| 词条 | Alexandra Biriukova |
| 释义 |
| name = Alexandra Biriukova | image = | image_size = | alt = | caption = | birth_name = | birth_date = {{Birth date|1895|7|10}} | birth_place = Vladivostok | death_date = {{Death date and age|1967|2|10|1895|7|10}} | death_place = Toronto | nationality = Canadian | alma_mater = School of Architecture in Saint Petersburg | spouse = | partner = | children = | parents = | awards = | practice = | significant_buildings = Lawren Harris residence | significant_projects = | significant_design = | website = }}Alexandra Biriukova (July 10, 1895 - February 10, 1967) was a Canadian architect and nurse. She is known for being the first woman in the Ontario Association of Architects and for her design of Lawren Harris's residence. She was the second woman to register as an architect in Canada.[1] BiographyBiriukova was born in Vladivostok, Russia.[2] Her father was Dimiti Biriukoff, who was the chief civil engineer on the first trans-Siberian railway.[3] In 1911, Biriukova studied architecture and received a degree from the School of Architecture in Petrograd.[1] In 1914, during the Russian Revolution, she and her family left the country and moved to Rome.[2] In 1925, in Rome, she received a post-graduate degree in architecture from the Royal Superior School of Architecture.[1] Between 1924 and 1929, she worked in Rome for architect Arnoldo Foschini.[1] In 1929 she moved again to Toronto[4] where her sister, Yulia Biriukova, an artist, lived.[5] She registered with the Ontario Association of Architects (OAA) in 1931.[2] WorkIn Toronto, her first commission is believed to be an interior design for a Russian Orthodox Church.[4] However, Biriukova's most recognized work is the Lawren Harris residence, which was designed in the Art Deco style and is one of the few homes to be built in Toronto along avant garde lines.[6] Construction on the home, located at 2 Ava Crescent in Forest Hill, began in 1931.[4] The house is symmetrical, smooth and made up of "almost austere two- and three-storey masses."[7] While the designs for the house had initially been prepared by Douglas Kertland, she reworked the designs at Harris's request[3] and she is credited for all of the final design work.[8] Biriukova's design was considered "radical" for the time.[9] At first, the Harris home received a negative critical reception from contemporaries.[10] However, today, the building continues to be recognized: the OAA named it one of the top ten Art Deco Buildings in Toronto.[11] Biriukova has not been well recognized in art history due to architectural historians "who have tried to diminish the role she played in the design of Harris's well-known house."[1] Even though she was named as architect on the contract drawings, some historians "have questioned how much credit Biriukova should receive for this elegant and iconic house."[2] Geoffrey Simmins, an art historian from the University of Calgary, asserted, with little evidence, that Harris instead may have influenced most of the home's design, saying, "Certainly the house's geometric plan and clear, axial sequence of spaces...accord with Harris's own interests."[12] Cynthia Hammond calls such readings of Biriukova's work "troubling narratives" which are loaded with gendered assumptions.[8] It seems likely that Biriukova, coming from Europe, would have already been aware of the "avant-garde, pre-revolution Russian architects and the modernist designs coming from the Bauhaus School," and her design reflected "the emerging early international style emanating from Europe.[13] Harris had been to Europe prior to building his house and had "consciously sought European precedents for the design of his home."[7] After her work on Harris's house, she received no further commissions.[2] Other architectural historians, like Ayla Lepine, have wondered if Modernism was "too much for conservative Canadians," or if the Depression dried up opportunities for architects, or if it was because she was a Russian woman.[14] The Depression most likely created a "dearth of work."[3] Later lifeIn 1934, Biriukova registered as a nurse[1] and never practiced as an architect again.[2] Instead, she worked at the Free Toronto Hospital for the Consumptive Poor until she retired in the 1960s.[4] Biriukova died in Toronto in 1967.[4] References1. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{Cite book|title = Designing Women: Gender and the Architectural Profession|last = Adams|first = Annmarie|publisher = University of Toronto Press|year = 2000|isbn = 0802044174|location = Toronto|pages = 16, 82|last2 = Tancred|first2 = Peta}} 2. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{Cite web|url = http://cwahi.concordia.ca/sources/artists/displayArtist.php?ID_artist=5704|title = Biriukova, Alexandra|date = 3 June 2013|accessdate = 11 October 2015|website = Canadian Women Artists History Iniative|publisher = Concordia University|last = |first = }} 3. ^1 2 {{Cite web|url = http://dictionaryofarchitectsincanada.org/node/1124|title = Biriukova, Alexandra|date = |accessdate = 11 October 2015|website = Biographical Dictionary of Architects in Canada 1800-1950|publisher = |last = |first = }} 4. ^1 2 3 4 {{Cite book|title = For the Record: The First Women in Canadian Architecture|last = Grierson|first = Joan|publisher = Dundurn Press|year = 2008|isbn = 9781550028201|location = |pages = 119}} 5. ^{{Cite web|url = http://cwahi.concordia.ca/sources/artists/displayArtist.php?ID_artist=3586|title = Biriukova, Yulia|date = 7 February 2013|accessdate = |website = Canadian Women Artists History Initiative|publisher = Concordia University|last = |first = }} 6. ^{{Cite news|url = https://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/home-and-garden/architecture/tweaking-lawren-harriss-art-deco-home-in-toronto/article4170267/|title = Tweaking Lawren Harris's Art Deco Home in Toronto|last = Leblanc|first = Dave|date = 10 May 2012|work = The Globe and Mail|access-date = 11 October 2015|via = }} 7. ^1 {{Cite book|title = Light for a Cold Land: Lawren Harris's Life and Work|last = Larisey|first = Arthur|publisher = Dundurn Press|year = 1993|isbn = 1550021885|location = Toronto|pages = 67}} 8. ^1 {{Cite journal|url = http://journals.msvu.ca/index.php/atlantis/article/viewFile/214/204|title = Past the Parapets of Patriarchy? Women,the Star System, and the Built Environment|last = Hammond|first = Cynthia|date = 2009|journal = Atlantis|doi = |pmid = |access-date = 11 October 2015|volume = 34|issue = 1|pages = 5–15}} 9. ^{{Cite web|url = https://www.canadianarchitect.com/features/deco-reiterative/|title = Deco Reiterative|date = 1 April 2012|accessdate = 11 October 2015|website = Canadian Architect|publisher = |last = |first = }} 10. ^{{Cite book|title = Canadian Environments: Essays in Culture, Politics, and History|last = Vervoort|first = Patricia|publisher = Presses Interuniversitaires Euopeennes|year = 2005|isbn = 0820466573|location = Brussels|pages = 307|editor-last = Thomsen|editor-first = Robert C.|editor-last2 = Hale|editor-first2 = Nanette L.|chapter = Canadian Environments}} 11. ^{{Cite web|url = http://www.oaa.on.ca/news%20--%20events/news/detail/The-top-10-Art-Deco-buildings-in-Toronto/1617|title = The Top 10 Art Deco Buildings in Toronto|date = |accessdate = 11 October 2015|website = Ontario Association of Architects|publisher = |last = |first = }} 12. ^{{Cite book|title = Rethinking Professionalism: Women and Art in Canada, 1850-1970|last = Adams|first = Annmarie|publisher = McGill-Queen's University Press|year = 2012|isbn = 9780773539662|location = |pages = 387|editor-last = Huneault|editor-first = Kristina|editor-last2 = Anderson|editor-first2 = Janice|chapter = 'Marjorie's Web': Canada's First Woman Architect and Her Clients}} 13. ^{{Cite news|url = http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nfh&AN=6FP3568723220&site=ehost-live|title = Lawren Harris Home on the Market for $6.9 Million|last = |first = |date = 22 February 2003|work = Toronto Star|access-date = 12 October 2015|via = Newspaper Source - EBSCOhost}} 14. ^{{Cite web|url = https://heartchitecture.wordpress.com/2014/10/31/from-the-forest-to-the-sea-emily-carr-and-memory/|title = 'From the Forest to the Sea': Emily Carr and Memory|date = 31 October 2014|accessdate = 11 October 2015|website = Heartchitecture|publisher = |last = Lepine|first = Ayla}} External links
8 : Canadian women architects|1895 births|1967 deaths|People from Vladivostok|People from Toronto|Imperial Russian emigrants to Italy|20th-century Canadian architects|Imperial Russian emigrants to Canada |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。