1. Description

2. History

3. Games with national or regional status

4. Other Ace-Ten games

5. See also

6. References

7. Bibliography

An Ace-Ten game is a type of card game, highly popular in Europe, in which the Aces and Tens are of particularly high value.{{sfn|Parlett|2008|page=211}}

Description

Many of Europe's most popular card games feature the Ace-Ten scoring system, where the cards count as Ace = 11, Ten = 10, King = 4, Queen or Ober = 3, Jack or Unter = 2. Pip cards below the Ten generally have no card point value and the pack is often shortened by removing the lower pip cards or 'non-counters'. This means that, in a typical shortened pack of between 20 and 36 cards, there are 120 card points and thus a winning total is typically 61 points. Wins are doubled for scoring three-quarters of the total points and trebled for winning every trick, a scoring system known as the Skat schedule after its "most illustrious" example, the German national game of Skat.{{sfn|Parlett|2008|page=211}}

There are 3 branches of the Ace-Ten family:{{sfn|Parlett|1991|p=263}}

• Schafkopf group. Here the trump suit is bolstered by the promotion of all Unters (Jacks) or all Obers (Queens) or both to be permanent top trumps.
• Marriage group. Bonuses are added for melding a 'marriage' or 'pair' comprising a King and Queen or King and Ober of the same suit as well as for winning the last trick.
• Jass group. Has the features above; in addition the trump Jack and trump Nine are permanent top trumps, known as Jass and Nel.

History

Although the origin of Ace-Ten games is uncertain, it is most likely to have been invented by users of French cards in the Netherlands area, a hypothesis supported by the Dutch origin of the Swiss national game of Jass.{{sfn|Dummett|pp=561-2}}

The earliest record of the Ace-Ten scheme dates to 1718 and the French game of Brusquembille.{{sfn|Parlett|2008|page=211}}

Games with national or regional status

Many Ace-Ten games have achieved national or regional status. They are usually played with cards typical of their particular country or region. These include:

• Belote, France's national card game, very similar to the Dutch Klaberjass{{sfn|Parlett|1991|p=297}}
• Binokel, Württemberg's national card game^[1]
• Briscola, one of Italy's most popular games{{sfn|Parlett|1991|p=281}}
• Jass, Switzerland's national game^[2]
• Klaberjass, the Dutch invented "international, classic two-hander"{{sfn|Parlett|1991|p=295}}
• Mariáš, Czechoslovakia's national game{{sfn|Parlett|1991|p=285}}
• Pinochle, USA, an "American classic"{{sfn|Parlett|1991|p=263}}
• Schafkopf, Bavaria's national game^[3]
• Schnapsen, Austria's national game^[4]
• Skat, Germany's national game{{sfn|Parlett|1991|p=271}}
• Sueca, Portugal's most famous card game^[5]
• Tute, Spain's national game{{sfn|Parlett|p=285}}

Other Ace-Ten games

Other well known Ace-Tenners include:

• Bezique, "one of the most illustrious games of European high society"{{sfn|Parlett|1991|p=287}}
• Doppelkopf, Northern Germany
• Einwerfen, an early ancestor of Ace-Ten games{{sfn|Parlett|1991|p=266}}
• Elfern
• Mariage, oldest known game of the Marriage family of Ace-Ten games{{sfn|Parlett|1991|p=282}}
• Six-Bid, modern American game derived from Tarock{{sfn|Parlett|1991|p=266}}
• Sixty-Six, Bavaria, Germany
• Tarock, Germany

See also

• Marriage group
• Jack–Nine games

References

Bibliography

• Parlett, David (1991). A History of Card Games, OUP, Oxford. {{ISBN|0-19-282905-X}}
• Parlett, David (2008). The Penguin Book of Card Games, Penguin, London. {{ISBN|978-0-141-03787-5}}

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