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词条 AT2018cow
释义

  1. History

  2. Properties

  3. See also

  4. References

  5. External links

{{Infobox astronomical event
|name = AT2018cow[1]
|image = Possible AT2018cow 244.000927647 +22.2680094118 20180624.png
|image_size = 250px
|caption = Location of AT2018cow; image taken by SDSS
|event_type = Astronomical explosion
|start_time = {{start-date|df=yes|16 June 2018, 10:35:02}} UTC[2]
|duration =
|detected_by = ATLAS-HKO[2]
|constellation = Hercules
|ra = {{RA|16|16|00.2242}}[4] {{RA|16|16|00.22}}[2] (244.000927647)[6]
|dec = {{DEC|+22|16|04.890}}[4] {{DEC|+22|16|04.83}}[2] (+22.2680094118)[6]
|epoch = J2000.0
|distance = {{convert|60|Mpc|Mly|abbr=on|order=flip|lk=on}}[2]
|redshift = 0.014145,[2] 0.0136[12] (0.01406/parent galaxy)[12]
|host =
|progenitor =
|progenitor_type =
|b-v =
|notes =
|peak =
|energy =
|website = {{URL|http://atlas.fallingstar.com/}}
}}{{Sky |16|16|00.2242 |+|22|16|04.890 |200000000}}

AT2018cow (ATLAS name: ATLAS18qqn; also known as Supernova 2018cow, SN 2018cow, and "The Cow") was a very powerful astronomical explosion, 10–100 times brighter than a normal supernova, spatially coincident with galaxy {{nowrap|CGCG 137-068}}, approximately {{convert|60|e6pc|e6ly|abbr=unit|order=flip|lk=on}} distant in the Hercules constellation. It was first detected on 16 June 2018 by the ATLAS-HKO telescope, and had generated significant interest among astronomers throughout the world. Later, on 10 July 2018, and after AT2018cow had significantly faded, astronomers, based on followup studies with the Nordic Optical Telescope (NOT), formally described AT2018cow as SN 2018cow, a type Ib supernova, showing an "unprecedented spectrum for a supernova of this class"; although others, mostly at first but also more recently, have referred to it as a type Ic-BL supernova. An explanation to help better understand the unique features of AT2018cow has been presented.

On 2 November 2018, two independent teams of astronomers both concluded that the AT2018cow event was "either a newly formed black hole in the process of accreting matter, or the frenetic rotation of a neutron star."[16][17][18][19]

In January 2019, astronomers proposed that the explosion may have been a white dwarf being pulled apart by a black hole; or, a supernova leaving behind a black hole or a neutron star, the creation of a compact body being observed for the first time.[20][21][22]

History

AT2018cow was first detected on 16 June 2018 at 10:35:02 UTC by the ATLAS-HKO telescope, a twin {{convert|0.5|m|in|abbr=on}} system, at the Haleakala Observatory in Hawaii.[2][1][2] It was a powerful astronomical explosion (discovery magnitude 14.739; redshift 0.014145,[2] 0.0136[12]), 10 – 100 times brighter than a normal supernova,[3][4][30][31] spatially coincident with galaxy {{nowrap|CGCG 137-068}}, approximately {{convert|60|e6pc|e6ly|abbr=unit|order=flip|lk=on}} distant in the Hercules constellation.[5]

By 22 June 2018, this transient astronomical event had generated significant interest among astronomers throughout the world.[6] At least 24 major telescopes were observing the event, the largest number, to date, of concurrent observations (over 35 posted on 27 June 2018)[7] of any astronomical event ever reported on The Astronomer's Telegram.[30][8] The event had been tentatively identified as a supernova and given the designation Supernova 2018cow and classification SN Ic-BL.[9][10][11][12]

On 25 June 2018, astronomers, using the {{convert|2.0|m|in|abbr=on}} Liverpool Telescope and the {{convert|1.5|m|in|abbr=on}} telescope at Palomar Observatory, noted on The Astronomer's Telegram: "AT2018cow has faded every night since our first observations {{interp|19 June 2018|orig=(ATEL#11732)}}. ... {{interp|The reported|orig=These}} observations suggest that although a link to Ic-BL SNe and GRBs remains credible given the smooth spectra and luminous radio and X-ray counterpart{{interp|s|orig=ATEL#11737, #11749, #11773, #11774, #11775}}, AT2018cow is distinct in other ways and its true identity remains unclear. Observations are continuing."[30][13] On 29 June 2018, astronomers, using {{convert|0.6|m|in|abbr=on}} telescopes at the Beijing Astronomical Observatory,[14] and on 30 June 2018, using the Swift/XRT telescope,[15] reported further support for the fading of AT2018cow.

