| 词条 | USS Massachusetts (BB-2) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
USS Massachusetts (BB-2) is a {{sclass-|Indiana|battleship}} and the second United States Navy ship comparable to foreign battleships of its time.{{sfn|Reilly|Scheina|1980|p=67}} Today she is a diving site off Pensacola, Florida. Authorized in 1890 and commissioned six years later, she was a small battleship, though with heavy armor and ordnance. The ship class also pioneered the use of an intermediate battery. She was designed for coastal defense and as a result, her decks were not safe from high waves on the open ocean. Massachusetts served in the Spanish–American War (1898) as part of the Flying Squadron and took part in the blockades of Cienfuegos and Santiago de Cuba. She missed the decisive Battle of Santiago de Cuba after steaming to Guantánamo Bay the night before to resupply coal. After the war she served with the North Atlantic Squadron, performing training maneuvers and gunnery practice. During this period she suffered an explosion in an 8-inch gun turret, killing nine, and ran aground twice, requiring several months of repair both times. She was decommissioned in 1906 for modernization. Although considered obsolete in 1910, the battleship was recommissioned and used for annual cruises for midshipmen during the summers and otherwise laid up in the reserve fleet until her decommissioning in 1914. In 1917 she was recommissioned to serve as a training ship for gun crews during World War I. She was decommissioned for the final time in March 1919 under the name Coast Battleship Number 2 so that her name could be reused for {{USS|Massachusetts|BB-54}}. In 1921 she was scuttled in shallow water in the Gulf of Mexico off Pensacola and used as a target for experimental artillery. The wreck was never scrapped and in 1956 it was declared the property of the State of Florida. Since 1993 the wreck has been a Florida Underwater Archaeological Preserve and it is included in the National Register of Historic Places. It serves as an artificial reef and diving spot. Design and construction{{Main|Indiana-class battleship}}Massachusetts was constructed from a modified version of a design drawn up by a policy board in 1889 for a short-range battleship. The original design was part of an ambitious naval construction plan to build 33 battleships and 167 smaller ships. The United States Congress saw the plan as an attempt to end the U.S. policy of isolationism and did not approve it, but a year later approved funding for three coast defense battleships, which would become Massachusetts and her sister ships {{USS|Indiana|BB-1|2}} and {{USS|Oregon|BB-3|2}}.{{sfn|Friedman|1985|pp=24–25}} The ships were limited to coastal defense due to their moderate endurance, relatively small displacement and low freeboard which limited seagoing capability.{{sfn|Gardiner|Lambert|1992|p=121}} They were however heavily armed and armored; Conway's All The World's Fighting Ships describes their design as "attempting too much on a very limited displacement."{{sfn|Chesneau|Koleśnik|Campbell|1979|p=140}} Construction of the ships was authorized on 30 June 1890 and the contract for Massachusetts—not including guns and armor—was awarded to William Cramp & Sons of Philadelphia, who offered to build it for $3,020,000.{{sfn|The New York Times|1 December 1890}} The total cost of the ship was almost twice as high, approximately $6,000,000.{{sfn|Reilly|Scheina|1980|p=69}} The contract specified the ship had to be built in three years, but slow delivery of armor plates and guns caused a delay.{{sfn|The New York Times|12 March 1896}} Her keel was laid down on 25 June 1891{{sfn|Reilly|Scheina|1980|p=69}} and she was launched two years later on 10 June 1893. The launching ceremony was attended by thousands of people, including Secretary of the Navy Hilary A. Herbert and commander George Dewey.{{sfn|The New York Times|10 June 1893}} Her preliminary sea trial did not take place until March 1896 because of the delays in armor and gun deliveries. At this point Massachusetts was almost complete,{{sfn|The New York Times|12 March 1896}} and her official trial was held a month later.