“Viana do Castelo”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Viana do Castelo ({{IPA-pt|viˈɐnɐ ðu kɐʃˈtɛlu}}) is a municipality and seat of the district of Viana do Castelo in the Norte Region of Portugal. The population in 2011 was 88,725,^[1] in an area of 319.02 km².^[2] The urbanized area of the municipality, comprising the city, has a population of approximately 36,148 inhabitants, although the extended densely populated region reaches surrounding municipalities like Caminha and Ponte de Lima with a population above 150,000 inhabitants. It is located on the Portuguese Way path, an alternative path of the Camino de Santiago, and at the mouth of the Lima river.

History

Human settlement in the region of Viana began during the Mesolithic era, from discoveries and archaeological excavations. Even around the Roman occupation the area was settled along the Mount of Santa Luzia.

The settlement of Viana da Foz do Lima, which it was called when King Afonso III of Portugal issued a foral (charter) on 18 July 1258, was a formalization of the 1253 Viana that the area was named.

In the 16th century, its port gained great importance as one of the entry-points for Portuguese explorers and traders, involved in the Portuguese discoveries. Many of the historical buildings originated during this period.

The prosperity that continued developed from the town's role as a port, protected by defensive structures (such as the Tower of Roqueta) to repel pirates from Galicia and north Africa. The port's ties to northern Europe came primarily from exports of wine, fruits and salt, and imports of tile, textiles and glass.

After the maritime discoveries and trade, the commercial life of Viana reached its greatest proportions during the reign of Queen Maria II of Portugal, when the monarch established the Associação Comercial de Viana do Castelo in 1852 (the fourth oldest public company of its type). The queen, in order to reward the loyalty of its citizens, who did not surrender to the Count of Antas, elevated the town to the status of city on 20 January 1848, renaming the settlement with its current name.

During the dictatorial regime, Viana do Castelo was one of the most important ports of the Portuguese cod fisheries.^[3]

Geography

Administratively, the municipality is divided into 27 civil parishes (freguesias):^[4]

Climate

Economy

Home to a modern service based economy, the city, and its region, has a seaport with naval repairing facilities; its major industries are related to naval construction and repair, with the Estaleiros da Viana do Castelo remaining one of the few large shipyards still in operation. Home to a large cluster of wind green electricity and car-parts industries it has become one of the most dynamic exporting regions in the country.

Architecture

Civic

Since the early 1990s the city started a wide urban renewal plan, pioneering the "Polis program", and including enlarging the pedestrian areas, building new modern architecture and creating new public spaces and parks. Architects such as Siza Vieira , Eduardo Souto de Moura and Fernando Távora have participated in the construction of a modern, well preserved and lively city center.

Military

Religious

Culture

In 2010, Viana do Castelo started to implement a project of rehabilitation of the city called Viana Criativa ^[6] which is based on an investigation made by Paulo Caldeira among 4 years. Such project has the main purpose to attract more residents to a city where, during the last 500 years, many people around the world arrived to trade. Once upon a time, Viana was the second center of commerce of Portugal and some investigators are now recognising that fado music was born based on the typical songs of Minho region.{{citation needed|date=July 2015}}

International relations

Gallery

References

1. ^Instituto Nacional de Estatística
2. ^Áreas das freguesias, concelhos, distritos e país
3. ^SILVA, A. J. M. (2015), The fable of the cod and the promised sea. About portuguese traditions of bacalhau, in BARATA, F. T- and ROCHA, J. M. (eds.), Heritages and Memories from the Sea, Proceedings of the 1st International Conference of the UNESCO Chair in Intangible Heritage and Traditional Know-How: Linking Heritage, 14–16 January 2015. University of Evora, Évora, pp. 130-143. [https://www.academia.edu/15680102/The_fable_of_the_cod_and_the_promised_sea._About_portuguese_traditions_of_bacalhau PDF version]
4. ^{{cite web|title=Law nr. 11-A/2013, pages 552 127-128|url=http://dre.pt/pdf1sdip/2013/01/01901/0000200147.pdf |accessdate=4 August 2014|author=Diário da República|language=Portuguese|format=pdf}}
5. ^{{cite web|url =http://www.ipma.pt/en/oclima/normais.clima/1981-2010/021/|title=Climate Normals - Viana do Castelo 1981-2010|publisher=Portuguese Institute of Meteorology|accessdate = 11 February 2016}}
6. ^ A PROJECT TO CHANGE A CITY
7. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.cncd.fr/frontoffice/bdd-region.asp?action=getRegion&id=3#tabs3 |title=National Commission for Decentralised cooperation |accessdate=2013-12-26 |work=Délégation pour l’Action Extérieure des Collectivités Territoriales (Ministère des Affaires étrangères) |language=French |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20131004135322/http://www.cncd.fr/frontoffice/bdd-region.asp?action=getRegion&id=3#tabs3 |archivedate=4 October 2013 |df=dmy-all }}