| 词条 | Upper Midwest |
| 释义 |
The Upper Midwest is a region in the northern portion of the U.S. Census Bureau's Midwestern United States. It is largely a sub-region of the Midwest. Although there are no uniformly agreed-upon boundaries, the region is most commonly used to refer to the states of Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, Iowa, South Dakota, and North Dakota. Definitions{{Unreferenced section|date=January 2013}}The National Weather Service defines its Upper Midwest as the states of Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Wisconsin. The United States Geological Survey uses two different Upper Midwest regions:
The Association for Institutional Research in the Upper Midwest includes the states of Iowa, Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wisconsin, and the upper peninsula of Michigan in the region. AgricultureThe USDA reported that corn, soybean, sunflower and sugar beet crops saw harvest gains in 2018, but were still below the five-year averages. In North Dakota, for example, 49% of corn was harvested by November 4 compared with the five-year average of 97%. This was partially due to weather conditions in October that effected the harvest.[1] ClimateThe region has dramatic variations between summer and winter temperatures; summers are very hot and winters are very cold. For example, Sioux Falls averages 25 days each year with temperatures above {{convert|90|F|C}} and 45 days each year with temperatures below {{convert|5|F|C}}.[2] Mitchell, South Dakota has a record high of {{convert|116|F|C}} and a record low of {{convert|-39|F|C}}.[3] The growing season is shorter, cooler, and drier than areas farther south and east. The region's western boundary is sometimes considered to be determined by where the climate becomes too dry to support growing non-irrigated crops other than small grains or hay grass.{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}} Language{{Main|Inland Northern American English|North-Central American English}}The Inland North dialect, most prominently characterized by the Northern Cities Vowel Shift, is centered in the eastern part of the Upper Midwest, including Wisconsin, Michigan, and the northern parts of Illinois and Ohio; it extends beyond the Midwest into Upstate New York. North Central American English (also known as "Upper Midwestern"[4]), a residual{{clarification needed|date=August 2016}} accent of American English, is spoken in Minnesota, parts of Wisconsin and Iowa, the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, portions of Montana, and the Dakotas.[5] PoliticsThe Upper Midwest was the heartland of early 20th-century Progressive Party politics, and the region continues to be favorable to the Democratic Party of the United States and moderate Republicans, with Minnesota favoring each Democratic presidential candidate since 1976 and Wisconsin from 1988 to 2012. Minnesota narrowly supported native Walter Mondale in 1984 in an election where Ronald Reagan won every other state. Michigan, Illinois, and Wisconsin also often favor Democratic candidates. However, beginning with the 2010 midterm elections, Republicans experienced substantial gains in state legislative and executive offices in Iowa, Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan.[6][7][8] This trend has continued through 2016.[9][10][11][7][8][12] Currently there are three Democratic governors in the region (Minnesota, Michigan, and Wisconsin) and two Republican governors (North Dakota and South Dakota). Donald Trump's 2016 presidential campaign made significant in-roads in the Upper Midwest.[13][14][15][16][17][9] Trump won the electoral votes of Iowa, Wisconsin, Michigan, North Dakota, and South Dakota, leaving Illinois and Minnesota the sole Blue States in the Upper Midwest in 2016.[18][13] Hillary Clinton barely won Minnesota, finishing less than 2 percentage points ahead of Donald Trump.[19][20][16][18]Industry and tourismThe economy of the region was largely based upon the mining of iron and copper, as well as a very large timber industry. Mechanization has sharply reduced employment in those areas, and the economy is increasingly based on tourism. Popular interest in the environment and environmentalism, added to traditional interests in hunting and fishing, has attracted a large urban audience who live within driving range.[21] See also
External links
