| 词条 | Afrin Canton |
| 释义 |
|native_name = Kantona Efrînê/مقاطعة عفرين |conventional_long_name = Afrin Canton |common_name = Afrin Canton |subdivision = Afrin Region |nation = Syria |status_text = One of the 2 Cantons of the Afrin Region of the self-declared Democratic Federation of Northern Syria |government_type = |title_leader = |title_deputy = |leader1 = |year_leader1 = |deputy1 = |year_deputy1 = |legislature = |house1 = |house2 = |type_house1 = |type_house2 = |capital = Afrin |coordinates = |political_subdiv = |today = {{flagicon image|Flag of Syria 2011, observed.svg}}{{flagicon image|Flag of Turkey.svg}} Turkish occupation of northern Syria |year_start = 2017 |year_end = 2018 |event_start = Reorganisation of the DFNS' Regions/Cantons |date_start = |event_end = Seizure of Afrin |date_end = |event1 = |date_event1 = |era = Syrian Civil War |event_pre = Formation of the Afrin Region (then "Afrin Canton") |date_pre = 2014 |image_flag = |image_border = |flag_type = |flag = |image_coat = |symbol_type = |symbol = |image_map = De_facto_cantons_of_Rojava.png |image_map_caption = Afrin Canton consisted of the 3 darker yellow areas |p1 = Afrin Region |flag_p1 = Flag of the Afrin Canton.svg |s1 = Syrian Interim Government |flag_s1 = Flag_of_Syria_2011,_observed.svg |stat_year1 = |stat_area1 = |stat_pop1 = |footnotes = }}Afrin Canton ({{lang-ku|Kantona Efrînê}}, {{lang-ar|مقاطعة عفرين}}, {{lang-syc|ܦܠܩܐ ܕܥܦܪܝܢ|translit=Pelqā dha-ʻAfrin}}) was one of the cantons of the de facto autonomous Democratic Federation of Northern Syria (DFNS). Syria's Afrin District fell under the control of the People's Protection Units (YPG) around 2012 and an "Afrin Canton" (now Afrin Region) was declared in 2014. Afrin Canton in its latest form was established in 2017, however, as part of the reorganisation of the DFNS' subdivisions. With Afrin as its administrative centre,[1] the canton was part of the larger Afrin Region. As a result of the Turkish-led Operation Olive Branch in early 2018, Afrin Canton became part of the Turkish occupation of northern Syria.[2][3] GeographyAfrin is the furthest west and most mountainous part of Aleppo Governorate. It consists of southern part of the Kurd Mountains. Afrîn Canton is bordered by the de facto Shahba Canton to the east, Kilis Province of Turkey to the north and Hatay Province of Turkey to the west, Al-Dana Nahiyah of the Harem District of Idlib and Mount Simeon District of Aleppo Governorates of Syria to the south. DemographicsThe population of the Afrin Canton area was overwhelmingly ethnic Kurdish, to the degree that the canton had been described as "homogeneously Kurdish".[4] The overall population of Afrin Canton, based on the 2004 Syrian census, was about 200,000.[5] Cities and towns with more than 10.000 inhabitants according to the 2004 Syrian census are Afrin (36,562) and Jandairis (13,661). Throughout the course of the Syrian Civil War, Afrin Canton served a safe haven for inbound refugees of all ethnicities, fleeing violence and destruction from civil war factions, in particular the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) and the diverse more or less Islamist rebel groups of the Syrian opposition.[6][7] According to a June 2016 estimate from the International Middle East Peace Research Center, about 316,000 displaced Syrians of Kurdish, Yazidi, Arab and Turkmen ethnicity lived in Afrin Canton at the time.[8] History{{see also|Rojava conflict}}According to René Dussaud, the area of Kurd-Dagh and the plain near Antioch were settled by Kurds since antiquity.[9][10] Stefan Sperl says that there is a reason to believe that Kurdish settlements in the Kurd Mountains go back to the Seleucid Empire, since those regions stood in the path to Antioch; Kurds in the early periods served as mercenaries and mounted archers.[11] In any case, the Kurd Mountains were already Kurdish-inhabited when the Crusades broke out at the end of the 11th century.[12] The area around Afrin, today's Afrin Canton, over the centuries developed as the center of a distinctive Sufi "Kurdish Islam".[13] In modern post-independence Syria, the Kurdish society of the canton was subject to heavy-handed Arabization policies by the Damascus government.[14] In the course of the Syrian Civil War, Damascus government forces pulled back from the canton in spring 2012 to give way to autonomous self-administration within the Rojava framework, which was formally declared on 29 January 2014, and the territory of Afrin Canton has virtually never seen civil war combat.[15] It has however at various times been the target of artillery shelling by Islamist rebel groups[16] as well as by Turkey.[17][15][18] In response, Russian military troops had reportedly stationed themselves in Afrin as part of an agreement to protect the YPG from further Turkish attacks.