| 释义 |
- References
- Further reading
- External links
{{Use American English|date=September 2017}}{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2017}}The 1988 annual meetings of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank were met with an international protest in West Berlin. Whereas the organizations' earlier meetings were met with smaller, national protests, the 1988 meetings attracted protesters internationally against what was the largest assembly of the international monetary order since the 1944 Bretton Woods Conference. Protesters demonstrated against the IMF's austerity policies towards developing nations. Representatives from Third World countries called for debt cancellation, and others advocated for solutions to world hunger and poverty. Due to the protest's high-profile venue, media outlets extensively covered the protests. Later IMF and World Bank meetings received smaller protests, but following the 1999 Seattle WTO protests, all meetings of the IMF, World Bank, G7, and G8 summits were met with significant protests.{{r|Peet}} References
}} Further reading {{refbegin}}- {{Cite book |author1=Amnesty International |title=West Berlin: The Anti-IMF/World Bank Protests of September 1988 |date=1989 |publisher=Amnesty International |location=London |oclc=442728621 |df=mdy-all }}
- {{Cite news |title=Big Protest At I.M.F. Site |work=The New York Times |date=1988-09-26 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/09/26/business/big-protest-at-imf-site.html |issn=0362-4331 |df=mdy-all }}
- {{Cite journal |last1=Gerhards |first1=Jürgen |last2=Rucht |first2=Dieter |title=Mesomobilization: Organizing and Framing in Two Protest Campaigns in West Germany |journal=American Journal of Sociology |volume=98 |issue=3 |pages=555–596 |date=1992-11-01 |doi=10.1086/230049 |issn=0002-9602 |df=mdy-all }}
- {{Cite news |title=Leftist Rampage in Berlin Has 53 Hurt, 134 Arrested |work=The Boston Globe |agency=Associated Press |via=HighBeam |date=1988-05-03 |url=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-8060341.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811111720/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-8060341.html |dead-url=yes |archive-date=2011-08-11 |df=mdy-all |url-access=subscription }}
- {{Cite book |last1=Katsiaficas |first1=George |title=The Subversion of Politics: European Autonomous Social Movements and the Decolonization of Everyday Life |date=2006 |isbn=978-1-904859-53-6 |publisher=AK Press |location=Oakland |oclc=176788789 |df=mdy-all }}
- {{Cite news |last1=Keegan |first1=William |title=In my view: Oil crisis? What oil crisis? |work=The Guardian |date=2000-09-24 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2000/sep/24/oilandpetrol.news3 |issn=0261-3077 |df=mdy-all |quote=The 1988 meetings in West Berlin were memorable for the first appearance of protesters: one recalls an orderly procession, followed rapidly by street cleaners picking up rubbish with Teutonic thoroughness. }}
- {{cite book|last=Olesen|first=Thomas|title=Power and Transnational Activism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BGfFBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT314|year=2010|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-86499-5|page=314}}
- {{Cite book |last1=Rich |first1=Bruce |chapter=Greens Lay Siege to the Crystal Palace |title=Mortgaging the Earth |pages=107–147 |date=2013 |isbn=978-1-59726-431-0 |publisher=Island Press, Washington, DC |df=mdy-all |doi=10.5822/978-1-61091-515-1 }}
{{refend}} External links - [https://web.archive.org/web/20051219063747/http://www.daysofdissent.org.uk/berlin.htm History of the 1988 IMF and World Bank Conference resistance in West Berlin], written by Dissent Network against the 2005 G8 Summit
{{Anti-globalization}}{{Portal bar|Globalization|Economics|Business and economics|Social movements|Sustainable development|1980s}} 9 : 1988 protests|1988 in West Germany|1980s in West Berlin|West Berlin|Anti-globalization protests|Protests in Germany|International Monetary Fund|World Bank|September 1988 events in Europe |