“Turtle Bay, Manhattan”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Turtle Bay is named after a former cove of the East River, which in turn was named after the Dutch word for "knife". The neighborhood was originally settled as a Dutch farm in the 17th century, and was subsequently developed with tenements, power plants, and slaughterhouses in the 19th century. These industrial structures were largely demolished in the 1940s and 1950s to make way for the United Nations headquarters. Today, Turtle Bay contains multiple missions and consulates to the nearby United Nations headquarters.

Turtle Bay is part of Manhattan Community District 6 and its primary ZIP Codes are 10017 and 10022.^[1] It is patrolled by the 17th Precinct of the New York City Police Department.

History

Colonial days

Turtle Bay, a cove of the East River, received its name in the 17th century by its resemblance in shape to that of a knife, "deutal" being Dutch for "knife".^[3] The cove, which was filled in after the Civil War,^[3] was a valuable shelter from the often harsh weather on the river, and became a thriving site for shipbuilding.

The Turtle Bay neighborhood was originally a {{convert|40|acre|ha|adj=on}} land grant given to two Englishmen by the Dutch colonial governor of New Amsterdam in 1639, and named "Turtle Bay Farm". The farm extended roughly from what is now 43rd Street to 48th Street, and from Third Avenue to the river.

On a knoll overlooking the cove, near 41st Street, the farmhouse was purchased as a summer retreat by Francis Bayard,^[8] and in the early 19th century remained the summer villa of Francis Bayard Winthrop.^[9] Turtle Creek, or DeVoor's Mill Creek as it was known, emptied into the cove at what is now 47th Street.^[10] To the south lay Kip's Bay farm; to the north, on a bluff, stood James Beekman's "Mount Pleasant", the first of a series of houses and villas with water views stretching away up the shoreline. After the street grid system was initiated in Manhattan, the hilly landscape of the Turtle Bay Farm was graded to create cross-streets and the land was subdivided for residential development.

Late 19th century

An army enrollment office was established at Third Avenue and 46th Street, after the first Draft Act was passed during the American Civil War. On July 13, 1863, an angry mob burned the office to the ground and proceeded to riot through the surrounding neighborhood, destroying entire blocks. The New York Draft Riots continued for three days before army troops managed to contain the mob, which had burned and looted much of the city.

After the war ended, the formerly pastoral neighborhood was developed with brownstones. By 1868 the bay had been entirely filled in by commercial overdevelopment, packed with breweries, gasworks, slaughterhouses, cattle pens, coal yards, and railroad piers.^[11] By the early 20th century, Turtle Bay was "a riverside back yard" for the city, as the WPA Guide to New York City (1939) described it: "huge industrial enterprises—breweries, laundries, abattoirs, power plants—along the water front face squalid tenements not far away from new apartment dwellings attracted to the section by its river view and its central position. The numerous plants shower this district with the heaviest sootfall in the city—150 tons to the square mile annually".^[12]

The huge Waterside Station, a power plant operated by the Consolidated Edison Company, producing 367,000 kilowatts of electricity in its coal-fired plant, marked the southern boundary of the neighborhood.^[13] There were also {{convert|18|acre|m2}} of slaughterhouses along First Avenue. With an infusion of poor immigrants having had come in the later part of the 19th century, and the opening of the elevated train lines along Second and Third Avenues, the neighborhood went into decay with crumbling tenement buildings.

20th and 21st centuries

Many tenements were restored in the 1920s, and a large communal garden was established. Charlotte Hunnewell Sorchan saw promise in the run-down rowhouses of Turtle Bay; in 1918 she purchased eleven houses on the south side of 49th Street and nine on the north side of 48th Street, between 2nd and 3rd Avenues; within two years she had renovated the enclave called Turtle Bay Gardens. Her architects refaced the brownstone street-fronts with pale stucco, and rearranged the interiors so that service rooms faced the noisy street and living areas faced inwards, where the individual back yards were arranged so that each opens into a common garden of trees and shrubs down the center.^[14] Having married Walton Martin, she then sold the houses to friends at cost, with property restrictions that kept the commons secure. Among the first purchasers was Maria Bowen Chapin, founder of the Chapin School. Celebrity residents since have included actors Katharine Hepburn, Ruth Gordon, June Havoc, Ricardo Montalban, and Tyrone Power; writer-director Garson Kanin, composer Stephen Sondheim; jurist Learned Hand, conductor Leopold Stokowski; editor Maxwell Perkins; publisher Henry Luce; journalist Dorothy Thompson; and writer/journalist E. B. White, who wrote Charlotte's Web when living on 48th Street.^[15] It was designated the Turtle Bay Gardens Historic District in 1966.^[16]

