| 词条 | Bancroft Davis |
| 释义 |
| name = Bancroft Davis | honorific-suffix = | image = J. C. Bancroft Davis.jpg | imagesize = 200 px | caption = | order = 9th | title = Reporter of Decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States | term_start = 1883 | term_end = 1902 | predecessor = William Tod Otto | successor = Charles Henry Butler | order2 = 7th, 9th & 14th | title2 = Assistant Secretary of State | term_start2 = March 25, 1869 – November 13, 1871 January 24, 1873 | term_end2 = January 30, 1874 December 19, 1881 – July 7, 1882 | predecessor2 = Frederick W. Seward Charles Hale Robert R. Hitt | successor2 = Charles Hale John Cadwalader John Davis | order3 = 13th | title3 = Envoy from the United States to Germany | term_start3 = August 28, 1874 | term_end3 = September 26, 1877 | president3 = Ulysses S. Grant Rutherford B. Hayes | predecessor3 = George Bancroft | successor3 = Bayard Taylor | state_assembly4 = New York | district4 = Orange County, 1st | term_start4 = January 1, 1869 | term_end4 = March 26, 1869 | preceded4 = William C. H. Sherman | succeeded4 = Odell S. Hathaway | birth_name = John Chandler Bancroft Davis | birth_date = {{birth date|1822|12|29}}[1] | birth_place = Worcester, Massachusetts, USA | death_date = {{death date and age|1907|12|27|1822|12|29}} | death_place = Washington, DC, USA | party = Republican | parents = John Davis | spouse = {{marriage|Frederika Gore King |1857|1907|reason=his death}} | relations = Horace Davis (brother) | children = | residence = | alma_mater = Harvard University | occupation = Author, lawyer, politician }}John Chandler Bancroft Davis (December 29, 1822 – December 27, 1907), commonly known as Bancroft Davis, was an American lawyer, judge, diplomat, and president of Newburgh and New York Railway Company.[2] Early lifeDavis was born in Worcester, Massachusetts,[3] the son of John Davis, a Whig governor of Massachusetts, and was the older brother of congressman Horace Davis.[3] He entered Harvard with the class of 1840 but was suspended in his senior year and did not graduate with his class. He eventually received his Bachelor of Arts degree from Harvard University in 1847.[4] CareerIn 1849, Davis became secretary of the American embassy in London and later its chargé d'affaires. He practiced law in New York City and was the correspondent for The Times in London. Because of ill health, he retired from his law work in 1862. He was a member of the New York State Assembly (Orange Co., 1st D.) in 1869, but vacated his seat on March 26 after his appointment as Assistant U.S. Secretary of State.[3] Assistant Secretary of StateUnder President Ulysses S. Grant, he was Assistant Secretary of State in 1869–1871 and again in 1873–1874.[5] Between times he was a secretary of the commission which concluded the Treaty of Washington in 1871, to create a tribunal to settle the Alabama claims. He subsequently represented the United States at the tribunal, the Geneva Court of Arbitration, which met at Geneva on December 15, 1871. The American case was prepared and presented by him. Minister to GermanyIn 1874, he was appointed as the U.S. Minister to Germany, serving in that position until 1877.[3] President Rutherford B. Hayes appointed him to be an associate judge on the United States Court of Claims on December 14, 1877, replacing retiring Judge Edward G. Loring. For another special assignment at the State Department, he resigned from the Court of Claims in 1881 at the request of President Chester A. Arthur, who reappointed him to the court in 1882. He resigned again in 1883 to become Reporter of Decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States, and was replaced on the Court of Claims by Lawrence Weldon. Role in corporate personhood controversyActing as court reporter in Santa Clara County v. Southern Pacific Railroad – 118 U.S. 394 (1886), dealing with taxation of railroad properties, Davis plays a historical role in the corporate personhood debate.[6] The position of court reporter entailed that he write "a summary-of-the-case commentary." Why Bancroft Davis's role in the controversy is worth mentioning is that he noted in the headnote to the court's opinion that the Chief Justice Morrison Waite began oral argument by stating, "The court does not wish to hear argument on the question whether the provision in the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution, which forbids a State to deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws, applies to these corporations. We are all of the opinion that it does."[7] In a published account of Bancroft's collected Supreme Court reports and notes from 1885-1886,[8] he wrote of the Santa Clara County v. Southern Pacific Railroad case that, "The defendant Corporations are persons within the intent of the clause in section 1 of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States, which forbids a State to deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws."[9] Journalists and authors, such as Thom Hartman, have since cited Davis's prior position as president of Newburgh and New York Railway as evidence of a conflict of interest in the corporate personhood interpretation of a Supreme Court ruling dealing with a railroad.[10] The controversy regarding Bancroft Davis's summary remains unsolved.[11] Personal lifeOn November 19, 1857, he married Frederica Gore King (1829–1916). Frederica was the daughter of James G. King (1791–1853), an American businessman and Whig Party politician and the granddaughter of both Archibald Gracie and Rufus King, who was the Federalist candidate for both Vice President (1804 and 1808) and President of the United States (1816). They did not have any children. Bancroft Davis died at his residence, No. 1621 H St. N.W.,[12] in Washington, DC in 1907, aged 85.[13] HonorsElected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1851.[14] Works