[19] Afrin Canton was captured by the Turkish Land Forces and Turkish-backed Free Syrian Army as result of Operation Olive Branch from January to March 2018. Many civilians and officials fled from Afrin City before its capture by Turkish-led troops on 18 March 2018, and the YPG vowed to retake it. The YPG consequently announced its intention to start a guerilla war in Afrin Canton.[20][21] Economy{{see also|Economy of Syria|Rojava#Economy}}A diverse agricultural production was at the heart of the Afrin Canton's economy,[22] traditionally olives in particular, and more recently there was a focus on increasing wheat production.[23] A well-known product from the area is Aleppo soap, a hard soap made from olive oil and lye, distinguished by the inclusion of laurel oil. While Afrin Canton has been the source of olive oil for Aleppo soap since antiquity, the destruction caused by the Syrian Civil War to other parts of Aleppo governorate increasingly made the entire production chains locate in Afrin Canton.[24][25] At the height of the fighting for Aleppo, up to 50 percent of the city's industrial production was moved to Afrin Canton.[26] As of early 2016, two million pairs of jeans were produced per month and exported across Syria.[26] In January 2017, 400 textile industry workshops counted 17,000 employees, supplying the whole of Syria.[27] Afrin Canton is under a blockade imposed by neighbouring Turkey,[28] which places high burdens on international import and export. For example, transportation of Aleppo soap to international markets, as far as possible at all, has at least four times the transportation cost as compared to pre-war years.[29] In 2015 there were 32 tons of Aleppo soap produced and exported to other parts of Syria, but also to international markets.[26] Tourism{{further|Tourism in Syria}}Afrin District also served as center for domestic tourism due to its beautiful landscapes. Syrians continued to travel to the region for recreational purposes after the formation of Afrin Region, and later Afrin Canton. The tourism was however somewhat constricted due to the YPG's tight control of the borders, and the war; local tourism mostly collapsed during the Turkish invasion of 2018.[30] Education{{See also|Education in Syria|Rojava#Education, media, culture}}Like in the other Rojava canton, primary education in the public schools is initially by mother tongue instruction either Kurdish or Arabic, with the aim of bilingualism in Kurdish and Arabic in secondary schooling.[31][32] Curricula are a topic of continuous debate between the canton' Boards of Education and the Syrian central government in Damascus, which partly pays the teachers.[33][34][35] The federal, regional and local administrations in Rojava put much emphasis on promoting libraries and educational centers, to facilitate learning and social and artistic activities.[36] Afrin Canton has one institution of higher education, the University of Afrin, founded in 2015. After teaching three programs (Electromechanical Engineering, Kurdish Literature and Economy) in the first academic year, the second academic year with an increased 22 professors and 250 students has three additional programs (Human Medicine, Journalism and Agricultural Engineering).[37] See also
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Schmidinger|publisher=Newsdeeply|date=24 February 2016|accessdate=2016-10-23}} 16. ^{{cite web|url=http://aranews.net/2015/08/nusra-militants-shell-kurdish-areas-in-syrias-afrin-kurds-respond/|title=Nusra militants shell Kurdish areas in Syria’s Afrin, Kurds respond|publisher=ARA News|date=30 August 2015|accessdate=2016-10-23}} 17. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.syriahr.com/en/?p=50392|title=Turkish forces shell Afrin countryside, killing and injuring about 16 most of them from the self-defense forces and Asayish|publisher=SOHR|date=9 July 2016|accessdate=2016-10-23}} 18. ^{{cite web|url=http://aranews.net/2016/02/turkey-bombs-kurdish-city-of-afrin-northern-syria-civilian-casualties-reported/|title=Turkey strikes Kurdish city of Afrin northern Syria, civilian casualties reported|publisher=ARA News|date=19 February 2016|accessdate=2016-10-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103054447/http://aranews.net/2016/02/turkey-bombs-kurdish-city-of-afrin-northern-syria-civilian-casualties-reported/|archive-date=2016-11-03|dead-url=yes|df=}} 19. ^{{cite news|title=US and Russian military units patrol Kurdish-controlled areas in northern Syria|url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/pictures-us-russian-military-units-patrol-kurdish-controlled-areas-northern-syria/|agency=Al-Masdar|date=May 1, 2017}} 20. ^{{cite web|last1=Al Jazeera|title=Syrian civilians flee embattled Eastern Ghouta and Afrin|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/03/syrian-civilians-flee-embattled-eastern-ghouta-afrin-180316160255579.html|website=Al Jazeera|publisher=Al Jazeera Media Network|accessdate=2 May 2018}} 21. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/11-killed-bomb-blast-syrias-afrin-falls-pro-turkish-forces-428752063 |title=11 killed in bomb blast as Syria's Afrin falls to pro-Turkish forces |author= |work=Middle East Eye |date=19 March 2018 |accessdate=19 March 2018}} 22. ^{{cite news|title=Afrin is building its economy on agriculture|url=http://en.hawarnews.com/afrin-is-building-its-economy-on-agriculture/|publisher=Hawar News Agency|date=8 August 2016|accessdate=2010-10-23}} 23. ^{{cite web|title=Agriculture Commission is Looking at the Process of Receiving Wheat from Farmers|url=http://cantonafrin.com/en/news/view/1123.agriculture-commission-is-looking-at-the-process-of-receiving-wheat-from-farmers.html|website=Afrin Canton|accessdate=13 June 2015}} 24. ^{{cite news|title=Famous Aleppo soap victim of Syria's conflict|url=http://www.yourmiddleeast.com/features/famous-aleppo-soap-victim-of-syrias-conflict_9985|work=YourMiddleEast|date=4 October 2012|accessdate=6 October 2016}} 25. ^{{cite news|title=Will Syria's Kurds succeed at self-sufficiency?|url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2016/04/kurdish-areas-norther-syria-economy-self-sufficiency.html|publisher=Al-Monitor|date=3 May 2016|accessdate=6 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508233809/http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2016/04/kurdish-areas-norther-syria-economy-self-sufficiency.html|archive-date=2016-05-08|dead-url=yes|df=}} 26. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2016/04/kurdish-areas-norther-syria-economy-self-sufficiency.html|title=Will Syria's Kurds succeed at self-sufficiency?|publisher=Al-Monitor|date=3 May 2016|access-date=2018-01-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508233809/http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2016/04/kurdish-areas-norther-syria-economy-self-sufficiency.html|archive-date=2016-05-08|dead-url=yes|df=}} 27. ^{{cite web|url=https://cooperativeeconomy.info/rojava-the-economic-branches-in-detail/|title=Rojava: The Economic Branches in Detail|work=cooperativeeconomy.info|date=14 January 2017|accessdate=16 January 2017}} 28. ^{{cite news|title=Rojava’dan ikazlar|url=http://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/haber/dunya/242591/Rojava_dan_ikazlar.html#|publisher=Cumhuriyet}} 29. ^{{cite news|title=Bio-Seife aus dem Kriegsgebiet|url=http://www.spiegel.de/wirtschaft/unternehmen/syrien-bio-seife-aus-aleppo-findet-abnehmer-a-1077210.html|publisher=Der Spiegel|date=13 February 2016|accessdate=6 October 2016}} 30. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2018/07/picnickers-return-to-afrin.html |title=Day trippers flock to Afrin's orchards as Aleppo restores security |author=Khaled al-Khateb |work=al-Monitor |date=26 July 2018 |accessdate=29 July 2018}} 31. ^{{cite web|url=https://anfenglish.com/culture/education-in-rojava-after-the-revolution|title=Education in Rojava after the revolution|publisher=ANF|date=2016-05-16|accessdate=2016-06-10}} 32. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2015/11/syria-kurdistan-self-governance-teach-kurdish-language.html|title=After 52-year ban, Syrian Kurds now taught Kurdish in schools|publisher=Al-Monitor|date=2015-11-06|accessdate=2016-05-18}} 33. ^{{cite web|url=http://syrianobserver.com/EN/News/31729/Hassakeh_Syriac_Language_Be_Taught_PYD_controlled_Schools/|title=Hassakeh: Syriac Language to Be Taught in PYD-controlled Schools|publisher=The Syrian Observer|date=3 October 2016|accessdate=2016-10-05}} 34. ^{{cite web|url=http://new-compass.net/articles/revolutionary-education-rojava|title=Revolutionary Education in Rojava|publisher=New Compass|date=2015-02-17|accessdate=2016-05-10}} 35. ^{{cite web|url=http://aranews.net/2015/10/kurds-introduce-own-curriculum-at-schools-of-rojava-2/|title=Kurds introduce own curriculum at schools of Rojava|publisher=Ara News|date=2015-10-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606071936/http://aranews.net/2015/10/kurds-introduce-own-curriculum-at-schools-of-rojava-2/|archive-date=6 June 2017|dead-url=yes|df=}} 36. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.kurdistan24.net/en/news/dfa4b335-fe1c-4a3c-b5b6-7bc5848e9e97/Kurds-establish-university-in-Rojava-amid-Syrian-instability|title=Kurds establish university in Rojava amid Syrian instability|publisher=Kurdistan24|date=2016-07-07|accessdate=2016-07-07}} 37. ^{{cite web|url=http://en.hawarnews.com/afrin-university-is-opened-today/|title=Afrin University is opened today|publisher=Hawar News Agency|date=9 October 2016|accessdate=2016-10-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018171102/http://en.hawarnews.com/afrin-university-is-opened-today/|archive-date=2016-10-18|dead-url=yes|df=}} External links
7 : Afrin Region|Regions of the Democratic Federation of Northern Syria|Autonomous regions|Aleppo Governorate|States and territories established in 2016|2016 establishments in Syria|States and territories disestablished in 2018 |
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