{{sfn|The New York Times|26 April 1896}} Service historyEarly careerMassachusetts was commissioned on 10 June 1896 with Captain Frederick Rodgers in command. She had her shakedown cruise between August and November 1896, followed by an overhaul at the New York Navy Yard. In February 1897 she made a short voyage to Charleston, South Carolina. The battleship departed New York again in May for Boston, where a celebration in her honor was held. For the next ten months the warship participated in training maneuvers with the North Atlantic Squadron off the coast of Florida and visited several major ports on the American east coast. On 27 March 1898, she was ordered to Hampton Roads to join the Flying Squadron under Commodore Winfield Scott Schley for the blockade of Cuba.{{sfn|DANFS Massachusetts (BB-2)}} Spanish–American WarAfter the outbreak of the Spanish–American War the Flying Squadron steamed to Key West. There Schley met with Rear Admiral Sampson, who had just returned from the bombardment of San Juan, Puerto Rico. They discussed the possible locations of the Spanish squadron under Admiral Cervera, and Schley was sent to the harbor of Cienfuegos, Cuba to look for Cervera.{{sfn|Graham|Schley|1902|p=93–94}} Schley arrived off Cienfuegos on 22 May and took several days to establish that Cervera's ships were not in the harbor. The squadron then proceeded to Santiago de Cuba, the only other port on the southern coast of Cuba large enough for the Spanish ships,{{sfn|Graham|Schley|1902|pp=116, 120}} arriving after several delays on 29 May.{{sfn|Graham|Schley|1902|pp=141–162}} On arrival, the {{Ship|Spanish cruiser|Cristóbal Colón}} was visible from outside the harbor entrance, confirming that the Spanish fleet was in the harbor.{{sfn|Graham|Schley|1902|pp=164–167}} Schley blockaded the harbor and informed Sampson, who arrived with his own squadron on 1 June{{sfn|DANFS Indiana (BB-1)}} and assumed overall command.{{sfn|Graham|Schley|1902|p=203}} During the next month Massachusetts took part in the blockade of Santiago, occasionally bombarding the harbor forts.{{sfn|DANFS Massachusetts (BB-2)}} On the night of 2–3 July she and the two cruisers {{USS|New Orleans|CL-22|2}} and {{USS|Newark|C-1|2}} left the blockade to load coal in Guantanamo Bay.{{sfn|Graham|Schley|1902|pp=299–300}} This caused her to miss the Battle of Santiago de Cuba on 3 July, in which the Spanish fleet attempted to break through the blockade and was completely destroyed.{{sfn|The New York Times|26 July 1898}} The next day the battleship came back to Santiago, where she and Texas fired at the disarmed {{ship|Spanish cruiser|Reina Mercedes}}, which was being scuttled by the Spanish in an attempt to block the harbor entrance channel.{{sfn|Graham|Schley|1902|pp=471–472}} Massachusetts was then sent to Puerto Rico to support the American occupation until she steamed home to New York on 1 August, arriving on 20 August.{{sfn|DANFS Massachusetts (BB-2)}} Post Spanish–American WarAfter a quick overhaul in drydock, Massachusetts was attempting to leave New York Harbor on 10 December 1898 when she struck Diamond Reef, flooding five of her forward compartments. She was forced to return to the navy yard, where she was placed in drydock again for repairs which took around three months.{{sfn|The New York Times|11 December 1898}}{{sfn|The New York Times|1 April 1899}} For a year Massachusetts served with the North Atlantic Squadron, visiting various cities on the Atlantic coast.{{sfn|DANFS Massachusetts (BB-2)}} In May 1900, she and Indiana were placed in reserve as the navy had an acute officer shortage and needed to put the new {{sclass-|Kearsarge|battleship|0}} and {{sclass-|Illinois|battleship}}s into commission.{{sfn|The New York Times|14 April 1900}} The battleships were reactivated the following month as an experiment in how quickly this could be achieved,{{sfn|The New York Times|6 June 1900}} and Massachusetts returned to service with the North Atlantic Squadron.{{sfn|DANFS Massachusetts (BB-2)}} In March 1901 the battleship grounded again, this time in the harbor of Pensacola, Florida,{{sfn|The New York Times|25 March 1901}} but the ship was able to continue her trip.