{{multiple images |align=left |direction=horizontal |header=AT2018cow |width= |image1=AT2018cow-context 244.000927647 +22.2680094118 20180627.jpg |caption1=
context
|width1=160 |image2=NASA-AT2018cow-nustar20190110.jpg |caption2=
close-up
|width2=200 |footer= }}

On 2 July 2018, astronomers, using the Fermi Large Area Telescope (LAT), reported that there were no significant >100 MeV gamma-ray emissions between 19–26 June 2018.[16] Further, on 3 July 2018, astronomers reported, using the Cadmium Zinc Telluride Imager (CZTI) detector aboard the AstroSat space observatory, no hard X-ray transients were detected between 13–16 June 2018 (event detection time)[17] and, using the UVIT fitted with a F172M filter, observed an AB magnitude of an estimated 17.6 at the AT2018cow location on 3 July 2018.[18] Moreover, astronomers on 3 July 2018 reported, using the MAXI GSC detector aboard the ISS, that no significant X-ray emissions were detected between 11–21 June 2018.[19] On 4 July 2018, astronomers, using NuSTAR, reported a lessening of hard X-ray emissions from AT2018cow.[20] On 12 July 2018, astronomers, using INTEGRAL, reported no detections of the source from 30 June – 8 July 2018; however, GRB-like bursts may have been observed earlier in the vicinity, on 12 and 15 June 2018, although association of these bursts with AT2018cow may be "disfavored".[21]

Radio emissions, at 5 GHz with a flux density of ~ 170 microJy, were detected from the location of AT2018cow on 3–4 July 2018 by e-MERLIN;[22] radio emissions at the AT2018cow location were detected by ATCA at 5.5 GHz with ~0.4 mJy flux density and at 9 GHz with ~1.0 mJy on 3 July 2018, and at 34 GHz with ~10 mJy on 5 July 2018.[23] VLBI observations at 22 GHz, with the NRAO, using the VLBA and Effelsberg radio telescopes, found a total flux density of ~5 mJy around 8 July 2018 at a reportedly more accurate (but consistent within uncertainties) astrometric location of AT2018cow (RA=16h 16m 00.2242s, DEC=22d 16' 04.890") than that of e-MERLIN.[24][22]

On 10 July 2018, astronomers, based on followup studies with the {{convert|2.56|m|in|abbr=on}} Nordic Optical Telescope (NOT), formally described AT2018cow as SN 2018cow and as a type Ib supernova, showing an "unprecedented spectrum for a supernova of this class".[25] On 19 July 2018, astronomers, using the {{convert|1.5|m|in|abbr=on}} Kanata telescope at the

Higashi-Hiroshima Observatory, observed further declines in the optical and near-infrared luminosity of the AT2018cow position in early July 2018, and noted that the large decline rates of the light curves were "quite large" compared to Type Ic (Ic-BL) and Type Ib/c supernovae.[26]

On 6 August 2018, ultraviolet observations of the AT2018cow location, using the Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3) on the Hubble Space Telescope (HST), detected brightness (Vega mag) of about 19 on all four bands (F218W, F225W, F275W, F336W) studied.[27] On 12 August 2018, astronomers at the Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope (GMRT) detected a low frequency radio emission (1390 MHz band; 438+/-82 uJy) at the AT2018cow position.[28]

On 15 August 2018, astronomers using the High Energy Stereoscopic System (H.E.S.S.) array of Cherenkov telescopes (CTA) reported no significant gamma-ray source at the AT2018cow location on 3–5 July 2018, which, as a consequence, resulted in the preliminary determination of upper limits on the integrated flux of the Very-High-Energy (VHE) gamma emission from AT2018cow as follows: above the energy threshold 220 GeV (±2sd) an upper limit of 5e-12 ph cm^-2 s^-1; above 1 TeV (±2sd) an upper limit of 5e-13 ph cm^-2 s^-1.[29]

