| 词条 | Barbican Estate | ||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| name = Barbican Estate | native_name = | native_name_lang = | former_names = | alternate_names = | status = | image = File:Barbican towers.jpg | image_alt = Barbican Towers | image_size = | caption = Barbican Towers | map_type = | map_alt = | map_caption = | altitude = | building_type = Mixed-use development | architectural_style = Brutalist | structural_system = | cost = | ren_cost = | client = | owner = | landlord = | location = | address = | location_town = London, {{postcode|EC|2}} | location_country = England | coordinates = | groundbreaking_date = | start_date = | completion_date = | opened_date = | inauguration_date = | renovation_date = | demolition_date = | destruction_date = | height = | diameter = | antenna_spire = | roof = | top_floor = | other_dimensions = | floor_count = | floor_area = | seating_type = | seating_capacity = | elevator_count = | main_contractor = | architect = | architecture_firm = Chamberlin, Powell and Bon | structural_engineer = Ove Arup & Partners | services_engineer = | civil_engineer = Ove Arup & Partners | other_designers = | quantity_surveyor = | awards = | designations = Grade II listed | parking = | website = Official website | embedded = | references = }} The Barbican Estate is a residential estate that was built during the 1960s and the 1980s within the City of London in Central London, in an area once devastated by World War II bombings and today densely populated by financial institutions. It contains, or is adjacent to, the Barbican Arts Centre, the Museum of London, the Guildhall School of Music and Drama, the Barbican public library, the City of London School for Girls and a YMCA (now closed),[1] forming the Barbican Complex. The Barbican Complex is a prominent example of British brutalist architecture and is Grade II listed as a whole[2] with the exception of the former Milton Court. Milton Court, which once contained a fire station, medical facilities, and some flats, was demolished to allow the construction of a new apartment tower named The Heron, which also contains additional facilities for the Guildhall School of Music and Drama. HistoryThe main fort of Roman London was built between 90 and 120 AD southeast of where the Museum of London now stands at the corner of London Wall and Aldersgate Street.[3] Around 200 AD walls were built around the city that incorporated the old fort, which became a grand entrance known as Cripplegate. The word barbican comes from the Low Latin word Barbecana which referred to a fortified outpost or gateway, such as an outer defence of a city or castle or any tower situated over a gate or bridge which was used for defence purposes.[4] In this case there seems to have been a Roman specula or watchtower[5] in front of the fort at numbers 33–35[5] on the north side of the street then called Barbican[6] (now the west end of Beech St), which was later incorporated into the fortifications north of the wall. The Normans called it the Basse-cour or Base Court,[7] synonymous with the modern word "bailey" and still applied to the outer courtyard of Hampton Court Palace. The Base Court continued to serve a military function during the reign of Edward I, but Edward III gave it to Robert d'Ufford, 1st Earl of Suffolk[6] who made it his London home. By the 16th century, it had passed to Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk. Brandon married his ward Catherine Willoughby, daughter of Maria de Salinas who had been a confidante and lady-in-waiting of Catherine of Aragon and after his death was retained by the Willoughby family. The original Base Court seems to have been destroyed and the large building that replaced it was called Willoughby House, a name revived for part of the modern development. Post-war developmentDuring World War II, the City suffered serious damage and loss of life. The Cripplegate ward was virtually demolished[8] and by 1951 the resident population of the City stood at 5,324 of whom 48 lived in Cripplegate.[9] Discussions began in 1952 about the future of the site, and the decision to build new residential properties was taken by the Court of Common Council on 19 September 1957.[10] The estate was built between 1965 and 1976, on a {{convert|35|acre|ha|adj=on}} site that had been bombed in World War II. The complex was designed by architects Chamberlin, Powell and Bon, whose first work was the ground-breaking Golden Lane Estate immediately north of the Barbican. The estate of {{convert|40|acre|ha}} was officially opened in 1969 and is now home to around 4,000 people living in 2,014 flats.[10] The flats reflect the widespread use in Britain in the 1960s and 1970s of concrete as the visible face of the building. The Minister for the Arts, Tessa Blackstone, announced in September 2001 that the Barbican complex was to be Grade II listed. It has been designated a site of special architectural interest for its scale, its cohesion and the ambition of the project.[11] The complex is architecturally important as it is one of London's principal examples of concrete brutalist architecture and considered a landmark. Blocks and towersThe residential estate consists of three tower blocks, 13 terrace blocks, two mews and The Postern, Wallside and Milton Court.[12] The terrace blocksThese are grouped around a lake and green squares. The main buildings rise up to seven floors above a podium level, which links all the facilities in the Barbican, providing a pedestrian route above street level. Some maisonettes are built into the podium structure. There is no vehicular access within the estate, but there are some car parks at its periphery. Public car parks are located within the Barbican Centre. The terrace blocks are named:[12]
Tower blocksThe estate also contains three of London's tallest residential towers, at 42 storeys and {{convert|123|m|ft|0}} high. The top two or three floors of each block comprise three penthouse flats. The towers are (east to west):