{{sfn|The New York Times|23 March 1901}} A more serious accident occurred during target practice in January 1903, when an explosion in an 8-inch turret killed nine crew members. They were the first fatalities aboard a United States battleship since the sinking of the Maine.{{sfn|Reilly|Scheina|1980|p=56}} Another accident happened in August of that year, when Massachusetts grounded on a rock in Frenchman Bay, Maine. The ship was seriously damaged and had to be repaired in drydock.{{sfn|The New York Times|23 August 1903}} In December 1904 yet another lethal accident took place aboard Massachusetts: three men were killed and several others badly burned when a broken gasket caused steam to fill the boiler room.{{sfn|The New York Times|15 December 1904}} On 8 January 1906 the battleship was decommissioned and her crew was transferred to her sister ship Indiana, which had completed a three-year modernization. Massachusetts now received the same upgrades,{{sfn|The New York Times|8 January 1906}} including twelve 3"/50 caliber gun single-purpose guns to replace the 6-inch and most of the lighter guns, new Babcock & Wilcox boilers, counterweights to balance her main turrets, a lattice mast and electric traversing mechanisms for her turrets.{{sfn|Reilly|Scheina|1980|p=62}} On 2 May 1910 Massachusetts was placed in reduced commission so she could be used for the annual Naval Academy midshipmen summer cruise.{{sfn|DANFS Massachusetts (BB-2)}} Despite her modernizations the battleship was now regarded as "obsolete and worthless, even for the second line of defense" by Secretary of the Navy George von Lengerke Meyer.{{sfn|The New York Times|1 December 1911}} She saw little use other than summer cruises and was transferred to the Atlantic Reserve Fleet when it was formed in 1912.{{sfn|The New York Times|4 February 1912}} After a quick trip to New York for a Presidential Fleet Review in October 1912, the warship returned to Philadelphia and stayed there until she was decommissioned on 23 May 1914.{{sfn|DANFS Massachusetts (BB-2)}} World War IAfter the United States entered World War I Massachusetts was recommissioned for the final time on 9 June 1917. She was used by Naval Reserve gun crews for gunnery training in Block Island Sound until 27 May 1918. The battleship was then redeployed to serve as a heavy gun target practice ship near Chesapeake Bay until the end of World War I. Massachusetts returned to Philadelphia on 16 February 1919. She was decommissioned for the final time on 31 March 1919, after being re-designated "Coast Battleship Number 2" two days earlier so her name could be reused for the first South Dakota-class dreadnought battleship {{USS|Massachusetts|BB-54|3}}.{{sfn|DANFS Massachusetts (BB-2)}}. Like the rest of its class, {{USS|Massachusetts|BB-54|3}} was scrapped before completion as part of the U.S.' compliance with the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922. ScuttlingMassachusetts (BB-2) was struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 22 November 1920 and loaned to the United States Department of War, then used as a target ship for experimental artillery. She was scuttled in shallow water in the Gulf of Mexico off Pensacola on 6 January 1921 and bombarded by the coastal batteries of Fort Pickens and by railway artillery. On 20 February 1925, the Department of War returned her wreck to the U.S. Navy, which offered her for scrap, but no acceptable bids were received.{{sfn|DANFS Massachusetts (BB-2)}} Another attempt to sell her for scrap her was made in 1956, but the State of Florida prevented this. TodayEventually Massachusetts was declared the property of the State of Florida by the Supreme Court of Florida. On 10 June 1993—the centennial anniversary of her launching—the site became the fourth Florida Underwater Archaeological Preserve. In 2001 the wreck also was added to the National Register of Historic Places, and it still serves as an artificial reef and diving spot.{{sfn|Museums in the Sea}} Massachusetts′s figurehead is on display in Dahlgren Hall at the United States Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland. See also{{Portal|Battleships}}