Properties

According to astronomers at the time of its discovery, the explosion, with a surface temperature of over {{convert|8900|C|F K|sigfig=2}} and traveling {{convert|20,000|km/s|mi/s|abbr=on}},[4] may have been a cataclysmic variable star (CV), gamma-ray burst (GRB), gravitational wave (GW), supernova (SN), or something else.[30][31][32][33][34] According to astronomer Kate Maguire of Queen's University Belfast: "It really just appeared out of nowhere. There are other objects that have been discovered that are as fast, but the fastness and the brightness, that's quite unusual."[33]

The classification of type Ic-BL indicates a spectrum with very unusually broad lines, but with no hydrogen lines and weak or missing helium lines. Such a spectrum is produced by the explosion of a very large star which has lost its outer layers of hydrogen and helium.[35] However, according to astronomer Shubham Srivastav, associated with the {{convert|2.0|m|in|abbr=on}} Himalayan Chandra Telescope (HCT): "Although spectroscopic features indicate a tentative similarity with broad line Ic supernovae, its true nature remains a puzzle."[35] Also, according to Maguire: "We're not sure yet what it is, but the normal powering mechanism for a supernova is radioactive decay of nickel, and this event is too bright and too fast for that."[33] The AT2018cow explosion could have been accompanied by a GW emission, but the GW emission could not be detected since the LIGO detectors in the states of Washington and Louisiana were down at the time of the event due to service upgradings.[32]

An explanation to help better understand the unique features of AT2018cow, particularly as a white dwarf tidal disruption event, has been presented.[36]

As of 29 September 2018, AT2018cow has been explained in various ways, including as a type Ic supernova, a gamma-ray burst, an interaction between a white dwarf and black hole, and as a magnetar. Preliminary studies to better understand the exact physical nature of AT2018cow, using the European VLBI Network (EVN), have been presented.[37]

On 2 November 2018, two independent teams of astronomers both concluded that the AT2018cow event was "either a newly formed black hole in the process of accreting matter, or the frenetic rotation of a neutron star."[38][39][40][41]

In January 2019, Anna Ho of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, who conducted observations with the Submillimeter Array on Mauna Kea in Hawaii, noted that an unusually protracted period of continuing activity after the event was noticed, enabled more extensive study than typically afforded during such events, allowing observation of it while it was brightening.[42] Subsequently, astronomers proposed that AT2018cow may have been a white dwarf being pulled apart by a black hole; or, a supernova leaving behind a black hole or a neutron star, the creation of a compact body being observed for the first time.[43][44][45]

See also

  • Superluminous supernova, a supernova at least ten times more luminous than a standard supernova

