date|1869}} | legalised = | dissolved = | merger = | split = | predecessor = Opposition Party | merged = | successor = | headquarters = Monrovia, Montserrado County, Liberia | newspaper = | think_tank = | student_wing = | youth_wing = | womens_wing = | wing1_title = | wing1 = | wing2_title = | wing2 = | wing3_title = | wing3 = | wing4_title = | wing4 = | membership_year = | membership = | ideology = Black conservatism[1] Centralization Protectionism | position = Right-wing | religion = | national = | regional = | european = | continental = | international = None | europarl = | affiliation1_title = | affiliation1 = | colors = {{Color box|{{True Whig Party/meta/color}}|border=darkgray}} Blue | slogan = | anthem = | blank1_title = Historical ethnic affiliation | blank1 = Americo-Liberians | blank2_title = | blank2 = | blank3_title = | blank3 = | blank4_title = | blank4 = | seats1_title = | seats1 = | seats2_title = | seats2 = | seats3_title = | seats3 = | seats4_title = | seats4 = | symbol = | flag = | website = | state = | country = Liberia | country_dab1 = | parties_dab1 = | elections_dab1 = | country2 = | country_dab2 = | parties_dab2 = | elections_dab2 = | footnotes = }} The True Whig Party (TWP), also known as the Liberian Whig Party (LWP), is the oldest political party in Liberia. Founded in 1869 by primarily Americo-Liberians, the party dominated Liberian politics from 1878 until 1980. The nation was virtually a one-party state, although opposition parties were never outlawed.[2] Initially, its ideology was strongly influenced by that of the United States Whig Party. HistoryThe political party was founded in the township of Clay-Ashland in 1869 as a reorganised version of the Opposition Party.[3][4][5] It presided over a society where Black American settlers and their descendants, known as Americo-Liberians, constituted nearly 100% of the citizens able to vote. It primarily represented them, often working in tandem with the Masonic Order of Liberia.[6] The party endorsed systems of forced labour. In 1930 they sent "contract migrant laborers", under conditions tantamount to slavery, to Spanish colonists on Fernando Pó in Spanish Guinea (now Bioko in Equatorial Guinea),[7] leading to a five-year U.S. and British boycott of Liberia. Despite this dispute, the West considered the True Whig Party as a stabilizing, unthreatening force. The US and Britain invested extensively in the nation under William Tubman's long period of rule (1944–1971). The party lost power after Tubman's successor, William Tolbert, was killed in a military coup on 12 April 1980 by a group of AFL soldiers, who formed the People's Redemption Council (PRC). They opposed his clampdown on the political opposition and his tolerance of corruption. The opposition restricted activities of the True Whig Party; the vast majority of its members and supporters left the party, but it struggled on as a minor party. Members of indigenous groups began to exert more political power, in keeping with their dominance in number of the national population. LegacyIn 1991, the party faced a challenge from a new group, which identified as the "National True Whig Party of Liberia." TWP chairman Momo Fahnbulleh Jones threatened legal action to induce the newly founded party to change its name.[8] The party participated in the 2005 general election as part of the Coalition for the Transformation of Liberia (COTOL), which dissolved the next year. It registered to compete as an individual party in the 2011 general election, while endorsing President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf's bid for a second term.[9] However, the party had strife over its leadership five months before the election,[10] and it failed to nominate any candidate for any legislative seat. Electoral historyPresidential elections
House of Representatives elections
Senate elections
See also
References{{Portal|Liberia|Politics}}1. ^{{cite book|title=Power and Press Freedom in Liberia, 1830-1970|author=Carl Patrick Burrowes|publisher=Africa World Press|date=2004|page=312}} {{Liberian political parties}}{{Authority control}}2. ^"Liberia Country Study: The True Whig Ascendancy" Global Security 3. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ftz_gtO-pngC&pg=PA820&lpg=PA820&dq=%22clay-ashland%22+liberia |first=Kevin |last=Shillington |title= Encyclopedia of African History |volume=1 |publisher=Fitzroy Dearborn |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-57958-245-6}} 4. ^Donald A. Ranard, "Liberians: An Introduction to their History and Culture" {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150409204405/http://www.umassmed.edu/PageFiles/46301/Liberian%20culture.pdf |date=2015-04-09 }}, Center for Applied Linguistics, April 2005 5. ^Carl Patrick Burrowes (2004) Power and Press Freedom in Liberia, 1830-1970: The Impact of Globalization and Civil Society on Media-government Relations, Africa World Press, p85 6. ^Monrovia - Masonic Grand Lodge 7. ^{{cite book |title=Report of the International Commission of Inquiry into The Existence of Slavery and Forced Labor in the Republic of Liberia |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |location=Washington| year=1931}} 8. ^"True Whig Party To Sue If...", The Eye, 23 July 1991: pp. 7/8 9. ^{{cite news|first=C.Y.|last=Kwanue|url=http://www.liberianobserver.com/content/twp-endorses-ellen’s-2nd-term|title=TWP Endorses Ellen's 2nd Term|newspaper=Daily Observer|date=June 17, 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928052945/http://www.liberianobserver.com/content/twp-endorses-ellen%E2%80%99s-2nd-term|archivedate=September 28, 2011|df=}} 10. ^"Power Struggle in TWP: Partisans Demand Leadership Out But...", Liberian Observer 2011-05-23: 1/10. 6 : 1869 establishments in Liberia|Americo-Liberian organizations|Political parties established in 1869|Political parties in Liberia|Parties of one-party systems|Whiggism |
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