Footnotes{{notes| notes ={{efn | name = range | Experimental data for BB-1 and BB-2 was lumped together and the rounded average calculated. See {{harvnb|Bryan|1901}}. }}{{efn | name = torpedo | Sources conflict on this. {{harvnb|Reilly|Scheina|1980|p=}} claim first that Massachusetts had five tubes, but give three in their data table. DANFS says six tubes, while {{harvnb|Friedman|1985|p=}} states the contract called for seven tubes, but Massachusetts was completed with five. }} }} CitationsReferencesPrint references
| last1 = Chesneau | first1 = Roger | last2 = Koleśnik | first2 = Eugène M. | last3 = Campbell | first3 = N.J.M. | year = 1979 | title = Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships, 1860–1905 | publisher = Conway Maritime Press | location = London | isbn = 0-85177-133-5 | ref = harv
| last = Friedman | first = Norman | year = 1985 | title = U.S. Battleships, An Illustrated Design History | publisher = Naval Institute Press | location = Annapolis, Maryland | isbn = 0-87021-715-1 | ref = harv
| last1 = Gardiner | first1 = Robert | last2 = Lambert | first2 = Andrew D. | year = 1992 | title = Steam, Steel & Shellfire: The Steam Warship 1815–1905 | publisher = Conway Maritime Press | location = London | isbn = 0-85177-564-0 | ref = harv
| last1 = Graham | first1 = George E. | last2 = Schley | first2 = Winfield S. | year = 1902 | title = Schley and Santiago: An Historical Account of the Blockade and Final Destruction of the Spanish Fleet Under Command of Admiral Pasquale Cervera, July 3, 1898 | publisher = W.B. Conkey Company | oclc = 1866852 | location = Texas | url = https://archive.org/details/schleysantiago00graham | ref = harv
| last1 = Reilly | first1 = John C. | last2 = Scheina | first2 = Robert L. | year = 1980 | title = American Battleships 1886–1923: Predreadnought Design and Construction | publisher = Arms and Armour Press | location = London | isbn = 0-85368-446-4 | ref = harv Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships
| title = Indiana | url = https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/i/indiana-battleship-no-1-i.html | accessdate = 13 January 2017 | ref = {{sfnRef|DANFS Indiana (BB-1)}}
| title = Massachusetts | url = https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/m/massachusetts-iii.html | accessdate = 13 January 2017 | ref = {{sfnRef|DANFS Massachusetts (BB-2)}} | link = off The New York Times
| title = The new American navy; Secretary Tracy reports in favor of progress | newspaper = The New York Times | date = 1 December 1890 | url = https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1890/12/01/103283622.pdf | accessdate = 24 June 2010 | format = PDF | ref = {{sfnRef|The New York Times|1 December 1890}}
| title = Another powerful war vessel; builders trial of the Massachusetts tuesday | newspaper = The New York Times | location = New York City | date = 12 March 1896 | url = https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1896/03/13/105743536.pdf | accessdate = 23 June 2010 | format = PDF | ref = {{sfnRef|The New York Times|12 March 1896}}
| title = New battle ship launched; the Massachusetts floated in the broad Delaware | newspaper = The New York Times | location = New York City | date = 10 June 1893 | url = https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1893/06/11/109700348.pdf | accessdate = 4 June 2010 | format = PDF | ref = {{sfnRef|The New York Times|10 June 1893}}
| title = The best in the world; record breaking trial of the battleship Massachusetts | newspaper = The New York Times | location = New York City | date = 26 April 1896 | url = https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1896/04/26/108228917.pdf | accessdate = 23 June 2010 | format = PDF | ref = {{sfnRef|The New York Times|26 April 1896}}
| title = Sampson's story of the battle; official report of the destruction of Cervera's squadron | newspaper = The New York Times | date = 26 July 1898 | url = https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1898/07/27/102118110.pdf | accessdate = 18 May 2010 | format = PDF | ref = {{sfnRef|The New York Times|26 July 1898}}