An area between First and Second Avenues, and 41st and 43rd Streets was known as "Goat Hill"—goats and squatters ruled the area—and later renamed "Prospect Hill". Prospect Hill developed into a shanty Irish community known as "Corcoran's Roost", founded by Jimmy Corcoran, in the 1850s, and later became known as a community with a high rate of violent crime and a haven for waterfront thieves such as the Rag Gang, during the late 19th century.^[17]^[18] From 1927 to 1932, the 2,800-unit Tudor City was built on this site,^[19] which was in 1988 named a historic district.^[20]

The clearing of the slaughterhouses for the construction of the UN headquarters in 1948, largely completed by 1952, and the removal of the elevated trains opened the neighborhood up for high-rise office buildings and condominiums.^[11] Concurrent with the UN headquarters' construction, the Ralph Bunche Park staircase was constructed, connecting Tudor City to the rest of Turtle Bay.^[21] Until the Third Avenue el was demolished in 1956, it was characterized by a blighted stretch of sooty darkness that had separated the neighborhood from Midtown Manhattan.

After the UN headquarters' expansion plan was originally announced in 2000, it was opposed by some Turtle Bay residents over concerns about the loss of the current Robert Moses Playground in order to build a long-sought new UN building on the site. In October 2011, city and state officials announced an agreement in which the UN would be allowed to build the tower adjacent to the existing campus on the current playground.^[22] In exchange, the United Nations would allow the construction of an esplanade along the East River that would complete the East River Greenway, a waterfront pedestrian and bicycle pathway.^[23] While host nation authorities have agreed to the provisions of the plan, it needs the approval of the United Nations in order to be implemented. The plan is similar in concept to an earlier proposal that had been announced in 2000 but did not move forward.^[24]

Demographics

For census purposes, the New York City government classifies Turtle Bay as part of a larger neighborhood tabulation area called Turtle Bay-East Midtown.^[25] Based on data from the 2010 United States Census, the population of Turtle Bay-East Midtown was 51,231, a change of 1,494 (2.9%) from the 49,737 counted in 2000. Covering an area of {{convert|410.95|acres}}, the neighborhood had a population density of {{convert|124.7|PD/acre|PD/sqmi PD/sqkm}}.^[26] The racial makeup of the neighborhood was 77.1% (39,475) White, 2.1% (1,071) African American, 0% (23) Native American, 13% (6,655) Asian, 0% (21) Pacific Islander, 0.4% (184) from other races, and 1.6% (845) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5.8% (2,957) of the population.^[27]

The entirety of Community District 6, which comprises Turtle Bay and Stuyvesant Town, had 53,120 inhabitants as of NYC Health's 2018 Community Health Profile, with an average life expectancy of 84.8 years.^[28]{{Rp|2, 20}} This is higher than the median life expectancy of 81.2 for all New York City neighborhoods.^[29]{{Rp|53 (PDF p. 84)}}^[30] Most inhabitants are adults: a plurality (45%) are between the ages of 25–44, while 22% are between 45–64, and 13% are 65 or older. The ratio of youth and college-aged residents was lower, at 7% and 12% respectively.^[28]{{Rp|2}}

As of 2017, the median household income in Community District 6 was $112,383,^[31] though the median income in Turtle Bay individually was $135,360^[2] In 2018, an estimated 10% of Turtle Bay and Stuyvesant Town residents lived in poverty, compared to 14% in all of Manhattan and 20% in all of New York City. One in twenty-five residents (4%) were unemployed, compared to 7% in Manhattan and 9% in New York City. Rent burden, or the percentage of residents who have difficulty paying their rent, is 42% in Turtle Bay and Stuyvesant Town, compared to the boroughwide and citywide rates of 45% and 51% respectively. Based on this calculation, {{as of|2018|lc=y}}, Turtle Bay and Stuyvesant Town are considered to be high-income relative to the rest of the city and not gentrifying.^[28]{{Rp|7}}

Community

To the north of Turtle Bay is Sutton Place, to the west is Midtown, and to the south are Tudor City and Murray Hill.^[32]

Turtle Bay Association

The Turtle Bay Association, a neighborhood non-profit 501(c)3 organization, was founded in 1957^[33] by James Amster^[34] to protest, successfully, the widening of East 49th Street.^[35] It now serves as an advocate for residents of Turtle Bay, and maintains the neighborhood's quality of life. The Association's efforts have resulted in more park and landscaping development, creating the neighborhood's tree-lined and relatively quiet atmosphere.