See also{{Commons category|John Chandler Bancroft Davis}}
References
1. ^{{cite book |last1=Schlup |first1=Leonard |editor1-last=Schlup |editor1-first=Leonard C. |editor2-last=Ryan |editor2-first=James Gilbert |title=Historical Dictionary of the Gilded Age |year=2003 |publisher=M.E. Sharpe |isbn=9780765621061 |page=124 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lhRqUo9HzVwC&pg=PA124 |accessdate=March 4, 2016}} 2. ^{{cite news | title=Annual Report of the State Engineer and Surveyor of the State of New York, and of the Tabulations and Deductions from the Reports of the Railroad Corporations for the Year Ending September 30, 1867 | year=1868 | publisher=The Argus Company, Albany, NY | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=hJIaAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA336 | pages=336 | accessdate=2009-10-04 }} 3. ^{{cite news | title=Davis, John Chandler Bancroft (1822–1907) | url =http://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/davis5.html#RK40GFFXZ | work=Political Graveyard | accessdate = September 17, 2008 }} 4. ^{{cite news | title=John Chandler Bancroft Davis | url =http://law.jrank.org/pages/5968/Davis-John-Chandler-Bancroft.html | work=American Law Encyclopedia Vol 3 | accessdate = September 17, 2008 }} 5. ^{{cite news|title=Assistant Secretary of State.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1869/03/25/archives/assistant-secretary-of-state.html|accessdate=21 February 2017|work=The New York Times|date=25 March 1869}} 6. ^{{cite web|title=The murky history of J. C. Bancroft Davis and corporate personhood|url=https://booksbelow.wordpress.com/2010/01/21/the-murky-history-of-j-c-bancroft-davis-and-corporate-personhood/|website=Thoughts and Observations|accessdate=21 February 2017|date=22 January 2010}} 7. ^118 U.S. 394 (1886) - Official court Syllabus in the United States Reports 8. ^{{cite book|last=Davis|first=J.C. Bancroft|title=Vol. 118 of United States Reports: Cases Adjudged in the Supreme Court at October Term 1885 and October Term 1886|date=1886|publisher=Banks & Brothers Publishers|location=New York City}} 9. ^{{cite book|last=Hartman|first=Thom|title=Unequal Protection: The Rise of Corporate Dominance and the Theft of Human Rights|date=2002|publisher=Rodale|location=New York, NY|isbn=1-57954-627-7|page=107}} 10. ^{{cite web|last1=Hartmann|first1=Thom|title=To Restore Democracy: First Abolish Corporate Personhood|url=http://www.thomhartmann.com/articles/2001/12/restore-democracy-first-abolish-corporate-personhood|website=Thom Hartmann - News & info from the #1 progressive radio show|accessdate=21 February 2017|date=31 December 2001}} 11. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2018/03/corporations-people-adam-winkler/554852/|title='Corporations Are People' Is Built on an Incredible 19th-Century Lie|last=Winkler|first=Adam|date=2018-03-05|work=The Atlantic|access-date=2018-08-14|language=en-US}} 12. ^{{cite news|title=Obituary 1 -- No Title|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1907/12/30/101032303.html?pageNumber=7|accessdate=21 February 2017|work=The New York Times|date=December 30, 1907|language=en}} 13. ^1 2 3 {{cite news|title=JOHN C. B. DAVIS DIES. {{!}} He Had Been Reporter for the Supreme Court Twenty-four Years.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1907/12/28/archives/john-cb-davis-dies-he-had-been-reporter-for-the-supreme-court.html|accessdate=21 February 2017|work=The New York Times|date=28 December 1907}} 14. ^American Antiquarian Society Members Directory
Orange County, 1st District | before = William C. H. Sherman | years = 1869 | after = Odell S. Hathaway }}{{s-legal}}{{Succession box|title=Reporter of Decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States|before=William Tod Otto|after=Charles Henry Butler|years=1883–1902}}{{s-end}}{{US Ambassadors to Germany}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Davis, Bancroft}} 18 : 1822 births|1907 deaths|American legal writers|Harvard University alumni|Members of the New York State Assembly|New York (state) lawyers|Politicians from Worcester, Massachusetts|Reporters of Decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States|Ambassadors of the United States to Germany|United States Assistant Secretaries of State|Judges of the United States Court of Claims|United States Article I federal judges appointed by Rutherford B. Hayes|19th-century American judges|United States Article I federal judges appointed by Chester A. Arthur|19th-century American diplomats|New York (state) Republicans|Gardiner family|Members of the American Antiquarian Society |
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