| 词条 | Westbrook Pegler |
| 释义 |
| image = Eleanor Roosevelt and Westbrook Pegler in Pawling, New York - NARA - 195810 (cropped).jpg | imagesize = | caption = Pegler in 1938 | birth_name = Francis James Westbrook Pegler | pseudonym = Westbrook Pegler | birth_date = {{birth date|1894|08|02}} | birth_place = Minneapolis, Minnesota, U.S. | death_date = {{death date and age|1969|06|24|1894|08|02}} | death_place = Tucson, Arizona | occupation = syndicated newspaper columnist | spouse = Julia Harpman Pegler Maude Wettje Pegler | period = | genre = | subject = | movement = | signature = | website = }}Francis James Westbrook Pegler (August 2, 1894 – June 24, 1969) was an American journalist and writer. He was a popular columnist in the 1930s and 1940s famed for his opposition to the New Deal and labor unions. Pegler aimed his pen at presidents of both parties, including Herbert Hoover, FDR ("moosejaw"), Harry Truman ("a thin-lipped hater"), and John F. Kennedy. He also criticized the Supreme Court, the tax system, and labor unions. In 1962, he lost his contract with King Features Syndicate, owned by the Hearst Corporation, after he started criticizing Hearst executives. His late writing appeared sporadically in publications that included the John Birch Society's American Opinion.[1] Life and careerPegler was born August 2, 1894, in Minneapolis, Minnesota, the son of Frances A. (Nicholson) and Arthur James Pegler, a local newspaper editor. Pegler, a Roman Catholic, married Julia Harpman, a onetime New York Daily News crime reporter, who was from a Jewish family in Tennessee.[1] Later he married his secretary Maude Wettje. Journalism careerWestbrook Pegler was the youngest American war correspondent during World War I, working for United Press.[2] He became a sports columnist after the war but soon wrote general interest articles. He moved in 1925 to the Chicago Tribune and in 1933 to the Scripps Howard syndicate, where he worked closely with his friend Roy Howard. He built up a large readership for his column 'Mister Pegler' and elicited this observation by Time magazine in its October 10, 1938 issue: At the age of 44, Mr. Mister Pegler's place as the great dissenter for the common man is unchallenged. Six days a week, for an estimated $65,000 a year, in 116 papers reaching nearly 6,000,000 readers, Mister Pegler is invariably irritated, inexhaustibly scornful. Unhampered by coordinated convictions of his own, Pegler applies himself to presidents and peanut vendors with equal zeal and skill. Dissension is his philosophy.[3] In 1941, he won a Pulitzer Prize for exposing criminal racketeering in labor unions. The same year, he finished third (behind Franklin Roosevelt and Joseph Stalin) for Time Magazine's "Man of the Year". He moved his syndicated column to the Hearst syndicate in 1944. Contempt for Franklin RooseveltPegler supported President Franklin Delano Roosevelt initially but, after seeing the rise of fascism in Europe, he warned against the dangers of dictatorship in America and became one of the Roosevelt administration's sharpest critics for what he saw as its abuse of power. Thereafter he rarely missed an opportunity to criticize Roosevelt, his wife Eleanor Roosevelt, or Vice President Henry A. Wallace. The New York Times stated in his obituary that Pegler lamented the failure of would-be assassin Giuseppe Zangara, who missed FDR and killed the mayor of Chicago instead. He "hit the wrong man" when gunning for Franklin Roosevelt.[4] Pegler's views became more conservative in general. He was outraged by the New Deal's support for labor unions, which he considered morally and politically corrupt. Opposition to the New DealAt his peak in the 1930s and 1940s, Pegler was a leading figure in the movement against the New Deal and its allies in the labor movement, such as the National Maritime Union. He compared union advocates of the closed shop to Hitler's "goose-steppers." The National Maritime Union sued Hearst and Associated Press for an article by Pegler, settled out of court for $10,000.[5] In Pegler's view, the corrupt labor boss was the greatest threat to the country. By the 1950s, he was even more outspoken. His proposal for "smashing" the AFL and CIO was for the state to take them over. "Yes, that would be fascism," he wrote. "But I, who detest fascism, see advantages in such fascism."[6] Feud with Eleanor RooseveltAfter 1942 Pegler assailed Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt regularly, calling Mrs. Roosevelt "La boca grande", or "the big mouth". The Roosevelts ignored his writings, at least in public. Recent scholars (including Betty Houchin Winfield, Kenneth O'Reilly, and Richard W. Steele) have reported that Franklin Roosevelt used the FBI for political purposes, and ordered wartime sedition investigations of isolationist and anti-New Deal newspaper publishers (such as William Randolph Hearst and the Chicago Tribunes Robert R. McCormick). On Dec. 10, 1942, FDR, citing evidence Eleanor Roosevelt had gathered, asked the FBI's J. Edgar Hoover to investigate Pegler, which it did; the bureau eventually reported that it had found no sedition.