Economy

Diplomatic missions

Numerous missions to the United Nations are in Turtle Bay, close to the UN.^[7]^[51] They include:{{clear}}

Police and crime

Turtle Bay and Murray Hill are patrolled by the 17th Precinct of the NYPD, located at 167 East 51st Street.^[56] The 17th Precinct and neighboring 13th Precinct ranked 57th safest out of 69 city precincts for per-capita crime in 2010. The high per-capita crime rate is attributed to the precincts' high number of property crimes.^[57] With a non-fatal assault rate of 35 per 100,000 people, Turtle Bay and Stuyvesant Town's rate of violent crimes per capita is less than that of the city as a whole. The incarceration rate of 180 per 100,000 people is lower than that of the city as a whole.^[28]{{Rp|8}}

The 17th Precinct has a lower crime rate than in the 1990s, with crimes across all categories having decreased by 80.7% between 1990 and 2018. The precinct saw 0 murders, 13 rapes, 63 robberies, 91 felony assaults, 80 burglaries, 748 grand larcenies, and 26 grand larcenies auto in 2018.^[58]

Fire safety

Turtle Bay is served by the New York City Fire Department (FDNY)'s Engine Co. 8/Ladder Co. 2/Battalion 8, located at 165 East 51st Street.^[59]^[60]

Health

Preterm and teenage births in Turtle Bay and Stuyvesant Town are lower than the city average. In Turtle Bay and Stuyvesant Town, there were 78 preterm births per 1,000 live births (compared to 87 per 1,000 citywide), and 1.5 teenage births per 1,000 live births (compared to 19.3 per 1,000 citywide), though the teenage birth rate was based on a small sample size.^[28]{{Rp|11}} Turtle Bay and Stuyvesant Town have a low population of residents who are uninsured. In 2018, this population of uninsured residents was estimated to be 3%, less than the citywide rate of 12%, though this was based on a small sample size.^[28]{{Rp|14}}

The concentration of fine particulate matter, the deadliest type of air pollutant, in Turtle Bay and Stuyvesant Town is {{convert|0.0102|mg/m3|oz/ft3}}, more than the city average.^[28]{{Rp|9}} Twelve percent of Turtle Bay and Stuyvesant Town residents are smokers, which is less than the city average of 14% of residents being smokers.^[28]{{Rp|13}} In Turtle Bay and Stuyvesant Town, 10% of residents are obese, 5% are diabetic, and 18% have high blood pressure—compared to the citywide averages of 24%, 11%, and 28% respectively.^[28]{{Rp|16}} In addition, 7% of children are obese, compared to the citywide average of 20%.^[28]{{Rp|12}}

Ninety-one percent of residents eat some fruits and vegetables every day, which is higher than the city's average of 87%. In 2018, 90% of residents described their health as "good," "very good," or "excellent," more than the city's average of 78%.^[28]{{Rp|13}} For every supermarket in Turtle Bay and Stuyvesant Town, there are 7 bodegas.^[28]{{Rp|10}}

Post offices and ZIP codes

Turtle Bay is located in two primary ZIP Codes. The area south of 49th Street is part of 10017 and the area north of 49th Street is part of 10022.^[63] The United States Postal Service operates two post offices near Turtle Bay:

Education

Turtle Bay and Stuyvesant Town generally have a higher rate of college-educated residents than the rest of the city. A majority of residents age 25 and older (82%) have a college education or higher, while 3% have less than a high school education and 15% are high school graduates or have some college education. By contrast, 64% of Manhattan residents and 43% of city residents have a college education or higher.^[28]{{Rp|6}} The percentage of Turtle Bay and Stuyvesant Town students excelling in math rose from 61% in 2000 to 80% in 2011, and reading achievement increased from 66% to 68% during the same time period.^[66]

Turtle Bay and Stuyvesant Town's rate of elementary school student absenteeism is lower than the rest of New York City. In Turtle Bay and Stuyvesant Town, 8% of elementary school students missed twenty or more days per school year, less than the citywide average of 20%.^[29]{{Rp|24 (PDF p. 55)}}^[28]{{Rp|6}} Additionally, 91% of high school students in Turtle Bay and Stuyvesant Town graduate on time, more than the citywide average of 75%.^[28]{{Rp|6}}

