| 词条 | Book:Cognitive biases |
| 释义 |
|title= |subtitle= |cover-image= |cover-color= | setting-papersize = a4 | setting-toc = auto | setting-columns = 1 }} Cognitive biasesCognitive bias Cognitive bias modification List of cognitive biases Problem 1: Too much informationWe notice things that are already primed in memory or repeated oftenAvailability heuristic Attentional bias Illusory truth effect Mere-exposure effect Cue-dependent forgetting Empathy gap Omission bias Base rate fallacy Bizarre/funny/visually-striking/anthropomorphic things stick out more than non-bizarre/unfunny thingsBizarreness effect Von Restorff effect Picture superiority effect Self-reference effect Negativity bias We notice when something has changedAnchoring Money illusion Framing effect (psychology) Weber–Fechner law Conservatism (belief revision) Distinction bias We are drawn to details that confirm our own existing beliefsConfirmation bias Congruence bias Choice-supportive bias Selective perception Observer-expectancy effect Ostrich effect Subjective validation Semmelweis reflex We notice flaws in others more easily than flaws in ourselvesBias blind spot Naïve cynicism Naïve realism (psychology) Problem 2: Not enough meaningWe find stories and patterns even in sparse dataConfabulation Clustering illusion Insensitivity to sample size Neglect of probability Illusion of validity Masked-man fallacy Recency illusion Gambler's fallacy Hot-hand fallacy Illusory correlation Pareidolia Anthropomorphism We fill in characteristics from stereotypes, generalities, and prior histories whenever there are new specific instances or gaps in informationGroup attribution error Ultimate attribution error Stereotype Essentialism Functional fixedness Moral credential effect Just-world hypothesis Argument from fallacy Authority bias Automation bias Bandwagon effect Placebo We imagine things and people we’re familiar with or fond of as better than things and people we aren’t familiar with or fond ofHalo effect In-group favoritism Out-group homogeneity Cross-race effect Cheerleader effect Well travelled road effect Not invented here Reactive devaluation Positivity effect We simplify probabilities and numbers to make them easier to think aboutMental accounting Normalcy bias Appeal to probability Murphy's law Subadditivity effect Survivorship bias Denomination effect The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two We think we know what others are thinkingCurse of knowledge Illusion of transparency Spotlight effect Illusion of external agency Illusion of asymmetric insight Extrinsic incentives bias We project our current mindset and assumptions onto the past and futureHindsight bias Outcome bias Moral luck Declinism Telescoping effect Rosy retrospection Impact bias Planning fallacy Time-saving bias Pro-innovation bias Affective forecasting Restraint bias Problem 3: Need to act fastIn order to act, we need to be confident in our ability to make an impact and to feel like what we do is importantOverconfidence effect Egocentric bias Social desirability bias Third-person effect Barnum effect Optimism bias Illusion of control False consensus effect Dunning–Kruger effect Hard–easy effect Illusory superiority Lake Wobegon Self-serving bias Fundamental attribution error Defensive attribution hypothesis Trait ascription bias Effort justification Risk compensation In order to stay focused, we favor the immediate, relatable thing in front of us over the delayed and distantHyperbolic discounting Appeal to novelty Identifiable victim effect In order to get anything done, we’re motivated to complete things that we’ve already invested time and energy inSunk costs Escalation of commitment Loss aversion IKEA effect Generation effect Zero-risk bias Disposition effect Pseudocertainty effect Endowment effect In order to avoid mistakes, we’re motivated to preserve our autonomy and status in a group, and to avoid irreversible decisionsSystem justification Reactance (psychology) Reverse psychology Decoy effect Social comparison bias Status quo bias We favor options that appear simple or that have more complete information over more complex, ambiguous optionsAmbiguity effect Information bias (psychology) Belief bias Rhyme-as-reason effect Law of triviality Conjunction fallacy Occam's razor Less-is-better effect Problem 4: What should we remember?We edit and reinforce some memories after the factMisattribution of memory Cryptomnesia Suggestibility Spacing effect We discard specifics to form generalitiesImplicit stereotype Prejudice Fading affect bias We reduce events and lists to their key elementsPeak–end rule Leveling and sharpening Misinformation effect Duration neglect Recall (memory) Modality effect Memory inhibition Serial position effect We store memories differently based on how they were experiencedLevels-of-processing effect Testing effect Absent-mindedness Tip of the tongue Google effect |
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