Once the tallest residential towers in London, they were surpassed by the Pan Peninsula development on the Isle of Dogs. Barbican complexThe Barbican Estate also contains the Barbican Centre (an arts, drama and business venue), the Barbican public library, the City of London School for Girls, the Museum of London, and the Guildhall School of Music and Drama. A YMCA building was constructed between 1965 and 1971[11] to link the Barbican and Golden Lane Estate; it is also listed. In 2015-16 the YMCA building was converted by Redrow Homes into a new residential block called Blake Tower with 74 flats run as part of the Barbican Estate. In popular cultureThe Barbican features in Michael Paraskos's novel In Search of Sixpence as the home of the lead character, Geroud, and also a bar called "The Gin Bar" loosely based on the Gin Joint bar at the Barbican Centre.[18] The final scene of the 1983 vampire film, The Hunger directed by Tony Scott and starring David Bowie, Catherine Deneuve and Susan Sarandon, was filmed in the Cromwell Tower at the Barbican.{{citation needed|date=March 2018}} The Barbican towers can be seen in a sequence from the 1975 Disney film One of Our Dinosaurs is Missing, an unintentional anachronism for a film set in the 1920s.[9] The Barbican was also used to represent the MI6 headquarters in the James Bond film Quantum of Solace.[19] Nearby rail and Tube
See also
References and notes1. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.islingtongazette.co.uk/news/finsbury_hostel_closure_leaves_250_youngsters_in_search_of_new_home_1_1195007 |title=Finsbury Hostel Closure |publisher=Islington Gazette |accessdate=2 February 2012 }} 2. ^{{National Heritage List for England |num=1352667 |accessdate=12 June 2011}} 3. ^{{cite web | url=http://english-heritage.org.uk/inspired/upload/pdf/2002c_Aug_QUARTERLY_REVIEW.pdf?1242191409 | archiveurl=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20090104005804/http://english-heritage.org.uk/inspired/upload/pdf/2002c_Aug_QUARTERLY_REVIEW.pdf?1242191409 | archivedate=4 January 2009 | page=30 | journal=Quarterly Review | publisher= Greater London Archaeology Advisory Service | date=June–August 2002 |title=Quarterly Review (June to August 2002) Greater London Archaeology Advisory Service }} 4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/services/housing-and-council-tax/barbican-estate/concept-and-design/Pages/History-of-Barbican.aspx|title=Barbican Estate history - City of London|author=|date=|website=cityoflondon.gov.uk}} 5. ^1 {{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WKMMAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA216 | page=216 | title=The Beauties of England and Wales, or, Delineations, topographical, historical, and descriptive, of each county, Volume 10, Part 3 | first=John | last=Britton | authorlink=John Britton (antiquary) | publisher = Vernor and Hood}} 6. ^1 {{cite book | url=http://www.hrionline.ac.uk/strype/TransformServlet?page=book3_089 |title=Survey of London | first=John | last=Strype | year=1720 | volume=3 | chapter=6 | accessdate= 19 March 2014}} 7. ^{{cite book|last1=Goff|first1=Cecilie|title=A woman of the Tudor age|date=1930|publisher=John Murray|page=277}} 8. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2015/sep/02/blitz-london-bomb-sites-redevelopment|title=Blitzed, rebuilt and built again: what became of London's bomb sites?|first=Peter|last=Watts|date=2 September 2015|website=the Guardian}} 9. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://londonist.com/london/secret/5-secrets-of-barbican|title=5 Secrets Of Barbican|author=|date=17 February 2017|website=londonist.com}} 10. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/Corporation/our_services/barbican_estate/history.htm |title=History of the Barbican Estate |publisher=City of London |accessdate=11 January 2007 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061207192334/http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/Corporation/our_services/barbican_estate/history.htm |archivedate=7 December 2006 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }} 11. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/Corporation/our_services/barbican_estate/listing.htm |title=Listing of the Barbican complex |publisher=City of London |accessdate=11 January 2007 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061008192733/http://cityoflondon.gov.uk/Corporation/our_services/barbican_estate/listing.htm |archivedate=8 October 2006 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }} 12. ^1 {{Citation|publisher = Corporation of London Records Office|isbn = 9780852030301|title = The Barbican Sitting on History| website = http://openlibrary.org/books/OL8280417M/The_Barbican_Sitting_on_History|author = Jennifer Clarke|publication-date = 1990|oclc = 24713108|id = 0852030304}} 13. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.londonremembers.com/memorials/barbican-frieze|title=Barbican frieze|author=|date=|website=London Remembers}} 14. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.barbicanliving.co.uk/blocks/mountjoy-house/the-mountjoys/|title=The Mountjoys|author=|date=23 October 2015|website=barbicanliving.co.uk}} 15. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=110659 |title=Cromwell Tower |publisher=Emporis Buildings |accessdate=11 January 2007}} 16. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=110661 |title=Shakespeare Tower |publisher=Emporis Buildings |accessdate=11 January 2007}} 17. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=110660 |title=Lauderdale Tower |publisher=Emporis Buildings |accessdate=11 January 2007}} 18. ^Michael Paraskos, In Search of Sixpence (London: Friction Fiction, 2015) {{ISBN|9780992924782}} 19. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2012/feb/29/exhibition-marks-50-years-james-bond-films|title=Barbican to stage an exhibition to mark 50 years of James Bond films|first=Alex|last=Needham|date=29 February 2012|website=the Guardian}} External links{{commons category|Barbican Estate}}
8 : Barbican Estate|Brutalist architecture in London|Grade II listed buildings in the City of London|Housing estates in London|Residential skyscrapers in London|Skyscrapers in the City of London|1960s establishments in England|Residential buildings completed in 1973 |
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