[7] In the end, nothing came of it except a lifelong distaste for Eleanor Roosevelt by Pegler, which he often expressed in his column. Pulitzer Prize and activismIn 1941 Pegler became the first columnist to win a Pulitzer Prize for reporting, for his work in exposing racketeering in Hollywood labor unions, focusing on the criminal career of Willie Bioff and the link between organized crime and unions. Pegler's reporting led to the conviction of George Scalise, the president of the Building Service Employees International Union who had ties to organized crime.[8] Scalise was indicted by New York District Attorney Thomas E. Dewey, charged with extorting $100,000 from employers from three years. Convicted of labor racketeering, Scalise was sentenced to 10–20 years in prison.[9] As historian David Witwer has concluded about Pegler, "He depicted a world where a conspiracy of criminals, corrupt union officials, Communists, and their political allies in the New Deal threatened the economic freedom of working Americans."[10] In the winter of 1947, Pegler started a campaign to draw public attention to the 'Guru Letters' of former Vice-President Henry A. Wallace, claiming they showed Wallace's unfitness for the office of President he had announced he would seek in 1948. Pegler characterized Wallace as a "messianic fumbler," and "off-center mentally." There was a personal confrontation between the two men on the subject at a public meeting in Philadelphia in July 1948. Several reporters, including H.L. Mencken, joined in the increasingly aggressive questioning. Wallace declined to comment on the letters, while labelling some of the reporters "stooges" for Pegler.[11] At the conclusion of the meeting, H.L. Mencken acidly suggested that every person named "Henry" should be put to death, offering to commit suicide if Wallace was executed first. Controversy in later careerIn the 1950s and 1960s, as Pegler's conservative views became more extreme and his writing increasingly shrill, he earned the tag of "the stuck whistle of journalism."[12] He denounced the civil rights movement and in the early 1960s wrote for the John Birch Society, until he was invited to leave because of his extreme views.[13] President Harry Truman in his famous letter to Paul Hume music critic for The Washington Post, referred to Pegler as a guttersnipe, and yet a gentleman compared to Paul Hume, for the latter's criticizing his daughter Margaret's singing. His attack on writer Quentin Reynolds led to a costly libel suit against him and his publishers, as a jury awarded Reynolds $175,001 in damages. In 1962, he lost his contract with King Features Syndicate, owned by Hearst, after he criticized Hearst executives. His late writing appeared sporadically in various publications, including the Birch Society's American Opinion, which used his picture as its cover upon his death. In 1965, referring to Robert F. Kennedy, Pegler wrote: "Some white patriot of the Southern tier will spatter his spoonful of brains in public premises before the snow flies."[14] Kennedy was assassinated three years later, though by a Palestinian Arab. DeathPegler died of stomach cancer in Tucson, Arizona and is interred in the Cemetery of the Gate of Heaven in Hawthorne, New York.[15] ParodiesPegler's distinctive writing style was often the subject of parody. In 1949, Wolcott Gibbs of The New Yorker imagined a Peglerian tirade to a little girl asking whether there was a Santa Claus (parodying the famous "Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus" letter).[16] In the Gibbs/Pegler version, "Santa Claus" was actually Sammy Klein of Red Hook, Brooklyn, and had raped a six-year-old as a deliberate strategy to avoid being drafted into World War I. After joining the Communist Party, he adopted his alias and began his Christmas racket by hijacking trucks with toy shipments. Gibbs' parody opens: You're damn right there is a Santa Claus, Virginia. He lives down the road a piece from me, and my name for him is Comrade Jelly Belly, after a poem composed about him once by an admiring fellow-traveller now happily under the sod.