| 词条 | Base Realignment and Closure | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
}}{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2019}}{{Redirect|Base Realignment and Closure Act|the post-WWII act|Federal Property and Administrative Services Act of 1949 }} Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC)[1][2] is a process{{r|Flynn}} by a United States federal government commission[3] to increase United States Department of Defense efficiency by planning the end of the Cold War realignment and closure of military installations. More than 350 installations have been closed in five BRAC rounds: 1988, 1991, 1993, 1995, and 2005. BackgroundThe Federal Property and Administrative Services Act of 1949 after the 1947 reorganization for establishing the National Military Establishment was passed regarding reductions of US military bases, forts, posts, and stations. The subsequent 1950s buildup for the Cold War (e.g., during the Korean War) resulted in extensive installations such as the widespread number of Permanent System radar stations and Semi Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) control centers. By 1959, plans for extensive numbers of Cold War installations were cancelled (e.g., DoD's June 19, 1959, Continental Air Defense Program reduced the number of Super Combat Center underground nuclear bunker to 7) and in 1958, US Intercontinental Missiles (ICMs) began to replace Strategic Air Command bombers. From 1960–1964, the Eisenhower and Kennedy Administrations closed 574 U.S. military bases around the world, particularly after President John F. Kennedy was briefed after his inauguration that the missile gap was not a concern.{{r|TDR196411}}
1988 Carlucci CommissionOn 3 May 1988 the Carlucci Commission was chartered by Secretary of Defense Frank C. Carlucci,{{r|Shaw}}{{rp|156}} which in December 1988 recommended to close 5 Air Force bases: Chanute Air Force Base in Illinois, George Air Force Base, Mather Air Force Base and Norton Air Force Base in California, and Pease Air Force Base in New Hampshire).{{r|Shaw}}{{rp|161}} Defense Base Realignment and Closure Act of 1990The Defense Base Realignment and Closure Act of 1990 provided "the basic framework for the transfer and disposal of military installations closed during the base realignment and closure (BRAC) process".[12] The process was created in 1988 to reduce pork barrel politics with members of Congress that arise when facilities face activity reductions.[13] The most recent process began May 13, 2005, when Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld forwarded his recommendations for realignments and closures to the Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) Commission. The BRAC is an independent nine-member panel appointed by the President. This panel evaluated the list by taking testimony from interested parties and paying visits to affected bases. The BRAC Commission had the opportunity to add bases to the list, and did so in a July 19, 2005 hearing. The Commission met its deadline of September 2005 to provide the evaluated list to the President, who approved the list with the condition that the list could only be approved or disapproved in its entirety. On November 7, 2005 the approved list was then given to Congress which then had the opportunity to disapprove the entire list within 45 days by enacting a resolution of disapproval. This did not happen and the BRAC Commission’s recommendations became final. Defense Base Realignment and Closure Commissions1988The 1988 Base Realignment and Closure Commission included:[14] {{Div col}}
1990In 1990, the Navy considered cutting 34 military installations.[15] 1991The 1991 Base Realignment and Closure Commission included:[14] {{Div col}}
1993The 1993 Base Realignment and Closure Commission included:[14][16] {{Div col}}
1995The 1995 Base Realignment and Closure Commission included:[14][17] {{Div col}}
2005The Pentagon released its proposed list for the 2005 Base Realignment and Closure Commission on May 13, 2005 (a date given the moniker "BRAC Friday," a pun on Black Friday). After an extensive series of public hearings, analysis of DoD-supplied supporting data, and solicitation of comments from the public, the list of recommendations was revised by the 9-member Defense Base Closure and Realignments Commission in two days of public markups and votes on individual recommendations (the proceedings were broadcast by C-SPAN and are available for review on the network's website). The Commission submitted its revised list to the President on September 8, 2005. The President approved the list and signalled his approval to Congress on September 15. The House of Representatives took up a joint resolution to disapprove the recommendations on October 26, but the resolution failed to pass. The recommendations were thereby enacted. The Secretary of Defense must implement the recommendations no later than September 15, 2011. {{Col-begin}}{{Col-break}}Major facilities slated for closure included:
Major facilities slated for realignment include:
Twenty-six bases were re-aligned into twelve joint bases, with each joint base's installation support being led by the Army, the Navy, or the Air Force.[18] An example is Joint Base Lewis-McChord, Washington, combining Fort Lewis and McChord Air Force Base. FutureThe 2005 Commission recommended that Congress authorize another BRAC round in 2015, and then every 8 years thereafter.[19] On May 10, 2012, the House Armed Services Committee rejected Pentagon calls for base closures outside of 2015 round by a 44 to 18 vote.[20] Defense Secretary Leon Panetta had called for two rounds of base closures, while at the same time arguing that the alternative of the sequester would be a "meat-ax" approach to cuts which would "hollow out" military forces.[21] The National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2014 specifically prohibits authorization of future BRAC rounds: No future Base Realignment and Closure round for military installations within the United States, its commonwealths, territories, and possessions for realignment or closure shall be authorized until, at the very earliest, the Department of Defense has completed and submitted to Congress a formal review of the overseas military facility structure, which incorporates overseas basing consolidations, an assessment of the need for bases to support overseas contingency operations, and the Department of Defense's Strategic Choices and Management Review.[22] In May 2014, it was attempted to fund another round of BRAC, although funding was not approved in a vote in May of that year.[23] In March 2015, the Acting Assistant Secretary of Defense for Energy, Installations and Environment addressed the possibility of a future BRAC, indicating that the DOD, Defense secretary Ash Carter was requesting authority to conduct another BRAC.[24] In September 2015, at the tenth anniversary of the end of the most recent BRAC commission report, its former chairman Anthony J. Principi wrote the time for a new BRAC was "now", and that "Spending dollars on infrastructure that does not serve [our men and women in uniform] needs is inexcusable."[25] Base Closure and Realignment Appropriations{{update section|date=June 2017}}The following is a chronological timeline of authorizations for U.S. Congressional legislation related to US defense installation realignments and military base closures.
See also{{Portal|Government of the United States|Military history}}
References1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.defenselink.mil/brac/ |title=Archived copy |accessdate=May 15, 2005 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050515075028/http://www.defenselink.mil/brac/ |archivedate=May 15, 2005 }} 2. ^{{cite web|url=https://digital.library.unt.edu/explore/collections/CRSR/browse/?q=brac&t=metadata |title=Explore Congressional Research Service Reports: List View UNT Digital Library |website=Digital.library.unt.edu |date= |accessdate=2016-03-30}} 3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.brac.gov/|title=Defense Base Closure and Realignment Commission (BRAC)|website=Brac.gov|accessdate=30 March 2016}} 4. ^{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=KxMgAAAAIBAJ&sjid=TWYFAAAAIBAJ&pg=1309,2847321&dq=snark+presque&hl=en|title=The Lewiston Daily Sun - Google News Archive Search|website=News.google.com|accessdate=30 March 2016}} 5. ^{{cite web | title=99 - Special Message to the Congress on the Defense Budget. March 28, 1961 | website=The American Presidency Project | url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=8554 | accessdate=Oct 9, 2018}} 6. ^{{Cite news |date=November 20, 1964 |title=Highlands Radar Site Closing |url=http://209.212.22.88/data/rbr/1960-1969/1964/1964.11.20.pdf |location=Red Bank, New Jersey |newspaper=The Daily Register |accessdate=2011-10-12 |quote=McNamara Firm on Base Shutdowns … Temporary Team … Highlands Air Force Station … personnel will be inactivated by July, 1966, leaving Army radar unit at base intact |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425063154/http://209.212.22.88/data/rbr/1960-1969/1964/1964.11.20.pdf |archivedate=April 25, 2012 |df= }} 7. ^Defense Agencies Summary: DoD Project 693, nd, fldr FY 1969 Budget, box 71, ASD(C) files, OSD Hist. 8. ^{{Cite report |last=Drea |first=Edward J. |isbn=978-0-16-088135-0 |year=1984 |title=McNamara, Clifford,and the Burdens of Vietnam1965-1969 |url=http://history.defense.gov/resources/OSDSeries_Vol6.pdf |volume=Volume VI, Secretaries of Defense Historical Series |publisher=Historical Office, Office of the Secretary of Defense |accessdate=2013-08-30 |quote=the U.S. Air Force Strategic Air Command, denominated a specified command because, although part of the Air Force, it came under the operational control of the JCS.24 ... Clifford had previously appointed a group, known as Project 693, to determine which programs to sacrifice when it became necessary.65 ... In late July, a special committee devising scenarios for T-Day, the day hostilities in Vietnam ended, posited that, depending on timing assumptions, anywhere