References

1. ^{{cite web |author=Mandke, Mandar|display-authors=et al |title=AT 2018 COW- the mysterious Supernova |url=http://www.natskies.com/2018/07/21/at-2018-cow-the-mysterious-supernova/ |date=21 July 2018 |work=NatSkies.com |accessdate=4 September 2018 }}
2. ^{{Cite journal |arxiv=1807.05965|last1=Prentice|first1=S. J.|title=The Cow: Discovery of a luminous, hot and rapidly evolving transient|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|volume=865|pages=L3|last2=Maguire|first2=K.|last3=Smartt|first3=S. J.|last4=Magee|first4=M. R.|last5=Schady|first5=P.|last6=Sim|first6=S.|last7=Chen|first7=T. -W.|last8=Clark|first8=P.|last9=Colin|first9=C.|last10=Fulton|first10=M.|last11=McBrien|first11=O.|last12=O'Neill|first12=D.|last13=Smith|first13=K. W.|last14=Ashall|first14=C.|last15=Chambers|first15=K. C.|last16=Denneau|first16=L.|last17=Flewelling|first17=H. A.|last18=Heinze|first18=A.|last19=Holoien|first19=T. W. -S.|last20=Huber|first20=M. E.|last21=Kochanek|first21=C. S.|last22=Mazzali|first22=P. A.|last23=Prieto|first23=J. L.|last24=Rest|first24=A.|last25=Shappee|first25=B. J.|last26=Stalder|first26=B.|last27=Stanek|first27=K. Z.|last28=Stritzinger|first28=M. D.|last29=Thompson|first29=T. A.|last30=Tonry|first30=J. L.|year=2018|doi=10.3847/2041-8213/aadd90}}
3. ^{{cite web |last=Anderson |first=Paul Scott |title=Astronomers see mystery explosion 200 million light-years away - Supernovae, or exploding stars, are relatively common. But now astronomers have observed a baffling new type of cosmic explosion, believed to be some 10 to 100 times brighter than an ordinary supernova. |url=http://earthsky.org/space/mystery-explosion-at2018cow-nicknamed-the-cow |date=28 June 2018 |work=Earth & Sky |accessdate=28 June 2018 }}
4. ^1 {{cite web |author=Staff |title=Scientists Confused: A Huge Explosion Has Been Observed In Space |url=https://tech2.org/lithuania/scientists-confused-a-huge-explosion-has-been-observed-in-space/ |date=26 June 2018 |work=Tech2.org |accessdate=26 June 2018 }}
5. ^1 {{cite web |last1=Cofield |first1=Calla |last2=Kazmierczak |first2=Jeanette |title=Holy Cow! Mysterious Blast Studied with NASA Telescopes |url=https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7314 |date=10 January 2019 |work=NASA |accessdate=10 January 2019 }}
6. ^{{cite web |url=http://astronomerstelegram.org/ |title=Telegram Index |work=The Astronomer's Telegram |date=22 June 2018 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622224952/http://astronomerstelegram.org/ |archivedate=22 June 2018 |accessdate=22 June 2018 |deadurl=yes}}
7. ^{{cite web |url=http://astronomerstelegram.org/ |title=Telegram Index |work=The Astronomer's Telegram |date=27 June 2018 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627163305/http://www.astronomerstelegram.org/|archivedate=27 June 2018 |accessdate=27 June 2018 |deadurl=yes}}
8. ^{{cite news |url=http://mysteriousuniverse.org/2018/06/massive-explosion-of-unknown-origin-rips-through-neighboring-galaxy-at-incredible-speed/ |title=Massive Explosion of Unknown Origin Rips Through Neighboring Galaxy at 'Incredible Speed' |work=Mysterious Universe |first=Sequoyah |last=Kennedy |date=24 June 2018 |accessdate=25 June 2018}}
9. ^1 2 {{cite web |url=https://wis-tns.weizmann.ac.il/object/2018cow |title=SN 2018cow |work=Transient Name Server |publisher=International Astronomical Union |date=22 June 2018 |accessdate=23 June 2018}}
10. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.rochesterastronomy.org/supernova.html#2018cow |title=Latest SuperNovae |publisher=Astronomy Section, Rochester Academy of Sciences |last=Bishop |first=David |date=22 June 2018 |accessdate=22 June 2018}}
11. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.rochesterastronomy.org/sn2018/sn2018cow.html |title=Supernovae 2018cow in CGCG 137-068 |publisher=Astronomy Section, Rochester Academy of Sciences |last=Bishop |first=David |date=22 June 2018 |accessdate=22 June 2018}}
12. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.calsky.com/observer/csrender.cgi?number=11&tdt=2458295.65490048&ra=16h16m00.220s&de=+22d16m04.83s&fovarcmin=15&coorEphem=TopoEquAstro2000 |title=The Calculated Sky - AT2018cow |publisher=Calsky.com |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20180625130322/https://www.calsky.com/observer/csrender.cgi?number=11&tdt=2458295.65490048&ra=16h16m00.220s&de=+22d16m04.83s&fovarcmin=15&coorEphem=TopoEquAstro2000 |archivedate=25 June 2018 |access-date=25 June 2018 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}
13. ^1 {{cite journal |url=http://www.astronomerstelegram.org/?read=11776 |title=AT2018cow: Continued optical fading and weakening of spectral features |journal=The Astronomer's Telegram |first1=D. A. |last1=Perley |first2=N. |last2=Blagorodnova |first3=J. D. |last3=Neill |first4=R. |last4=Walters |display-authors=1 |issue=11776 |date=25 June 2018 |accessdate=25 June 2018}}
14. ^{{cite web |author=Li, H.|display-authors=et al |title=SVOM/GWAC-F60 and GRANDMA optical follow-up of AT2018cow/ATLAS18qqn |url=http://www.astronomerstelegram.org/?read=11796 |date=29 June 2018 |work=The Astronomer's Telegram (11796) |accessdate=30 June 2018 }}
15. ^{{cite web |last1=Sandoval |first1=L.E. Rivera |last2=Maccarone |first2=T. |title= Increase in the X-ray flux of AT2018cow |url=http://www.astronomerstelegram.org/?read=11801 |date=30 June 2018 |work=The Astronomer's Telegram (11801)|accessdate=30 June 2018 }}
16. ^{{cite web |last1=Kocevski |first1=D. |last2=Cheung |first2=C.C. |title=Fermi-LAT Search for Gamma-ray Emission from AT2018cow |url=http://www.astronomerstelegram.org/?read=11808 |date=2 July 2018 |work=The Astronomer's Telegram (11808)|accessdate=2 July 2018 }}
17. ^{{cite web |author=Sharma, Y.|display-authors=et al |title=AT2018cow - AstroSat CZTI limits on prompt emission |url=http://www.astronomerstelegram.org/?read=11809 |date=3 July 2018 |work=The Astronomer's Telegram (11809) |accessdate=3 July 2018 }}
18. ^{{cite web |last1=Singh |first1=Avinash |last2=Bhalerao |first2=Varun |last3=Mondal |first3=Chayan |last4=Sahu |first4=Snehalata |title=AstroSat UVIT Observations of AT2018cow |url=http://www.astronomerstelegram.org/?read=11822 |date=6 July 2018 |work=The Astronomer's Telegram (11822) |accessdate=6 July 2018 }}
19. ^{{cite web |author=Sugizaki, M.|display-authors=et al |title=AT2018cow: MAXI GSC data search |url=http://www.astronomerstelegram.org/?read=11810 |date=3 July 2018 |work=The Astronomer's Telegram (11810) |accessdate=3 July 2018 }}
20. ^{{cite web |author=Grefenstette, B.|display-authors=et al |title=Evidence for fading of the hard X-ray emission from AT2018cow |url=http://www.astronomerstelegram.org/?read=11813 |date=4 July 2018 |work=The Astronomer's Telegram (11813) |accessdate=4 July 2018 }}
21. ^{{cite web |author=Savchenko, V. |title=INTEGRAL observations of decaying hard X-ray emission from AT2018cow |url=http://www.astronomerstelegram.org/?read=11843 |date=12 July 2018 |work=The Astronomer's Telegram (11843) |accessdate=12 July 2018 }}
22. ^1 {{cite web |author=Horesh, A.|display-authors=et al |title=e-MERLIN 5 GHz Observations of AT2018cow |url=http://www.astronomerstelegram.org/?read=11819 |date=5 July 2018 |work=The Astronomer's Telegram (11819) |accessdate=5 July 2018 }}
23. ^{{cite web |author=Dobie, Dougal|display-authors=et al |title=AT2018cow: Continued ATCA monitoring |url=http://www.astronomerstelegram.org/?read=11862 |date=17 July 2018 |work=The Astronomer's Telegram (11862) |accessdate=17 July 2018 }}
24. ^1 2 3 {{cite web |author=Bietenholz, M.|display-authors=et al |title=VLBI Detection and Astrometry for AT2018cow |url=http://www.astronomerstelegram.org/?read=11900 |date=31 July 2018 |work=The Astronomer's Telegram (11900) |accessdate=1 August 2018 }}
