“Wichita Falls, Texas”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Wichita Falls ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|w|ɪ|tʃ|ɪ|t|aː}} {{respell|WITCH|i|taw}}) is a city in and the county seat of Wichita County, Texas, United States.^[6] It is the principal city of the Wichita Falls Metropolitan Statistical Area, which encompasses all of Archer, Clay, and Wichita Counties. According to the 2010 census, it had a population of 104,553, making it the 35th-most populous city in Texas. In addition, its central business district is 5 miles (8 km) from Sheppard Air Force Base, which is home to the Air Force's largest technical training wing and the Euro-NATO Joint Jet Pilot Training program, the world's only multinationally staffed and managed flying training program chartered to produce combat pilots for both USAF and NATO.

The city is home to the Newby-McMahon Building (otherwise known as the "world's littlest skyscraper"), constructed downtown in 1919 and featured in Robert Ripley's Ripley's Believe It or Not!.

History

The Choctaw Native Americans settled the area in the early 19th century from their native Mississippi area once Americans negotiated to relocate them after the Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek.^[7] American settlers arrived in the 1860s to form cattle ranches. The city was officially titled Wichita Falls on September 27, 1872. On that day, a sale of town lots was held at what is now the corner of Seventh and Ohio Streets – the birthplace of the city.^[8] The Fort Worth & Denver City Railway arrived in September 1882, the same year the city became the county seat of Wichita County.^[7] The city grew westwards from the original FW&DC train depot which was located at the northwest corner of Seventh Street and the FW&DC.^[8] This area is now referred to as the Depot Square Historic District,^[9]^[10] which has been declared a Texas Historic Landmark.^[11]

The early history of Wichita Falls well into the 20th century also rests on the work of two entrepreneurs, Joseph A. Kemp^[12] and his brother-in-law, Frank Kell. Kemp and Kell were pioneers in food processing and retailing, flour milling, railroads, cattle, banking, and oil.^[13]

A flood in 1886 destroyed the original falls on the Wichita River for which the city was named.^[14] After nearly 100 years of visitors wanting to visit the nonexistent falls, the city built an artificial waterfall beside the river in Lucy Park. The recreated falls are {{convert|54|ft|m|abbr=on}} high and recirculate at 3,500 gallons per minute. They are visible to south-bound traffic on Interstate 44.

The city is currently seeking funding to rebuild and restore the downtown area.^[7] Downtown Wichita Falls was the city's main shopping area for many years, but lost ground to the creation of new shopping centers throughout the city beginning with Parker Square in 1953 and other similar developments during the 1960s and 1970s, culminating with the opening of Sikes Senter Mall in 1974.

Wichita Falls was once home to offices of several oil companies and related industries, along with oil refineries operated by the Continental Oil Company (now Conoco Phillips) until 1952 and Panhandle Oil Company American Petrofina) until 1965.^[15] Both firms continued to use a portion of their former refineries as gasoline/oil terminal facilities for many years.

1964 tornado

A devastating tornado hit the north and northwest portions of Wichita Falls along with Sheppard Air Force Base during the afternoon of April 3, 1964. As the first violent tornado on record to hit the Wichita Falls area,^[16] it left seven dead and more than 100 injured. Additionally, the tornado caused roughly $15 million in property damage with about 225 homes destroyed and another 250 damaged. It was rated as an F5, the highest rating on the Fujita scale, but it is overshadowed by the 1979 tornado.^[17]

1979 tornado

An F4 tornado struck the heavily populated southern sections of Wichita Falls in the late afternoon on Tuesday, April 10, 1979 (known locally as "Terrible Tuesday"). It was part of an outbreak that produced 30 tornadoes around the region. Despite having nearly an hour's advance warning that severe weather was imminent, 42 people were killed (25 in vehicles) and 1,800 were injured because it arrived just in time for many people to be driving home from work.^[18] It left 20,000 people homeless and caused $400 million in damage, a U.S. record not topped by an individual tornado until the F5 Moore-Oklahoma City tornado of May 3, 1999.^[19]

Geography and climate

Wichita Falls is about {{convert|15|mi}} south of the border with Oklahoma, {{convert|115|mi|abbr=on}} northwest of Fort Worth, and {{convert|140|mi|abbr=on}} southwest of Oklahoma City. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of {{convert|70.71|sqmi}}, of which {{convert|70.69|sqmi}} are land and {{convert|0.02|sqmi}} (0.03%) is covered by water.^[20]

