“Voiceless retroflex stop”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The voiceless retroflex stop is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. This consonant is found as a phoneme mostly (though not exclusively) in two areas: India and Australia.

Transcription

The symbol that represents this sound in the International Phonetic Alphabet is {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ʈ}}}}. Like all the retroflex consonants, the IPA symbol is formed by adding a rightward-pointing hook extending from the bottom of tee (the letter used for the equivalent alveolar consonant). In many fonts lowercase tee already has a rightward-pointing hook, but {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ʈ}}}} is distinguished from {{angle bracket|{{IPA|t}}}} by extending the hook below the baseline.

Features

Occurrence

Language

Word

IPA

Translation

Notes

Bengali^[1]

bn|টাকা}}

[ʈaka]}}

'taka'

Apical postalveolar;^[1] contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms. See Bengali phonology

Brahui

سىٹ

[asiʈ]}}

'one'

English

Indian dialects

en|time|italic=yes}}

[ʈaɪm]}}

'time'

/t/}} in other dialects. See English phonology

Gujarati^[2]

gu|ટ}}

[ʈə]}}

(name of a letter)

Subapical;^[2] contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms. See Gujarati phonology

Hindustani^[3]^[4]

hi|टोपी}}/{{lang|ur|{{nq|ٹوپی}}}}

[ʈoːpiː]}}

'hat'

Apical postalveolar; contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms.^[4] See Hindustani phonology

Hmong

raus

[ʈàu]}}

'immerse in liquid'

rh}}).

Iwaidja

ibd|yirrwartbart|italic=yes}}

[jiɺwɑʈbɑʈ]}}

'taipan'

Javanese

jv-Latn|bathang}}

[baʈaŋ]}}

'cadaver'

Kannada

kn|ತಟ್ಟು}}

[tʌʈʈu]}}

'to tap'

Contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms

Lo-Toga

Lo dialect^[5]

lht|dege|italic=yes}}

[ʈəɣə]}}

'we (incl.)'

Laminal retroflex.

Marathi^[2]

mr|बटाटा}}

[bəʈaːʈaː]}}

'potato'

Subapical;^[2] contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms. See Marathi phonology

Mutsun

css|ṭiṭkušte|italic=yes}}

[ʈiʈkuʃtɛ]}}

'torn'

Norwegian

no|kort|italic=yes}}

[kɔʈː]}}

'card'

See Norwegian phonology

Nunggubuyu^[6]

rdagowa

[ʈakowa]}}

'prawn'

Pashto

ps|ټول}}

[ʈol]}}

'all'

Punjabi

ਟੋਪੀ/ٹوپی

[ʈoːpi]}}

'hat'

Sicilian

sv|latru|italic=yes}}

[ˈlaʈɽu]}}

'thief'

Scottish Gaelic

Some Hebridean dialects^[7]

gd|árd|italic=yes}}

[aːʈ]}}

'high'

/rˠt/}} in other dialects. See Scottish Gaelic phonology

Swedish^[8]

sv|karta|italic=yes}}

[ˈkʰɑːʈa]}}

'map'

See Swedish phonology

Sylheti

syl|ꠐꠦꠇꠣ}}

[ʈexa]}}

'Taka'

Tamil^[2]^[9]

ta|எட்டு}}

[eʈʈɯ]}}

'eight'

Subapical.^[2] See Tamil phonology

Telugu

te|కొట్టు}}

[koʈʈu]}}

'beat'

Contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms

Torwali^[10]

ٹىىےل

[ʈijɛl̥]}}

'words'

Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms.

Vietnamese

Southern dialects^[11]

vi|bạn trả|italic=yes}}

[ɓaɳ˧ˀ˨ʔ ʈa˧˩˧]}}

'you pay'

May be somewhat affricated. See Vietnamese phonology

Welayta

'dew'

See also

Notes

1. ^¹{{Harvcoltxt|Mazumdar|2000|p=57}}
2. ^¹²³⁴⁵{{Harvcoltxt|Khatiwada|2009|p=374}}
3. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Ladefoged|2005|p=141}}
4. ^¹{{Harvcoltxt|Tiwari|2004|p=?}}
5. ^{{Citation|last = François| first = Alexandre| contribution = Verbal aspect and personal pronouns: The history of aorist markers in north Vanuatu| editor1-last = Pawley| editor1-first = Andrew| editor2-last = Adelaar| editor2-first = Alexander| title = Austronesian historical linguistics and culture history: A festschrift for Bob Blust| volume = 601| pages = 179–195| publisher = Pacific Linguistics| place = Canberra| year = 2009| contribution-url=https://www.academia.edu/1330253/Verbal_aspect_and_personal_pronouns_The_history_of_aorist_markers_in_north_Vanuatu}}
6. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Ladefoged|2005|p=158}}
7. ^Bauer, Michael. Blas na Gàidhlig: The Practical Guide to Gaelic Pronunciation. Glasgow: Akerbeltz, 2011.
8. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Eliasson|1986|pp=278–279}}
9. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Keane|2004|p=111}}
10. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Lunsford|2001|pp=11–16}}
11. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Thompson|1959|pp=458–461}}

Transcription

Features

Occurrence

See also

Notes

References

External links