1. History

2. Admirals of the North

3. See also

4. References

5. External links

The Admiral of the North^[1] also known as Admiral of the Northern Seas and Admiral of the Northern Fleet ^[2] was a senior English Navy appointment. The post holder was chiefly responsible for the command of the navy's fleet^[3] that operated in the North Sea and off the English coast out of Yarmouth from 1294 to 1412.

History

The origins of the office Admiral of the North^[4] dates back to 1294 with the appointment of John de Botetourt. The office was known by different names from its inception, such as Admiral of the North and Admiral on the Yarmouth Station (1294–-1325), Admiral of the North Sea, Admiral of the Northern Squadron and Admiral North, of the Thames^[5] with the exception of the office of Admiral of all the Fleets about England^[6] between 1360 and 1364 and the creation of the office of Admiral of England from 1385 to 1388^[6] according to Ehrman "During the fourteenth centuries this office grew rapidly in importance" ^[6] it was one of the two Admiralty's that existed at this time, and in 1412 this office along with the Admiralty of the West was amalgamated into a single office High Admiral of England, Ireland and Aquitaine.^[7] It was considered the most important naval command in the English Navy from the late 13th century until the beginning of the 15th century.^[8]

The first royal commission as Admiral to a naval officer was granted in 1303. By 1344 it was only used as a rank at sea for a captain in charge of a fleet or fleets.^[9]

Rank and Role

The naval defence of England from the end of the 13th century was divided into regional commands or 'admiralties' until the end of the fourteenth Century.^[10] The appointment of an admiral was not regarded by the English government at the time as an honourary post subordinate to a military rank, their importance attached to their office can be confirmed by the recording of their allowances paid recorded in the Calendar of Patent Rolls.^[11] In the fourteenth Century Admirals were paid a respectable salary which was only granted because the position was viewed as substantially important. In addition the rank of admiral was only granted to men of high prestige within feudal hierarchy, most recipients of the office were usually knights but more often earls.^[12] The Admirals duties usually consisted of assembling fleets for naval expeditions undertaken by the monarch on campaign, maintaining order and discipline and supervising the work of the Admiralty Courts for each region. On major military expeditions the Admiral would go to sea with their fleets and accompany the overall Commander-in-Chief of both sea and land forces usually the King himself but sometimes a nobleman of higher rank than the admiral. Their role was to observe and direct naval battles but not necessarily taking part in them, themselves.^[13] However from 1344 onward their role was moving from primarily an administrative one to that of a seagoing command.^[14]

In 1337 the first known record of the appointment of a "vice-admiral' was granted to a Nicholas Ususmaris, a Genoese, he was made Vice-Admiral

of the King's fleet of galleys, and all other ships of Aquitaine. However these appointments were far and few between. There was two further instances of the appointment of Vice-Admirals to Sir Thomas Drayton as Vice-Admiral of the Northern Fleet and Sir Peter Bard Vice-Admiral of the Western Fleet both on 28 July 1338.^[15]

Special assistants were appointed to handle two important sub-divisions of the admirals powers. The first was the admiral's lieutenant, or deputy sometimes refereed to as sub-admirals, who handled administrative and legal duties and each of these admirals had one and often retained more knowledge than the Admiral himself in relation to the sea and coastal communities.^[16] It would not be until the early 15th century that they would appointed on a more regular basis however they were referred to at this time as the admirals Lieutenant-General this office eventually became known as the Lieutenant of the Admiralty.^[17]

The second was the Wardens of the Coast for each region who were responsible for the direction and co-ordination of the fleet, the equipping of boats and processing payments to sailors and superintendence of the Sea Guard Militia assigned to each coastal county.^[18]. From the mid fourteenth century there was move to centralise these regional naval authority's as seen with the appointment of the Admiral of the Southern, Northern and Western fleets sometimes refereed to as Admiral of the Fleet or Admiral of England and the Admiral of the North and West this tendency towards unifying regional naval authorities under one admiral eventually led to the creation of the office of the Lord-Admiral of England^[19]

The Admirals were logistically supported by the Clerk of the Kings Ships who looked after all the navy's finances whilst victualling of the navy was handled by another one of Kings Clerks.^[20]

Admirals of the North

Includes:^[21][22]

• Admiral Sir John de Botetourt, 1st Baron Botetourt, 1294 – 1306 ^[21][22]
• Admiral Edward Charles, 1306 – 1314 ^[21][22]
• Admiral Sir Peter Bard, 1314 – 1316 ^[22]
• Admiral Sir John Perbrun or Perburn, 1316 – 1318 ^[21]