25. ^1 2 3 {{cite web |author=Benetti S.|display-authors=et al |title=NUTS update on the spectroscopic follow-up of SN 2018cow |url=http://www.astronomerstelegram.org/?read=11836 |date=10 July 2018 |work=The Astronomer's Telegram |accessdate=10 July 2018 }}
26. ^{{cite web |author=Yamanaka, M.|display-authors=et al |title=Kanata Optical and Near-infrared Observations of AT 2018cow |url=http://www.astronomerstelegram.org/?read=11868 |date=19 July 2018 |work=The Astronomer's Telegram (11868) |accessdate=19 July 2018 }}
27. ^{{cite web |author=Kilpatrick, C.D.|display-authors=et al |title=HST/WFC3 Ultraviolet Observations of AT2018cow |url=http://www.astronomerstelegram.org/?read=11921 |date=6 August 2018 |work=The Astronomer's Telegram (11921) |accessdate=6 August 2018 }}
28. ^{{cite web |last1=Nayana |first1=A.J. |last2=Chandra |first2=Poonam |title=Low frequency detection of AT2018cow with the GMRT |url=http://www.astronomerstelegram.org/?read=11950 |date=14 August 2018 |work=The Astronomer's Telegram (11950) |accessdate=14 August 2018 }}
29. ^{{cite web |last=de Naurois |first=Mathieu |title=H.E.S.S. upper limits on VHE gamma emission from AT2018cow |url=http://www.astronomerstelegram.org/?read=11956 |date=15 August 2018 |work=The Astronomer's Telegram (11956) |accessdate=15 August 2018 }}
30. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 {{cite journal |url=http://www.astronomerstelegram.org/?read=11727 |title=ATLAS18qqn (AT2018cow) - a bright transient spatially coincident with CGCG 137-068 (60 Mpc) |journal=The Astronomer's Telegram |first1=S. J. |last1=Smartt |first2=P. |last2=Clark |first3=K. W. |last3=Smith |first4=O. |last4=McBrien |first5=K. |last5=Maguire |first6=D. |last6=O'Neil |first7=M. |last7=Fulton |first8=M. |last8=Magee |first9=S. |last9=Prentice |first10=C. |last10=Colin |first11=J. |last11=Tonry |first12=L. |last12=Denneau |first13=B. |last13=Stalder |first14=A. |last14=Heinze |first15=H. |last15=Weiland |first16=H. |last16=Flewelling |first17=A. |last17=Rest |display-authors=1 |issue=11727 |date=17 June 2018 |accessdate=22 June 2018}}
31. ^1 {{cite news |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/2172351-weve-just-seen-a-huge-space-explosion-and-dont-know-what-it-is/ |title=We've just seen a huge space explosion and don't know what it is |work=New Scientist |last=Crane |first=Leah |date=21 June 2018 |accessdate=22 June 2018}}
32. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/speaking-of-science/wp/2018/06/25/ive-never-seen-anything-like-this-astronomers-dazzled-by-brilliant-supernova/ |title='I've never seen anything like this': Astronomers dazzled by brilliant supernova |work=The Washington Post |last=Kaplan |first=Sarah |date=25 June 2018 |accessdate=25 June 2018}}
33. ^1 2 {{cite news |url=https://www.inquisitr.com/4954089/an-explosion-has-rocked-space-200-million-light-years-from-earth-and-scientists-are-unsure-what-is-causing-it/ |title=An Explosion Has Rocked Space 200 Million Light Years From Earth And Scientists Are Unsure What Is Causing It |work=Inquisitr |first=Kristine |last=Moore |date=22 June 2018 |accessdate=25 June 2018}}
34. ^{{cite news |url=https://en.mogaznews.com/Technology/943442/Mystery-of-the-massive-explosion-200-light-years-away.html |title=Mystery of the massive explosion 200 light years away |work=Mogaznews |date=22 June 2018 |accessdate=23 June 2018}}
35. ^1 {{cite news |last=Desikan |first=Shubashree |title=Astronomers puzzled by ‘cow’ in the sky |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/astronomers-puzzled-by-cow-in-the-sky/article24300319.ece |date=1 July 2018 |work=The Hindu |accessdate=1 July 2018 }}
36. ^{{cite journal |author=Kuin, N. Paul M.|display-authors=et al |title=Swift spectra of AT2018cow: A White Dwarf Tidal Disruption Event? |date=26 August 2018 |arxiv=1808.08492 |doi=10.1093/mnras/stz053 }}
