| 词条 | William Newman (computer scientist) |
| 释义 |
| name = William Newman | image = | alt = Portrait | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1939|5|21|df=y}} | birth_place = Comberton, near Cambridge, England | death_date = | residence = Cambridge, England | nationality = United Kingdom | occupation = Computer scientist | known_for = Contributions to computer graphics. Participation in work at the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center in the 1970s that led to the emergence of the personal computer. | notable awards = }}William Maxwell Newman (born 21 May 1939) is a British computer scientist. With others at the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center in the 1970s Newman demonstrated the advantages of the raster (bitmap graphics) display technology first deployed in the Xerox Alto personal workstation, developing interactive programs for producing illustrations and drawings. With Bob Sproull he co-authored the first major textbook on interactive computer graphics.[1] Newman later contributed to the field of human–computer interaction, publishing several papers and a book taking an engineering approach to the design of interactive systems. He is an honorary professor at University College London and became an ACM SIGCHI Academy member in 2004. Early lifeNewman was born 21 May 1939 at Comberton, near Cambridge, England. He is the second son of Max Newman, the distinguished mathematician and World War II codebreaker who worked at Bletchley Park, Manchester University and Cambridge University. William's mother was Lyn Irvine, a writer linked with the Bloomsbury Group. For many years William was unaware of his father's important work at the Bletchley Park WWII codebreaking centre because it was protected under the Official Secrets Act until at least in the mid-1970s. However, in later life he took a keen interest in his father's role there, contributing items to the Bletchley Park Museum and elsewhere.[2] EducationHe attended Manchester Grammar School before studying Engineering at St. John's College, Cambridge, obtaining a BA with first-class honours in 1961. His first contact with computers came in the mid-1960s when he joined others developing early CAD applications on the PDP-7 computer installed at the Cambridge Computer Laboratory. This PDP-7 was one of the first computers in the United Kingdom equipped with a vector-graphics display. Research and careerNewman completed a PhD in Computer Graphics at Imperial College London in 1968 under the supervision of Professor Bill Elliott. For his PhD project he produced the Reaction Handler,[3] a system for organising the elements of a graphical user interface that is often referred to as the first user interface management system (UIMS).[4] He then joined Ivan Sutherland's research team developing software for interactive computer graphics systems, first at Harvard and then the University of Utah. He then held teaching and research positions at Queen Mary College London, University of California at Irvine and the University of Utah. Between 1973 and 1979, Newman worked at the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center (Xerox PARC) where he was involved in the development of several of the software components for the Alto, Xerox's pioneering personal computer. He independently developed Markup (1975), an early interactive drawing (paint) program. With Bob Sproull he developed Press, a page description language for printers that was a precursor to PostScript; and with Timothy Mott he developed Officetalk Zero, a prototype office system. All of them saw use in early versions of the Alto system. Markup included what was almost certainly the first instance of the use of pop-up menus.[5] (Further details on Markup and Press can be found in the Alto User's Handbook[6]). In 1973, Newman and Bob Sproull published Principles of Interactive Computer Graphics;[1] a second edition was published in 1979. This was the first comprehensive textbook on computer graphics and was regarded as the graphics "bible" until it was succeeded by Foley and van Dam's Principles and Practice. Newman went on to manage a research team at the Xerox Research Centre Europe, Cambridge, UK. With Margery Eldridge and Mik Lamming he pursued a research project in [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-94-011-3506-1_13 Activity-Based Information Retrieval’ (AIR).] The basic hypothesis of the project was that if contextual data about human activities can be automatically captured and later presented as recognisable descriptions of past episodes, then human memory of those past episodes can be improved. Newman subsequently undertook research in human–computer interaction with the aim of identifying measurable parameters that characterise the quality of interaction. He developed an approach based on Critical Parameters[7] for designing interactive systems that deliver tangible performance improvements to the user. In 1995 he published the textbook Interactive System Design with Mik Lamming incorporating those ideas.[8] Newman has since worked as a consultant, advising a number of organisations on interactive systems design.[9] He has also been an honorary professor at University College London, lecturing at its Interaction Centre (UCLIC). References1. ^1 {{cite book|title=Principles of Interactive Computer Graphics|last2=Sproull|first2=Robert|date=1979|publisher=McGraw Hill|isbn=978-0-07-046338-7|edition=2|location=New York, NY, USA|pages=|via=|last1=Newman|first1=William}} 2. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2012-06/21/turing-mentor-max-newman|title=The son of Turing's mentor on beating the codebreaker at Monopoly|date=21 June 2012|publisher=wired.co.uk|last1=Owen|first1=Chris|accessdate=7 January 2015}} 3. ^{{cite journal|last1=Newman|first1=W.M.|title=A System for Interactive Graphical Programming|journal=AFIPS Spring Joint Computer Conference|date=1968|volume=28|pages=47–54}} 4. ^{{cite journal|last1=Myers|first1=Brad A.|title=A Brief History of Human Computer Interaction Technology 44-54|journal=ACM Interactions|date=March 1998|volume=5|issue=2|pages=44–54|url=http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~amulet/papers/uihistory.tr.html|accessdate=7 January 2015|doi=10.1145/274430.274436}} 5. ^{{cite journal|title=Of mice and menus: designing the user-friendly interface|last=Perry|first=T. S.|last2=Voelcker|first2=J.|date=September 1989|url=http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=67159&CFID=649743561&CFTOKEN=22672134|journal=IEEE Spectrum|volume=26|issue=9|pages=46–51|doi=10.1109/6.90184}} 6. ^{{Cite book|url=http://history-computer.com/Library/AltoUsersHandbook.pdf|title=Alto User's Handbook|last=|first=|publisher=Xerox Palo Alto Research Center|year=1979|isbn=|location=Palo Alto CA 94303 US|pages=|via=}} 7. ^{{Cite book|last=Newman|first=William M.|date=1997-01-01|title=Better or Just Different? On the Benefits of Designing Interactive Systems in Terms of Critical Parameters|journal=Proceedings of the 2Nd Conference on Designing Interactive Systems: Processes, Practices, Methods, and Techniques|series=DIS '97|location=New York, NY, USA|publisher=ACM|pages=239–245|doi=10.1145/263552.263615|isbn=978-0897918633|citeseerx=10.1.1.2.4005}} 8. ^{{Cite book|url=http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=545900|title=Interactive System Design|last=Newman|first=William M.|last2=Lamming|first2=Michael G.|date=1995-01-01|publisher=Addison-Wesley Longman Publishing Co., Inc.|isbn=978-0201631623|location=Boston, MA, USA|pages=|via=}} 9. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.mdnpress.com/wmn/about/|title=About William Newman|website=William Newman's personal website|date=19 November 2005|access-date=14 August 2016}} External links
16 : 1939 births|Living people|People from Comberton|People educated at Manchester Grammar School|Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge|Alumni of Imperial College London|English emigrants to the United States|British expatriates in the United States|Xerox people|Harvard University staff|University of California, Irvine faculty|University of Utah faculty|Academics of Queen Mary University of London|Academics of University College London|English computer scientists|Computer graphics researchers |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。