between 30,000 troops and a two-division corps (about 60,000 personnel) might have to remain in South Vietnam indefinitely. ... McNamara test, 25 Jan 66, House Subcte No 2, HCAS, Hearing: Department of Defense Decision to Reduce the Number and Types of Manned Bombers in the Strategic Air Command, 6084. |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029201119/http://history.defense.gov/resources/OSDSeries_Vol6.pdf |archivedate=2013-10-29 |df= }} 9. ^{{Cite news |date=October 28, 1969 |title=Niagara Falls Air Force Units Are Phased Out |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=l-hdAAAAIBAJ&sjid=H18NAAAAIBAJ&pg=4655,8359071&dq=niagara-falls-air-force&hl=en |format=Google news archive |newspaper=Observer-Reporter |accessdate=2013-09-03}} 10. ^{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid%3D266%26dat%3D19730416%26id%3Dvqc0AAAAIBAJ%26sjid%3D52gFAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D1393%2C5205517 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222165346/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=266&dat=19730416&id=vqc0AAAAIBAJ&sjid=52gFAAAAIBAJ&pg=1393,5205517 |dead-url=yes |archive-date=December 22, 2015 |accessdate=June 16, 2015 }} 11. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20160515084813/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2245&dat=19730417&id=tBozAAAAIBAJ&sjid=2TIHAAAAIBAJ&pg=4255,4257487] 12. ^{{cite web |last=Flynn |first=Aaron M. |date=February 23, 2005 |title=Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC): Property Transfer and Disposal |url=https://digital.library.unt.edu/explore/collections/CRSR/browse/?q=brac&t=metadata |format=abstract at University of Texas Digital Library |work=Congressional Research Service Reports |accessdate=2011-10-12}} 13. ^{{cite web |title=Base-Closing Plan Survives Assaults by Some on Hill |series=CQ Almanac 1989, 45th ed. |website=CQ Press |publisher=Congressional Quarterly |location=Washington, D.C. |pages=470–73}} 14. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|title=BASE CLOSURES AND REALIGNMENTS BY STATE: 1995, 1993, 1991, AND 1988|url=http://www.brac.gov/docs/final/AppendixF.pdf|accessdate=21 June 2015}} 15. ^{{cite web |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1876&dat=19900425&id=yNIpAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Ms4EAAAAIBAJ&pg=6945,2774544 |title=34 military bases may face the ax |last=Cassata |first=Donna |date=April 25, 1990 |website=Spartanburg Herald-Journal |publisher=Google News |location=Spartanburg, S.C. |page=A3}} 16. ^{{cite web |date=1993-07-01 |title=Defense Base Closure and Realignment Commission - 1993 Report to the President |url=http://www.defenselink.mil/brac/docs/1993com2.pdf | publisher=United States Department of Defense | accessdate=2007-10-23}} 17. ^{{Cite report |url=http://jameslandrith.com/category/advocacy-and-letters/1995-dcbrc/ |title=1995 Defense Base Closure and Realignment Commission Report to the President }} 18. ^See Joint Base Background (part 4 of the Joint Base Pearl Harbor-Hickam webpage){{Dead link|date=August 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (on Hickam AFB's official website). Retrieved 2010-06-18. To access other parts of the webpage, go to the bottom of the right scroll bar and click on the down arrow (or the "page-down" double arrow). To go to earlier parts of the webpage, click on the up arrow (or the "page-up" double arrow). See Hickam Air Force Base#Internet webpage for a partial list of the webpage parts that discuss joint basing and BRAC. 19. ^BRAC panel calls closure round premature - News. GovExec.com. Retrieved on 2013-07-21. 20. ^Military Headlines. Military.com. Retrieved on 2013-07-21. 21. ^U.S. House committee rejects more military base closings. NOLA.com. Retrieved on 2013-07-21. 22. ^{{cite web|url=http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/F?c113:1:./temp/~c1130AfUJl:e592514:|title=Bill Text - 113th Congress (2013-2014) - THOMAS (Library of Congress)|website=Thomas.loc.gov|accessdate=30 March 2016}} 23. ^{{cite news|last=Jordan|first=Bryant|title=House Panel Protects A-10, Pulls BRAC from Budget|url=http://www.military.com/daily-news/2014/05/07/house-panel-protects-a10-pulls-brac-from-budget.html|accessdate=8 May 2014|newspaper=Military.com|date=7 May 2014}} 24. ^{{cite web|last1=Marshall, Jr.|first1=Tyrone|title=Senior DoD Official Testifies on Budget, BRAC|url=http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=128294|website=U.S. Department of Defense|accessdate=22 April 2015}} 25. ^{{cite news|author1=Anthony J. Principi|title=Time for a new BRAC|url=http://thehill.com/blogs/congress-blog/homeland-security/252594-time-for-a-new-brac|accessdate=5 September 2015|work=The Hill|publisher=Capitol Hill Publishing Corp., a subsidiary of News Communications, Inc|date=3 September 2015}} }} External links
4 : Base Realignment and Closure Commission|Lists of United States military installations|Military history of the United States|Military Superfund sites |
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