No appointments 1318 – 1322

• Admiral John Perbrun or Perburn, 1322- 1324 ^[21][22]
• Admiral Sir John Sturmy, 1324 – 1325 ^[21][22]
• Admiral Sir John Ottervin, 1325 ^[21]
• Admiral Sir John de Sturmy, 1325 – 1326 ^[21]
• Admiral Sir John Strumy and Sir John Layborn, 1326 – 1327, (jointly) ^[21][22]
• Admiral Sir John Perbrun, 1327 – 1334 ^[21][22]
• Admiral John de Norwich, Lord Norwich 2 January 1334 – 18 February 1335
• Admiral Sir Thomas Ughtred, 18 February 1335 – 10 April 1336^[21]
• Admiral Sir John de Norwich, 10 April 1336 – 14 January 1337 ^[21]
• Admiral Sir Robert d'Ufford, 1st Earl of Suffolk and Sir John de Roos, 14 January 1337 – 18 July 1337 (jointly) ^[21]
• Admiral Sir Walter Manny, 1st Baron Manny, 18 July 1337 – 28 July 1338 ^[21]
• Admiral Sir Thomas de Draiton, 28 July 1338 – 18 February 1339 ^[21]
• Admiral Sir Robert de Morley, 2nd Baron Morley, 18 February 1339 – 20 December 1342 ^[21]
• Admiral Sir William Truffel. 20 December 1342 – 23 February 1344 ^[21]
• Admiral Sir Robert d'Ufford, 1st Earl of Suffolk, 23 February 1344 – 8 March 1347 ^[21]
• Admiral Sir John de Howard, 8 March 1347 –1 4 March 1348 ^[21]
• Admiral Sir Walter Manny, 1st Baron Manny, 14 March 1348 – 1350 ^[21]
• Admiral Sir Robert de Causton, 1350 – 1351 ^[21]
• Admiral Robert de Morley, 2nd Baron Morley, 1351 – 8 March 1352 ^[21]
• Admiral William de Bohun, 1st Earl of Northampton, 8 March 1352 – 5 March 1355
• Admiral Sir Robert Morely, the Baron Hengham, 5 March 1355 – 1356^[21]
• Admiral Robert de Morley, 2nd Baron Morley, 1356 – 18 July 1360 ^[21]

No appointments:18 July 1360 – 12 January 1362

• Admiral Sir Nicholas Tamworth, 12 January 1362 – 30 March 1370^[23]
• Admiral John Neville, 3rd Baron Neville de Raby, 30 March 1370 – 5 October 1371^[23]
• Admiral Sir Ralph de Ferrers, 5 October 1371 – 7 March 1372^[23]
• Admiral Sir William de Neville, 7 March 1372 – 16 July 1376^[23]
• Admiral William de Ufford, 2nd Earl of Suffolk, 16 July 1376 – 24 November 1376^[23]
• Admiral Sir Michael de la Pole, Baron of Wingfield, 24 November 1376 – 5 December 1377^[23]
• Admiral Thomas de Beauchamp, 12th Earl of Warwick, 5 December 1377 – 5 November 1378^[23]
• Admiral Sir Thomas Percy Beauchamp, Earl of Northumberland, 5 November 1378 – 8 March 1379^[23]
• Admiral Sir William Elmham, 8 March 1379 –26 October 1382^[23]
• Admiral Sir Walter Fritz Walter, 5th Baron FitzWalter and of Woodham, 26 October 1382 – 19 November 1383^[23]
• Admiral Henry Percy, 1st Earl of Northumberland, 19 November 1383 – 26 January 1384^[23]
• Admiral Thomas Percy, 1st Earl of Worcester, 26 January 1384 – 22 February 1385 (brother of the Earl of Northumberland^[23]
• Admiral Philip, 4th Lord Darcy de Knayth, 22 February 1385 – 10 December 1385^[24]

No appointments:10 December 1385 – 20 May 1388

• Admiral Sir John Beaumont, 4th Baron Beaumont & Sir John Roches jointly, 20 May 1388 – 22 June 1389^[23]
• Admiral Sir John Beaumont, 4th Baron Beaumont, 22 June 1389 – 22 March 1390^[23]
• Admiral Edward, Earl of Rutland, 22 March 1390 – 19 November 1391
• No appointments see Admiral of the North & West, 19 November 1391 – 26 April 1400
• Admiral Richard Grey, 4th Baron Grey of Codnor, 26 April 1400 – 5 November 1403
• Admiral Thomas Beaufort, 1st Duke of Exeter, 5 November 1403 – 20 February 1404 (brother to the Marquess of Dorset)

No appointments: see Admiral of the North and West, 20 February 1404 – 28 April 1405

• Admiral Sir Nicholas Blackburn, 28 April 1405 – 23 December 1406
• Admiral Thomas Beaufort, 1st Duke of Exeter, 21 December 1408-1426 (appointed Adm of the North for life)^[25]

Note: The office although vacant was amalgamated into a centralized command under the single office of the Lord Admiral of England in 1412.^[26]

See also

• Admiral of all the Fleets
• Admiral of the West
• Admiral of the South
• Admiral of the Narrow Seas
• Admiral of the North and West
• Admiral of the North and South

References

• {{cite book |last=Cushway |first=Graham |year=2011 |title=Edward III and the War at Sea: The English Navy, 1327–1377 |publisher=Boydell Press |place=Woodbridge |isbn=9781843836216 }}
• {{cite book|last1=Ehrman|first1=John|title=The Navy in the war of William III, 1689-1697 : its state and direction|date=2012|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=9781107645110}}
• Gorski, edited by Richard (2012). "Keeping the Seas: England's Admirals 1369-1389". Roles of the sea in medieval England. Woodbridge, U.K.: Boydell Press. {{ISBN|9781843837015}}.
• {{cite book |last1=Houbraken |first1=Jacobus |author1-link=Jacobus Houbraken |last2=Rapin-Thoyras |first2=Paul de |author2-link=Paul de Rapin |last3=Vertue |first3=George |author3-link=George Vertue |year=1747 |title=The History of England |chapter=A List of Admirals of England, 1228–1745 |place=London |publisher=J. and P. Knapton }}
• Rodger, N.A.M. (2004). The safeguard of the sea : a naval history of Britain 660 to 1649. New York: W.W. Norton. {{ISBN|9780140297249}}
• {{cite book |first=David |last=Simpkin |editor-last=Gorski |editor-first=Richard |year=2012 |chapter=Keeping the Seas: England's Admirals 1369–1389 |title=Roles of the Sea in Medieval England |place=Woodbridge |publisher=Boydell Press |isbn=9781843837015 }}

External links

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