Wichita Falls experiences a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa), featuring long, very hot and humid summers, and cool winters. The city has some of the highest summer daily maximum temperatures in the entire U.S. outside of the Desert Southwest. Temperatures have hit {{convert|100|°F|0}} as early as March 27 and as late as October 17, but more typically reach that level on 28 days annually, with 102 days of {{convert|90|°F|0}} or higher annually; the average window for the latter mark is April 9–October 10. However, 59 to 60 nights of freezing lows occur, and an average of 4.8 days where the high does not rise above freezing. The monthly daily average temperature ranges from {{convert|42.0|°F|1}} in January to {{convert|84.4|°F|1}} in July. Extremes in temperature have ranged from {{convert|−12|°F|0}} on January 4, 1947, to {{convert|117|°F|0}} on June 28, 1980. Snowfall is sporadic and averages {{convert|4.1|in|cm|abbr=on}} per season, while rainfall is typically greatest in early summer.

In September 2011, Wichita Falls became the first Texas city^[21] to have 100 days of {{convert|100|°F|0}} in one year.{{efn|The previous record was 79 in 1980; a 52-day stretch, June 22 to August 12, of uninterrupted 100°F highs, and 100-day stretch, May 27 to September 3, of interrupted 90°F highs occurred. In addition, the all-time warm daily minimum of {{convert|88|°F|0}} was set on July 26, and June, July, and August of that year were all the hottest on record.^[26]}}

During the 2015 Texas–Oklahoma floods, Wichita Falls broke its all-time record for the wettest month, with 17.00 inches of rain recorded in May 2015.^[22]

Major drought ends

Wichita Falls is no longer experiencing drought conditions. During a three-week period in May 2015, 17 inches of rain filled the city's water-source lakes, Arrowhead and Kickapoo, ending the drought. The lakes went from just below 19% capacity to 100% capacity. The drought began in 2011, when the city experienced 100 days of 100 °F weather and a significant decline in annual rainfall. The city averages 28.5 in of rain a year. In 2011, the city received only 13 in; 2012 had 19.75 in, and in 2013 23 in. The city implemented significant conservation efforts and constructed a direct potable reuse system (DPR) that took treated wastewater, which normally emptied into the Wichita River, and sent it to the water treatment plant, where it was blended with raw lake water and treated a total of five times through various cleaning processes, all approved and monitored by the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality. The blended and treated water was then placed into the water system. City Mayor Glenn Barham explained, "This reuse system will put five million gallons [of water] back in the distribution system each day. The city saves five million gallons from being taken out of the lake." Within 7 months, the DPR produced 1 billion gallons of source water.^[26]^[27]^[28]

Demographics

As of the census^[5] of 2000, 104,197 people, 37,970 households, and 24,984 families resided in the city.^[32] The population density was {{convert|1474.1|PD/sqmi}}. The 41,916 housing units averaged {{convert|593.0|/sqmi}}. The racial makeup of the city was 75.1% White, 12.4% African American, 0.9% Native American, 2.2% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 6.4% from other races, and 3.0% from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 14.0% of the population.^[32]

Of the 37,970 households, 33.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.7% were married couples living together, 12.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.2% were not families. About 28.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.46, and the average family size was 3.04.^[32]

In the city, the population was distributed as 24.7% under the age of 18, 15.2% from 18 to 24, 29.3% from 25 to 44, 18.6% from 45 to 64, and 12.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 106.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 106.7 males.^[32]

The median income for a household in the city was $32,554, and for a family was $39,911. Males had a median income of $27,609 versus $21,877 for females. The per capita income for the city was $16,761. About 10.8% of families and 13.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 17.7% of those under age 18 and 10.3% of those age 65 or over.^[32]

Economy

Top employers

According to Wichita Falls Chamber of Commerce, the top employers in the city are:

Media

Wichita Falls is part of a bi-state media market that also includes the nearby, smaller city of Lawton, Oklahoma. According to Nielsen Media Research estimates for the 2016–17 season, the market – which encompasses ten counties in western north Texas and six counties in southwestern Oklahoma, has 152,950 households with at least one television set, making it the 148th-largest television market in the United States; the market also has an average of 120,200 radio listeners ages 12 and over, making it the 250th largest radio market in the nation.^[33]^[34]

Newspapers

Television stations

By default, KERA-TV out of Dallas–Fort Worth serves as the default PBS member station for Wichita Falls via a translator station on UHF channel 44.