Schools

The New York City Department of Education does not operate any public schools in Turtle Bay.^[67] Students in grades PK-5 are zoned to PS 59 Beekman Hill International in Lenox Hill^[68] and students in grades 6-8 are zoned to IS 104 Simon Baruch School in Gramercy Park.^[69] Formerly, P.S. 135 operated inside Turtle Bay. The structure now contains condominiums and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.^[70]

There are no zoned high schools in New York City. However, the Art and Design High School, a vocational school, serves grades 9-12.^[71]

Libraries

Transportation

The closest New York City Subway stations are at the western border of the neighborhood, at Lexington Avenue/51st–53rd Streets ({{NYCS trains|Lexington 51st}}) and Grand Central–42nd Street ({{NYCS trains|Grand Central}}); the latter has a connection to the Metro-North Railroad at Grand Central Terminal.^[74] Local New York City Bus lines include {{NYC bus link|M15|M15 SBS|M42|M50|M101|M102|M103|prose=y}}.^[75]

The only major thoroughfare is the FDR Drive, at the neighborhood's eastern border. The Queens Midtown Tunnel (I-495) and Queensboro Bridge (NY 25) are located just south and north, respectively, of the neighborhood.^[76]

In popular culture

References

1. ^¹{{cite web|title=NYC Planning {{!}} Community Profiles|url=https://communityprofiles.planning.nyc.gov/manhattan/6|website=communityprofiles.planning.nyc.gov|publisher=New York City Department of City Planning|accessdate=March 18, 2019}}
2. ^¹²³{{cite web|title=Turtle Bay neighborhood in New York|url=http://www.city-data.com/neighborhood/Turtle-Bay-New-York-NY.html|accessdate=March 18, 2019}}
3. ^¹²Giner, Val. "Turtle Bay" in {{cite enc-nyc2}}, p. 1340
4. ^Hanlon, Pamela Manhattan's Turtle Bay: Story of a Midtown Neighborhood Charleston, South Carolina: Arcadia Publishing, 2008. p. 14; "...bounded by Lexington Avenue and the East River from roughly 43rd Street to 53rd Street..."
5. ^{{cite web|url=http://turtlebay-nyc.org/about/|title=About the Turtle Bay Association|publisher=Turtle Bay Association|accessdate=2018-10-05|quote=The neighborhood of Turtle Bay extends from 43rd to 53rd Street, and eastward from Lexington Avenue to the East River.}}
6. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.turtlebay-nyc.org/index.html|title=Turtle Bay Association - Neighborhood association for New York City's Turtle Bay|publisher=|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040724052326/http://www.turtlebay-nyc.org/index.html|archivedate=2004-07-24|df=}}
7. ^¹²"Map." Turtle Bay Association. Retrieved on January 25, 2009
8. ^Dorothy B. Wexler, Reared in a Greenhouse: the stories and story, of Dorothy Winthrop Bradford 1998:39.
9. ^Recollections of John Flavel Mines, in A Tour Around New York, and My Summer Acre, 1893:409.
10. ^"A scrawny ledge of rock at the foot of Forty-Fifth Street marks the approximate location of Turtle Bay" (WPA Guide 1939:209).
11. ^Hanlon 2008:19.
12. ^WPA Guide 1939:208.
13. ^WPA Guide to New York City. 1939:209.
14. ^[https://www.nytimes.com/1988/11/27/realestate/streetscapes-turtle-bay-gardens-fate-beautiful-whole-hangs-talks-restrictions.html Christopher Gray, "Streetscapes: Turtle Bay Gardens" The New York Times, 27 November 1988]: accessed 5 September 2010.
15. ^Gray 1988; New York Architectural Images: Turtle Bay
16. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/lpc/downloads/pdf/reports/TURTLE_BAY_GARDENS_HISTORIC_DISTRICT.pdf |title=Turtle Bay Gardens Historic District, 1966 |access-date=2011-10-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019024242/http://www.nyc.gov/html/lpc/downloads/pdf/reports/TURTLE_BAY_GARDENS_HISTORIC_DISTRICT.pdf |archive-date=2012-10-19 |dead-url=yes |df= }}
17. ^{{cite book |last=Nash |first=Eric Peter |title=Manhattan Skyscrapers |year=1999 |publisher=Princeton Architectural Press |location=New York |isbn=1-56898-181-3}}
18. ^{{cite book |last=Wolfe |first=Gerard R. |title=New York, 15 Walking Tours: An Architectural Guide to the Metropolis |year=2003 |publisher=McGraw-Hill Professional |location=New York |isbn=0-07-141185-2}}