References1. ^{{Cite web|last=Writer|first=Jonathan Knutson / Agweek Staff|title=Making progress on crop harvest, but Upper Midwest pace still...|accessdate=8 November 2018|date=November 7, 2018|url=http://www.agweek.com/business/agriculture/4526070-making-progress-crop-harvest-upper-midwest-pace-still-trails-five-year}} 2. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=015627&units=us |title=Sioux Falls, South Dakota Travel Weather Averages |website=Weatherbase}} 3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=087037&units=us|title=Mitchell, South Dakota Travel Weather Averages|website=Weatherbase}} 4. ^{{Cite book| last = Allen | first = Harold B. | title = The Linguistic Atlas of the Upper Midwest | publisher = University of Minnesota Press | year = 1973 | location = Minneapolis | isbn = 0-8166-0686-2 }} 5. ^{{Cite book| last = Labov | first = William | first2 = Sharon |last2 = Ash | first3 = Charles | last3 = Boberg | title = The Atlas of North American English | publisher = Mouton de Gruyter | year = 2006 | location = Berlin | isbn = 3-11-016746-8 }} 6. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.rasmussenreports.com/public_content/political_commentary/commentary_by_tim_storey/gop_makes_historic_state_legislative_gains_in_2010|title=GOP Makes Historic State Legislative Gains in 2010 |website=Rasmussen Reports |access-date=July 31, 2018}} 7. ^1 {{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/11/11/us/elections/state-legislature-change-in-control.html|title=In a Further Blow to Democrats, Republicans Increase Their Hold on State Governments|last=Lai|first=K.K. Rebecca|access-date=July 31, 2018|newspaper=The New York Times}} 8. ^1 {{Cite web|first=Tim |last=Anderson|date=December 1, 2016|url=http://knowledgecenter.csg.org/kc/content/gop-continues-gain-more-legislative-seats-control-midwest-states|title=GOP continues to gain more legislative seats, control in Midwest states |website=CSG Knowledge Center|access-date=July 31, 2018}} 9. ^1 {{Cite news|first=Harry|last=Enten|url=https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/its-not-all-about-clinton-the-midwest-was-getting-redder-before-2016/|title=It's Not All About Clinton – The Midwest Was Getting Redder Before 2016|date=December 9, 2016|work=FiveThirtyEight|access-date=July 31, 2018}} 10. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/04/us/politics/04states.html?|title=Republicans Gain Upper Hand at State Level, Ahead of Redistricting|last=Cooper|first=Michael|date=November 3, 2010|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=July 31, 2018}} 11. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/03/us/politics/03elect.html?|title=G.O.P. Captures House, but Not Senate|last=Zeleny|first=Jeff|date=November 2, 2010|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=July 31, 2018}} 12. ^{{Cite news|first=Eric|last=Boehm|url=https://reason.com/blog/2016/11/14/the-2016-election-turned-more-state-legi|title=Democrats Got Wrecked Again in State Legislative Races, and it Matters More Than You Might Think|date=November 14, 2016|work=Reason|access-date=July 31, 2018}} 13. ^1 {{Cite news|url=http://thehill.com/homenews/state-watch/347414-how-the-midwest-slipped-away-from-dems|title=How the Midwest slipped away from Dems|last=Swanson|first=Ian|date=August 22, 2017|work=The Hill|access-date=July 28, 2018}} 14. ^{{Cite news|first1=Sean|last1=Trende|first2=David|last2=Byler|date=January 19, 2017|url=https://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2017/01/19/how_trump_won_the_midwest_132834.html|title=How Trump Won: The Midwest|website=RealClearPolitics|access-date=July 28, 2018}} 15. ^{{Cite web|first1=Mark|last1=Fahey|first2=Nicholas|last2=Wells|url=https://www.cnbc.com/heres-a-map-of-the-us-counties-that-flipped-to-trump-from-democrats/|title=Here's a map of the US counties that flipped to Trump from Democrats|publisher=CNBC|access-date=July 28, 2018}} 16. ^1 {{Cite news|url=http://thehill.com/homenews/state-watch/347414-how-the-midwest-slipped-away-from-dems|title=How the Midwest slipped away from Dems|last=Swanson|first=Ian|date=August 22, 2017|work=The Hill|access-date=July 28, 2018}} 17. ^{{Cite web|first=Dan |last=Balz|others=Photographs by Melina Mara, video by Jordan Frasier|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2018/national/trump-voters/|title=Midwestern voters gave Trump a chance. Now, they hold the key to his political future.|website=The Washington Post|access-date=July 28, 2018}} 18. ^1 {{Cite news|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-election-midwest-voting-demographics-htmlstory.html|title=Illinois, a blue island in a red sea: Data analysis|first1=Kyle |last1=Bentle |first2=Jonathon |last2=Berlin |first3=Ryan |last3=Marx|work=Chicago Tribune|access-date=July 28, 2018}} 19. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-news/a-night-among-the-trump-believers-way-up-north-666128/|title=A Night Among the Trump Believers Way Up North|last=Cox|first=Ana Marie|date=June 21, 2018|work=Rolling Stone|access-date=July 28, 2018}} 20. ^{{Cite news|first1=Don |last1=Gonyea |first2=Domenico |last2=Montanaro |date=April 13, 2017 |title=Trump Supporters in the Upper Midwest Have A Message: Be More 'Presidential' |url=https://www.npr.org/2017/04/13/523709887/trump-supporters-in-the-upper-midwest-have-a-message-be-more-presidential |publisher=NPR |access-date=July 28, 2018 }} 21. ^{{cite book |first=Aaron |last=Shapiro |title=The Lure of the North Woods: Cultivating Tourism in the Upper Midwest |publisher=University of Minnesota Press |date=2015}} External links{{Regions of the United States}} 2 : Regions of the United States|Midwestern United States |
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