| 词条 | Women in the United States Coast Guard |
| 释义 |
There have been women in the United States Coast Guard since 1918, and women continue to serve in it today.[1][2][3] HistoryWorld War IIn 1918, twin sisters Genevieve and Lucille Baker of the Naval Coastal Defense Reserve became the first uniformed women to serve in the Coast Guard.[1][2][3] World War IIOn November 23, 1942, the Coast Guard Women's Reserve, nicknamed SPARS or SPARs, was created with the signing of Public Law 773 by President Franklin Delano Roosevelt.[4] Dorothy Stratton transferred from the Navy WAVES to serve as the Reserve's director.[2] Dorothy Tuttle was the first woman to enlist in the Coast Guard Women's Reserve, and in all 11,868 enlisted women and 978 female officers served in it during World War II.[2] After the war, the Coast Guard Women's Reserve was ended in 1947 but recreated in a smaller form in 1949.[2] Korean War eraApproximately 200 women who had been in the Coast Guard Women's Reserve reenlisted and served during the Korean War.[5] They mostly served at the Coast Guard Headquarters in Washington, D.C.[5] Vietnam WarThe Vietnam War gave the Coast Guard a surplus of qualified male applicants, and the Coast Guard did not make a systematic effort to attract women during that time.[6] Women in the Coast Guard since 1972Frontiero v. Richardson, {{ussc|411|677|1973}}, was a landmark Supreme Court case which decided that benefits given by the military to the family of service members cannot be given out differently because of sex.[7]{{#tag:ref|Technically, the case was decided under the Fifth Amendment's Due Process Clause, not under the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, since the latter applies not to the federal government but to the states. However, because Bolling v. Sharpe, through the doctrine of reverse incorporation, made the standards of the Equal Protection Clause applicable to the federal government, it was for practical purposes an addition not to due process, but rather to equal protection jurisprudence.|group=Note}} In 1974 the Coast Guard Women's Reserve was ended and women became part of the regular Coast Guard.[8] In 1976 the Coast Guard Academy first admitted women; in 1985 the Coast Guard Academy's top graduate was a woman for the first time.[3][9] In 1977 the first Coast Guard women were assigned to sea duty as crew members aboard Morgenthau and Gallatin.[3] In 1978 the Coast Guard opened all assignments to women.[3] In 1979 LTJG Beverly G. Kelley became the first female commanding officer afloat in U.S. history when she took command of USCGC Cape Newagen. Women in the Coast Guard served in Operation Desert Shield (1990-1991) and Operation Desert Storm (1991).[2][10][11] In 1993 Patricia A. Stolle became the first woman in the Coast Guard to advance to Master Chief Petty Officer.[12] Women in the Coast Guard also served in the Afghanistan War from 2001 until 2014, and in the Iraq War from 2003 until 2011.[2][13][14][15][16] In 2011 Sandra Stosz was chosen by the Commandant of the United States Coast Guard, ADM Robert J. Papp to become the superintendent of the Coast Guard Academy.[17] As such, she was the first woman to lead a United States military service academy.[18][19] See also
Notes
1. ^1 {{cite news| url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/military-international/ | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20130328085505/http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/military-international |archivedate=28 March 2013 |title=Women in the military — international |date=30 May 2006 |work=CBC News | deadurl=yes}} 2. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 "Women's History Chronology", Women & the U. S. Coast Guard, U.S. Coast Guard Historian's Office 3. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web|url=http://www.womensmemorial.org/Education/timeline.html |title=Women In Military Service For America Memorial |publisher=Womensmemorial.org |date=1950-07-27 |accessdate=2013-09-08}} 4. ^A Preliminary Survey of the Development of the Women's Reserve of the United States Coast Guard, p 3 5. ^1 {{cite book|author=Paul M. Edwards|title=The Korean War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xA34hGXAjlIC&pg=PA53|date=1 January 2006|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-33248-7|pages=53–}} 6. ^A History of Women in the Coast Guard, by Dr. John A. Tilley 7. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.oyez.org/cases/1970-1979/1972/1972_71_1694 |title=Frontiero v. Richardson | The Oyez Project at IIT Chicago-Kent College of Law |publisher=Oyez.org |date= |accessdate=2015-08-09}} 8. ^{{cite book|author=World Book, Inc|title=World Book Focus on Terrorism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v5fxPE_XFZkC&pg=PA124|year=2003|publisher=World Book|isbn=978-0-7166-1295-7|pages=124–}} 9. ^{{cite book|author=Oretha D. Swartz|title=Service Etiquette|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n8NRhPOMjWEC&pg=PA528|year=1988|publisher=Naval Institute Press|isbn=978-0-87021-620-6|pages=528–}} 10. ^{{cite web|url=http://honoringmarinveterans.org/category/operation-desert-shield-1990-1991/|title=Operation Desert Shield (1990-1991) - Honoring Our Marin Veterans|website=honoringmarinveterans.org}} 11. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.dodlive.mil/2016/01/15/6-things-to-know-about-operation-desert-storm/|title=6 Things to Know About Operation Desert Storm - DoDLive|website=www.dodlive.mil}} 12. ^http://www.uscg.mil/history/people/StollePAbio.pdf 13. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.uscg.mil/history/articles/oif_uscgr_article.asp |title=U.S. Coast Guard History |publisher=Uscg.mil |date= |accessdate=2015-08-11}} 14. ^{{cite web|author=|url=http://www.militarytimes.com/story/military/pentagon/2014/12/29/afghanistan-war-officially-ends/21004589/ |title=Afghanistan War officially ends |publisher=Militarytimes.com |date=2014-12-30 |accessdate=2015-08-09}} 15. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2011/12/18/us-iraq-withdrawal-idUSTRE7BH03320111218|title=Last U.S. troops leave Iraq, ending war - Reuters|work=Reuters|accessdate=2014-10-29}} 16. ^{{cite book|author=Lisa Yvette Tendrich Frank|title=An Encyclopedia of American Women at War: From the Home Front to the Battlefields [2 volumes]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nn7Dj6qUn6kC&pg=PA694|date=17 January 2013|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-59884-444-3|pages=694–}} 17. ^{{cite news |title = Military academy gets female leader |url = http://www.nola.com/newsflash/index.ssf/story/connecticut-at-2-am/8326a98017f748228f72b99098ec183c |date = 2010-12-15 |issue = Saint Tammany Edition |page = A2 |newspaper = Times-Picayune |place = New Orleans |accessdate = 2010-12-15 |first = Daniela |last = Altimari}} 18. ^{{cite news |url = http://www.piersystem.com/go/doc/2487/422159/ |title = First woman to take helm of a U.S. military academy |newspaper = United States Coast Guard Academy Media Port |date = 2010-12-14 |accessdate = 2010-12-15}} 19. ^{{cite news |url = http://www.qg.com/smartools/ebook/hosted.rails?issue=febd5da58922431e9f7ce8f7b860ef12d0cf1c5778104e158ab3e8f7b860ef12 |first = William A. |last = Malec |title = Female firsts |date = May 2012 |accessdate = 2012-05-01 |page = 19 |magazine = Military Officer |publisher = Military Officers Association of America}}
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