19. ^{{cite news |title=Streetscapes/Tudor City Parks; The Changing Centerpiece of a 'City Within a City' |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=950CE6DC1139F936A25756C0A962958260 |first=Christpher |last=Gray |work=The New York Times |date=May 15, 1994 |accessdate=2008-05-04 }}
20. ^{{cite news |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940DEFDD1039F93BA25756C0A96E948260 |title=Tudor City Given Status As Landmark |first=David W. |last=Dunlap |work=The New York Times |date=May 18, 1988 |accessdate=2008-05-04 }}
21. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.nycgovparks.org/sub_your_park/historical_signs/hs_historical_sign.php?id=6514 |title=Ralph Bunche Park - Historical Sign |work=New York City Department of Parks & Recreation |accessdate=2010-07-01}}
22. ^{{cite news| url=http://www.nyc.gov/portal/site/nycgov/menuitem.c0935b9a57bb4ef3daf2f1c701c789a0/index.jsp?pageID=mayor_press_release&catID=1194&doc_name=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nyc.gov%2Fhtml%2Fom%2Fhtml%2F2011b%2Fpr349-11.html&cc=unused1978&rc=1194&ndi=1| title=Mayor Bloomberg Announces Historic Agreement to Close Last Major Gap in the Manhattan Greenway and Enable Modernization of the United Nations' New York City Presence| first=| last=| work=Press Release| publisher=City of New York| date=5 October 2011| accessdate=2012-09-07}}
23. ^{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/30/nyregion/united-nations-and-new-york-city-seek-land-deal.html?pagewanted=all| title=Land Deal With U.N. Would Fill a Big Gap in the Waterfront Greenway| first=Lisa| last=Foderaro| work=news article| publisher=The New York Times| date=30 September 2011| accessdate=2012-09-07}}
24. ^{{cite news| url=http://www.globalpolicy.org/finance/docs/2005/0225hqrenov.htm| title=Act Globally, Get Stuck Locally| first=Clyde| last=Haberman| work=The New York Times| publisher=Global Policy Forum| date=25 February 2005| accessdate=24 October 2011}}
25. ^[https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/planning/download/pdf/data-maps/nyc-population/census2010/ntas.pdf New York City Neighborhood Tabulation Areas*, 2010], Population Division - New York City Department of City Planning, February 2012. Accessed June 16, 2016.
26. ^Table PL-P5 NTA: Total Population and Persons Per Acre - New York City Neighborhood Tabulation Areas*, 2010, Population Division - New York City Department of City Planning, February 2012. Accessed June 16, 2016.
27. ^¹Table PL-P3A NTA: Total Population by Mutually Exclusive Race and Hispanic Origin - New York City Neighborhood Tabulation Areas*, 2010, Population Division - New York City Department of City Planning, March 29, 2011. Accessed June 14, 2016.
28. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸⁹¹⁰¹¹¹²¹³¹⁴{{Cite web|url=https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/doh/downloads/pdf/data/2018chp-mn6.pdf|title=Stuyvesant Town and Turtle Bay (Including Beekman Place, Gramercy Park, Murray Hill, Stuyvesant Town, Sutton Place, Tudor City and Turtle Bay)|last=|first=|date=2018|website=nyc.gov|publisher=NYC Health|access-date=March 2, 2019}}
29. ^¹{{Cite web|url=https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/doh/downloads/pdf/tcny/community-health-assessment-plan.pdf|title=2016-2018 Community Health Assessment and Community Health Improvement Plan: Take Care New York 2020|last=|first=|date=2016|website=nyc.gov|publisher=New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene|access-date=September 8, 2017}}
30. ^{{cite web | title=New Yorkers are living longer, happier and healthier lives | website=New York Post | date=June 4, 2017 | url=https://nypost.com/2017/06/04/new-yorkers-are-living-longer-happier-and-healthier-lives/ | access-date=March 1, 2019}}
31. ^{{cite web|url=https://censusreporter.org/profiles/79500US3603808-nyc-manhattan-community-district-6-murray-hill-gramercy-stuyvesant-town-puma-ny/|title=NYC-Manhattan Community District 6--Murray Hill, Gramercy & Stuyvesant Town PUMA, NY|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|accessdate=July 17, 2018}}