| title = The Massachusetts hurt; battleships strikes a sunken obstruction off Governors Island | newspaper = The New York Times | location = New York City | date = 11 December 1898 | url = https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1898/12/11/102128855.pdf | accessdate = 20 July 2010 | format = PDF | ref = {{sfnRef|The New York Times|11 December 1898}}
| title = Massachusetts leaves dock | newspaper = The New York Times | location = New York City | date = 1 April 1899 | url = https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1899/04/02/100437814.pdf | accessdate = 20 July 2010 | format = PDF | ref = {{sfnRef|The New York Times|1 April 1899}}
| title = Navy short of officers; there are not enough to keep warships in commission | newspaper = The New York Times | date = 14 April 1900 | url = https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1900/04/15/101056325.pdf | accessdate = 18 May 2010 | format = PDF | ref = {{sfnRef|The New York Times|14 April 1900}}
| title = Hurry order to the navy; department wants to find Out what can Be done in an emergency | newspaper = The New York Times | date = 6 June 1900 | url = https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1900/06/06/102597394.pdf | accessdate = 21 July 2010 | format = PDF | ref = {{sfnRef|The New York Times|6 June 1900}}
| title = Why the Massachusetts grounded | newspaper = The New York Times | date = 25 March 1901 | url = https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1901/03/26/117958746.pdf | accessdate = 18 May 2010 | format = PDF | ref = {{sfnRef|The New York Times|25 March 1901}}
| title = Movements of naval vessels | newspaper = The New York Times | date = 23 March 1901 | url = https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1901/03/24/117958163.pdf | accessdate = 21 July 2010 | format = PDF | ref = {{sfnRef|The New York Times|23 March 1901}}
| title = The Massachusetts in port; battleship recently injured on a rock | newspaper = The New York Times | date = 23 August 1903 | url = https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1903/08/24/105058393.pdf | accessdate = 21 July 2010 | format = PDF | ref = {{sfnRef|The New York Times|23 August 1903}}
| title = Three killed on battleship | newspaper = The New York Times | date = 15 December 1904 | url = https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1904/12/16/120273752.pdf | accessdate = 21 July 2010 | format = PDF | ref = {{sfnRef|The New York Times|15 December 1904}}
| title = Reconstructed Indiana ready | newspaper = The New York Times | date = 8 January 1906 | url = https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1906/01/08/101425504.pdf | accessdate = 19 May 2010 | format = PDF | ref = {{sfnRef|The New York Times|8 January 1906}}
| title = Meyer wants navy ever ready for war | newspaper = The New York Times | date = 1 December 1911 | url = https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1911/12/02/104844371.pdf | accessdate = 22 July 2010 | format = PDF | ref = {{sfnRef|The New York Times|1 December 1911}}
| title = Admiral Knights's command | newspaper = The New York Times | date = 4 February 1912 | url = https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1912/02/04/100515421.pdf | accessdate = 22 July 2010 | format = PDF | ref = {{sfnRef|The New York Times|4 February 1912}} Other
| ref = {{sfnRef|National Register Information System}} | reference = {{NRISref|version=2010a}}
| title = USS Massachusetts learn about the history audio transcript | publisher = Florida's "Museums in the Sea" | format = PDF | url = http://www.museumsinthesea.com/_docs/Massachusetts_history_transcript.pdf | accessdate = 23 July 2010 | ref = {{sfnRef|Museums in the Sea}} External links{{Commons category|USS Massachusetts (BB-2)}}
15 : Indiana-class battleships|Spanish–American War battleships of the United States|World War I battleships of the United States|Ships built by William Cramp & Sons|Ships built in Philadelphia|1893 ships|Shipwrecks of the Florida coast|Shipwrecks in the Gulf of Mexico|Shipwrecks on the National Register of Historic Places in Florida|National Register of Historic Places in Escambia County, Florida|United States Navy Massachusetts-related ships|Artificial reefs|Florida Underwater Archaeological Preserves|Scuttled vessels|Maritime incidents in 1921 |
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