37. ^{{cite web |last=An |first=Tao |title=The EVN detection of AT2018cow at 1.67GHz |url=http://www.astronomerstelegram.org/?read=12067 |date=29 September 2018 |work=The Astronomer's Telegram (12068) |accessdate=29 September 2018 }}
38. ^1 {{cite journal |last=Castelvecchi |first=Davide |title=Holy Cow! Astronomers agog at mysterious new supernova - An event known as 'Cow' that has rocked astronomy since June likely offers a close look at the birth of a neutron star or black hole. |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-07260-w |date=2 November 2018 |journal=Nature |volume=563 |issue=7730 |pages=168–169 |doi=10.1038/d41586-018-07260-w |pmid=30401847 |accessdate=2 November 2018 }}
39. ^1 {{cite journal |author=Margutti, Raffaella|display-authors=et al |title=An embedded X-ray source shines through the aspherical AT2018cow: revealing the inner workings of the most luminous fast-evolving optical transients |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=872 |pages=18 |date=25 October 2018 |arxiv=1810.10720 |doi=10.3847/1538-4357/aafa01 }}
40. ^1 {{cite journal |author=Ho, Anna Y. Q.|display-authors=et al |title=AT2018cow: a luminous millimeter transient |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=871 |pages=73 |date=28 October 2018 |arxiv=1810.10880 |doi=10.3847/1538-4357/aaf473 }}
41. ^1 {{cite journal |author=Perley, Daniel A.|display-authors=et al |title=The Fast, Luminous Ultraviolet Transient AT2018cow: Extreme Supernova, or Disruption of a Star by an Intermediate-Mass Black Hole? |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |volume=484 |pages=1031–1049 |date=12 August 2018 |arxiv=1808.00969 |doi=10.1093/mnras/sty3420 }}
42. ^{{cite journal |last=Clery |first=Daniel |title=Astronomers still can't decipher the 'Cow,' a mysterious explosion in deep space |url=https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2019/01/astronomers-still-cant-decipher-cow-mysterious-explosion-deep-space |date=11 January 2019 |journal=Science |volume=363 |issue=6423 |doi=10.1126/science.aaw6458 |accessdate=12 January 2019 }}
43. ^1 2 {{cite news |author=Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA) |title=Unusual supernova opens a rare window on the collapse of a star |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-01/aouf-uso010719.php |date=10 January 2019 |work=EurekAlert! |accessdate=14 January 2019 }}
44. ^1 2 {{cite web |last=Torbet |first=Georgina |title=Scientists debate mysterious flash of light in space, known as 'The Cow' |url=https://www.digitaltrends.com/cool-tech/what-caused-the-cow/ |date=13 January 2019 |work=Digital Trends |accessdate=14 January 2019 }}
45. ^1 2 {{cite web |last=Koren |first=Marina |title=Astronomers Glimpse a Luminous Object Born From a Star's Death - It was unusually bright and evolving fast. |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2019/01/supernova-black-hole-neutron-star/580075/ |date=13 January 2019 |work=The Atlantic |accessdate=14 January 2019 }}

External links

  • [https://wis-tns.weizmann.ac.il/object/2018cow AT2018cow webpage] on the Transient Name Server
  • AT2018cow webpage at Vanbuitenen.nl
  • AT2018cow webpage by the Astronomy Section Rochester Academy of Science
  • CGCG 137-068 webpage at the NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database
  • [https://www.flickr.com/photos/152958240@N05/29076418508/ AT2018cow images from 21 June 2018] by Cedric Raguenaud
  • {{youtube|HALyrwfM25c|AT2018cow – Summary – audio (german/en subs; 03:50)}}
  • {{youtube|HlFENEC9hss|AT2018cow – Wikipedia lede – audio (01:00)}}
  • {{youtube|m2f_vXxokNg|AT2018cow – Black Hole Consumes White Dwarf Star – video (01:42)}}
{{2018 in space}}{{portal bar|Astronomy|Cosmology|Physics}}{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}

5 : Astronomical events|Hercules (constellation)|June 2018 events|2018 in science|2018 in space
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