32. ^[https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/planning/download/pdf/applicants/env-review/gem/02_feis.pdf]
33. ^{{cite web|url=http://turtlebay-nyc.org/history.html|title=History of Turtle Bay|publisher=Turtle Bay Association|accessdate=2009-02-15}}
34. ^{{cite web|last1=Lawson|first1=Carol|title=James Amster, 77, Decorator, Dead|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/06/12/obituaries/james-amster-77-decorator-dead.html|website=The New York Times|accessdate=31 July 2017}}
35. ^¹²{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/30/realestate/30livi.html|title=In the Many Enclaves, One Neighborhood|last=Hughes|first=C.J.|date=2008-03-08|publisher=New York Times|accessdate=2009-02-15}}
36. ^"Worldwide United States." Fujitsu. Retrieved on February 4, 2009.
37. ^"Offices rest of the world{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}." Avianca. Retrieved on January 27, 2009.
38. ^"[https://web.archive.org/web/20070105184211/http://www.ethiopianairlines.com/booking/contacts.html Sales Offices]."* Ethiopian Airlines. Retrieved on January 26, 2009.
39. ^"Ticket Office Locations North America." Delta Air Lines. Retrieved on December 23, 2009.
40. ^World Airline Directory. Flight International. March 20, 1975. "508.
41. ^¹"Consular/Travel Information." Permanent Mission of the Bahamas to the United Nations. Retrieved on January 26, 2009.
42. ^"Address, Contact, Hours {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081117101510/http://www.germany.info/Vertretung/usa/en/03__Consulates/New__York/01/__Data.html |date=2008-11-17 }}." Consulate-General of Germany in New York. Retrieved on January 26, 2009.
43. ^"Consular Department {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090121190208/http://israelfm.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=129&Itemid=129 |date=2009-01-21 }}." Consulate-General of Israel in New York. Retrieved on January 26, 2009.
44. ^"Contact Us {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090131152953/http://congenjamaica-ny.org/contactus.htm |date=2009-01-31 }}." Consulate-General of Jamaica in New York. Retrieved on January 30, 2009.
45. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.luxembourgnyc.org/ |publisher=Luxembourgnyc.org |title= Consulate-General of Luxembourg in New York |accessdate=January 28, 2009}}
46. ^{{cite web |url=http://consuladodenicaragua.com/consulate.asp#north |publisher=Consulate General of Nicaragua |title= Consulate-General of Nicaragua in New York |accessdate=May 23, 2013}}
47. ^¹"Ministry addresses in the U.S. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090103191749/http://www.saudiembassy.net/Embassy/Ministry.asp |date=2009-01-03 }}." Embassy of Saudi Arabia in Washington, D.C.. Retrieved on January 26, 2009.
48. ^"Singapore Consulate in New York Mission Homepage {{webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20120329023607/http://app.mfa.gov.sg/newyork-consul/nyemb_home.asp |date=2012-03-29 }}." Consulate-General of Singapore in New York. Retrieved on January 28, 2009.
49. ^Home page {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122055332/http://ukrconsul.org/ |date=2009-01-22 }}. Consulate-General of Ukraine in New York. Retrieved on January 26, 2009.
50. ^"New York {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090123104244/http://ukinusa.fco.gov.uk/en/our-offices-in-the-us/other-locationsin-us/ny |date=2009-01-23 }}." UK in the USA. Retrieved on January 25, 2009.
51. ^"[https://www.un.org/members/missions.shtml United Nations Member States]." United Nations. Retrieved on January 26, 2009.
52. ^"Contact Us {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114190610/http://www.un.int/japan/aboutus/contact.htm |date=2009-01-14 }}." Permanent Mission of Japan to the United Nations. Retrieved on January 26, 2009.
53. ^"FSM Mission Address." Federated States of Micronesia Mission to the United Nations. Retrieved on January 26, 2009.
54. ^"[https://web.archive.org/web/20060914200246/http://www.un.int/nauru/staff.html Brief Overview and List of Staff Members]." Permanent Mission of the Republic of Nauru to the United Nations. Retrieved on January 26, 2009.