[17] Mad ran a Pegler parody in its February 1957 issue (#31), using the actual title of Pegler's own column from 1944 on, "As Pegler Sees It". Starting with a report on a little kid stealing a bike, it devolved into a long tirade against, among other targets, Roosevelt, Truman, the Falange, organized labor, municipal corruption and Abeline's Boy Scout Troop 18 (AKA the Abraham Lincoln Brigade). The mock column ended with: ... which brought together such Commy-loving cronies as you know what I think of Eleanor Roosevelt. Mad Magazine also parodied him as "Westbank Piglet" in one panel (pg.2) of its first comic book parody Superduperman (issue #4). LegacyInterest in Pegler was revived when a line originally written by him appeared in Republican Vice-Presidential nominee Sarah Palin's acceptance speech at the 2008 Republican National Convention in St. Paul, Minnesota.[19] "We grow good people in our small towns, with honesty and sincerity and dignity", she said, attributing it to "a writer."[20] The speech was written by Matthew Scully, a senior speech writer for George W. Bush.[21] In a column about Palin's use of the quote, Wall Street Journal hostile columnist Thomas Frank claimed Pegler to be an "all-time champion of fake populism".[22] WritingsPegler published three volumes of his collected writings:
Pegler's Literary agent was George T. Bye, who was also Eleanor Roosevelt's agent. See also
References1. ^1 Farr (1975) 2. ^Farr, Finis. Fair Enough: The Life of Westbrook Pegler. 1975, New Rochelle NY: Arlington House. 3. ^"The Press: Mister Pegler", Time, 10 October 1938. 4. ^{{cite news| url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB122100226859616967?mod=hpp_us_inside_today | work=The Wall Street Journal | title=The GOP Loves the Heartland To Death | date=September 10, 2008 | first=Thomas | last=Frank}} 5. ^http://etd.lib.fsu.edu/theses/available/etd-04122008-211559/unrestricted/WaberAThesis.pdf | pages 31 6. ^Pegler column in [https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1368&dat=19540223&id=g0ExAAAAIBAJ&sjid=2w8EAAAAIBAJ&pg=6861,236540 Milwaukee Sentinel Feb. 24, 1954] 7. ^David Witwer, "Westbrook Pegler, Eleanor Roosevelt, and the FBI: A History of Infamous Enmities and Unlikely Collaborations." Journalism History, 2009 Vol. 34, Issue 4 in EBSCO 8. ^http://www.pulitzer.org/bycat/Reporting 9. ^{{cite journal|last=Witwer|first=David|title=The Scandal of George Scalise: A Case Study in the Rise of Labor Racketeering in the 1930s|journal=Journal of Social History|date=Summer 2003|volume=36|issue=4|pages=917–940|doi=10.1353/jsh.2003.0121}} 10. ^Witwer, p.551. 11. ^Pegler's column for July 27th, 1948 'In Which Our Hero Beards 'Guru' Wallace In His Own Den.' 12. ^Emery, Edwin. The Press and America, Prentice-Hall, 1962, pp.569. 13. ^Pilat, Pegler (1973) 14. ^Frank and Mulcahey, Boob Jubilee: The Cultural Politics of the New Economy, W.W. Norton & Co., 2003 pp.358. {{ISBN|9780393057775}} 15. ^{{cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |title=Westbrook Pegler, Columnist, 74, Dies; Westbrook Pegler, Caustic Columnist, Dies at 74 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1969/06/25/archives/westbrook-pegler-columnist-74-dies-westbrook-pegler-caustic.html |quote=Westbrook Pegler, the former newspaper columnist who was known for his caustic attacks on public figures and who won a Pulitzer Prize in 1941 for his exposés of labor union corruption, died here today at the age of 74. |work=The New York Times |date=June 25, 1969 |accessdate=2008-10-12 }} 16. ^Parody of the Virginia O'Hanlon/Francis P. Church exchange in the New York Sun, 1897. 17. ^Collected in More in Sorrow, Wolcott Gibbs, 1958. New York: Henry Holt. 18. ^Mad Magazine #31 19. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/12/opinion/12rich.html|title=The Terrorist Barack Hussein Obama|last=Rich|first=Frank|date=October 11, 2008|publisher=NYTimes.com|accessdate=2008-10-17}} 20. ^{{cite news| url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB122100226859616967?mod=googlenews_wsj | work=The Wall Street Journal | title=The GOP Loves the Heartland To Death | date=September 10, 2008 | first=Thomas | last=Frank|accessdate=2012-11-01}} 21. ^{{cite news| url=http://www.time.com/time/politics/article/0,8599,1838808,00.html | work=Time | title=The Man Behind Palin's Speech | date=September 4, 2008}} 22. ^Thomas Frank: [https://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB122100226859616967 "The GOP Loves the Heartland to Death"]. The Wall Street Journal, September 10, 2008 Further reading
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18 : 1894 births|1969 deaths|American investigative journalists|American Roman Catholics|Burials at Gate of Heaven Cemetery|Writers from Minneapolis|People from Ridgefield, Connecticut|Pulitzer Prize for Reporting winners|Deaths from cancer in Arizona|Deaths from stomach cancer|American war correspondents|John Birch Society|American anti-communists|Old Right (United States)|Catholics from Connecticut|American conservative people|American conspiracy theorists|Anti-crime activists |
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