| 词条 | Velarization |
| 释义 |
| above = Velarized | ipa symbol = ◌ˠ | ip anumber =422 | decimal1 =736 }}{{Infobox IPA | above = Velarized or pharyngealized | ipa symbol = ◌̴ }}{{Sound change}}{{Place of articulation}}{{IPA notice}} Velarization is a secondary articulation of consonants by which the back of the tongue is raised toward the velum during the articulation of the consonant. In the International Phonetic Alphabet, velarization is transcribed by one of four diacritics:
Although electropalatographic studies have shown that there is a continuum of possible degrees of velarization,[2] the IPA does not specify any way to indicate degrees of velarization, as the difference has not been found to be contrastive in any language. However, the IPA convention of doubling diacritics to indicate a greater degree can be used: {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ˠˠ}}}}. ExamplesEnglishA common example of a velarized consonant is the velarized alveolar lateral approximant (or "dark L"). In some accents of English, such as Received Pronunciation, the phoneme {{IPA|/l/}} has "dark" and "light" allophones: the "dark", velarized allophone [ɫ] appears in syllable coda position (e.g. in full), while the "light", non-velarized allophone [l] appears in syllable onset position (e.g. in lawn). Other accents of English, such as Scottish English, Australian English, and General American English, have "dark L" in all positions. Velarized /l/
For many languages, velarization is generally associated with more dental articulations of coronal consonants so that dark l tends to be dental or dentoalveolar, and clear l tends to be retracted to an alveolar position.[3] Other velarized consonants
The palatalized/velarized contrast is known by other names, especially in language pedagogy: in Irish and Scottish Gaelic language teaching, the terms slender (for palatalized) and broad (for velarized) are often used. In Scottish Gaelic the terms are caol (for palatalized) and leathann (for velarized). The terms light or clear (for non-velarized or palatalized) and dark (for velarized) are also widespread. The terms "soft l " and "hard l " are not equivalent to "light l " and "dark l ". The former pair refers to palatalized ("soft" or iotated) and plain ("hard") Slavic consonants. ReferencesCitations1. ^Vd. Tryon (1995) Comparative Austronesian Dictionary" 2. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Recasens|Espinosa|2005|p=2}} citing{{Harvcoltxt|Recasens|Fontdevila|Pallarès|1995}} 3. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Recasens|Espinosa|2005|p=4}} 4. ^{{Cite web|url=https://dgcss.hum.ku.dk/aarsberetninger/2010/conference_proceedings_presentations/poster_sound_change_workshop_Barcelona_2010_N_Pharao.pdf|title=Word frequency and sound change in groups and individuals|last=Pharao|first=Nicolai|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=10 October 2018}} 5. ^Bauer, Michael. Blas na Gàidhlig: The Practical Guide to Gaelic Pronunciation. Glasgow: Akerbeltz, 2011. 6. ^{{citation|last= Fattah|first= Ismaïl Kamandâr|year= 2000|title= Les dialectes Kurdes méridionaux|publisher= Acta Iranica |isbn= 9042909188 }} 7. ^{{citation |last=McCarus|first=Ernest N. |year= 1958|title=—A Kurdish Grammar|url=https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED089545.pdf|accessdate=11 June 2018}} Sources{{refbegin}}
| last1 = Recasens | first1 = Daniel | last2 = Fontdevila | first2 = J | last3 = Pallarès | first3 = Maria Dolores | year= 1995 | title = Velarization degree and coarticulatory resistance for /l/ in Catalan and German | journal = Journal of Phonetics | volume = 23 | pages=37–52 | doi = 10.1016/S0095-4470(95)80031-X }}
| last1 = Recasens | first1 = Daniel | last2 = Espinosa | first2 = Aina | year= 2005 | title = Articulatory, positional and coarticulatory characteristics for clear /l/ and dark /l/: evidence from two Catalan dialects | journal= Journal of the International Phonetic Association |volume= 35 |issue= 1 |pages=1–25 |doi=10.1017/S0025100305001878 }}
|last=Jones |first=Daniel |authorlink=Daniel Jones (phonetician) |last2=Ward |first2=Dennis |year=1969 |title=The Phonetics of Russian |publisher=Cambridge University Press |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=A9rrVMQ-PxsC }}{{refend}} 6 : Phonetics|Phonology|Australian English|Scottish English|Velar consonants|Secondary articulation |
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