55. ^"Ministry addresses in the U.S. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090103191749/http://www.saudiembassy.net/Embassy/Ministry.asp |date=2009-01-03 }}." Embassy of Vietnam in Washington, D.C.. Retrieved on January 26, 2009.
56. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www1.nyc.gov/site/nypd/bureaus/patrol/precincts/17th-precinct.page|title=NYPD – 17th Precinct|last=|first=|date=|website=www.nyc.gov|publisher=New York City Police Department|access-date=October 3, 2016}}
57. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnainfo.com/new-york/crime-safety-report/manhattan/murray-hill/|title=Murray Hill and Gramercy – DNAinfo.com Crime and Safety Report|website=www.dnainfo.com|access-date=October 6, 2016}}
58. ^{{cite web|url=https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/nypd/downloads/pdf/crime_statistics/cs-en-us-017pct.pdf|title=17th Precinct CompStat Report|date=|format=PDF|website=www.nyc.gov|publisher=New York City Police Department|access-date=July 22, 2018}}
59. ^{{cite web | title=Engine Company 8/Ladder Company 2/Battalion 8 | website=FDNYtrucks.com | url=http://www.fdnytrucks.com/files/html/manhattan/e8.htm | access-date=March 14, 2019}}
60. ^{{Cite FDNY locations}}
61. ^{{cite web | title=Manhattan Hospital Listings | website=New York Hospitals | url=http://www.allny.com/health/hosp-manhattan.html | access-date=March 20, 2019}}
62. ^{{cite web | title=Best Hospitals in New York, N.Y. | website=US News & World Report | date=July 26, 2011 | url=https://health.usnews.com/best-hospitals/area/new-york-ny | access-date=March 20, 2019}}
63. ^{{cite web | title=Midtown, New York City-Manhattan, New York Zip Code Boundary Map (NY) | website=United States Zip Code Boundary Map (USA) | url=https://www.zipmap.net/New_York/New_York_County/Z_Midtown.htm | access-date=March 23, 2019}}
64. ^{{cite web | title=Location Details: Grand Central | website=USPS.com | url=https://tools.usps.com/go/POLocatorDetailsAction!input.action?locationTypeQ=po&address=10036&radius=20&locationType=po&locationID=1365295&locationName=GRAND+CENTRAL&address2=&address1=450+LEXINGTON+AVE+FL+2 | access-date=March 7, 2019}}
65. ^{{cite web | title=Location Details: FDR Station | website=USPS.com | url=https://tools.usps.com/go/POLocatorDetailsAction!input.action?locationTypeQ=po&address=10010&radius=20&locationType=po&locationID=1363995&locationName=FDR+STATION&address2=&address1=909+3RD+AVE+OFC | access-date=March 7, 2019}}
66. ^{{Cite web|url=http://furmancenter.org/files/sotc/MN_06_11.pdf|title=Stuyvesant Town/Turtle Bay – MN 06|last=|first=|date=2011|website=|publisher=Furman Center for Real Estate and Urban Policy|access-date=October 5, 2016}}
67. ^{{cite web | title=Turtle Bay New York School Ratings and Reviews | website=Zillow | url=https://www.zillow.com/turtle-bay-new-york-ny/schools/ | access-date=March 17, 2019}}
68. ^{{cite web | title=P.S. 059 Beekman Hill International | website=New York City Department of Education | date=December 19, 2018 | url=https://www.schools.nyc.gov/schools/M059 | access-date=March 23, 2019}}
69. ^{{cite web | title=J.H.S. 104 Simon Baruch | website=New York City Department of Education | date=December 19, 2018 | url=https://www.schools.nyc.gov/schools/M104 | access-date=March 23, 2019}}
70. ^{{cite aia5}}, p.345
71. ^{{cite web | title=Art and Design High School | website=New York City Department of Education | date=December 19, 2018 | url=https://www.schools.nyc.gov/schools/M630 | access-date=March 23, 2019}}
72. ^{{cite web | title=About the 58th Street Library | website=The New York Public Library | date=May 10, 1907 | url=https://www.nypl.org/about/locations/58th-street | access-date=March 23, 2019}}
73. ^{{cite web | title=About the Grand Central Library | website=The New York Public Library | url=https://www.nypl.org/about/locations/grand-central | access-date=March 23, 2019}}
74. ^{{NYCS const|map}}
75. ^{{Cite NYC bus map|M}}
76. ^{{Google maps|url=https://maps.google.com/maps?cid=10889308973023716220&q=Midtown+East,+New+York,+NY |title= Midtown East, New York, NY |accessdate= November 22, 2014}}