Radio stations

Sports and recreation

Recreation

Lake Wichita

Nearby Lake Wichita was dredged in 1901 at a cost of $175,000 through the efforts of entrepreneur Joseph Kemp. The {{convert|234|acre|ha|adj=on}} Lake Wichita Park is on the north shore of the lake. This park offers a 2.6-mile concrete hiking and bicycling trail that runs from the southern tip of the park at Fairway Avenue to the dam. The trail resumes northward to Lucy Park. The park has a playground, basketball courts, and multiple picnic areas. The 10-unit picnic shelter can seat 60 people and is available for rent. The park also has two lighted baseball and two lighted softball fields, three lighted football fields, and an 18-hole disc golf course. The park has the only model airplane landing strip in the Texas state park system. An off-leash dog park is available.^[35]

Because of drought, the fish population in Lake Wichita has been damaged by golden algae blooms and periods of low dissolved oxygen. Therefore, the lake was not recommended in 2013 as a destination for fishing.^[36] When available, the fish population consists mostly of white bass, hybrid striped bass, channel catfish, and white crappie. Camping facilities are also available.^[37]

Lucy Park

Lucy Park is a {{convert|170|acre|ha|adj=on}} park with a log cabin, duck pond, swimming pool, playground, frisbee golf course, and picnic areas. It has multiple paved walkways suitable for walking, running, biking, or rollerskating, including a river walk that goes to a recreation of the original falls for which the city was named (the original falls were destroyed in a 19th-century flood; the new falls were built in response to numerous tourist requests to visit the "Wichita Falls"). It is one of 37 parks throughout the city. The parks range in size from small neighborhood facilities to the 258 acres of Weeks Park featuring the Champions Course at Weeks Park, an 18-hole golf course. In addition, an off-leash dog park is within Lake Wichita Park and a skatepark adjacent to the city's softball complex. Also, unpaved trails for off-road biking and hiking are available.{{Citation needed|date=October 2010}}

Hotter'N Hell Hundred

Wichita Falls is the home of the annual Hotter'N Hell Hundred, the largest single day century bicycle ride in the United States and one of the largest races in the world. The race started as a way for the city to celebrate its centennial in 1982. The race takes place over a weekend in August, and there are multiple events for people participate in^[38].

Sports

In 2014, the Wichita Falls Nighthawks, an indoor football team, joined the Indoor Football League^[39] but suspended operations after the 2017 season.

The city has also been home to a number of semi-professional, developmental, and minor league sports teams, including the Wichita Falls Drillers, a semi-pro football team that has won numerous league titles and a national championship; Wichita Falls Kings (formerly known as Wichita Falls Razorbacks), the professional basketball team Wichita Falls Texans of the Continental Basketball Association; Wichita Falls Fever in the Lone Star Soccer Alliance (1989–92); the Wichita Falls Spudders baseball team in the Texas League; the Wichita Falls Wildcats (formerly the Wichita Falls Rustlers) of the North American Hockey League, an American Tier II junior hockey league; and the Wichita Falls Roughnecks (formerly the Graham Roughnecks) of the Texas Collegiate League.{{Citation needed|date=October 2010}} The Dallas Cowboys held training camp in Wichita Falls during the late 1990s. However, the sustainability of minor or rookie league sports franchises in the Wichita Falls region have a questionable future.^[40]

The Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame relocated to Wichita Falls from Amsterdam, New York, in November 2015.

Mark Rippetoe, a popular strength coach and author of Starting Strength – Basic Barbell Training, resides in Wichita Falls and owns the black-iron gym, the Wichita Falls Athletic Club.

Witchita Falls is also home to the Witchita Falls youth ballet, and the Witchita Falls ballet theater founded in the 50's by Frank and Irena Pal(of europe).

Government

Local government

The mayor of Wichita Falls is Stephen Santellana, who was elected in 2016 and re-elected in 2018. The Wichita Falls City Council has six members: District 1-Stephen Santellana, District 2-DeAndra Chenault, District 3-Jeff Browning, District 4-Tim Ingle, District 5-Tom Quintero, and Councilor-at-Large-Michael Smith. The city manager is Darron Leiker.

State and federal politics

Wichita Falls is located in the 69th district of the Texas House of Representatives. Lanham Lyne, a Republican, represented the district from 2011 to 2013; he was the mayor of Wichita Falls from 2005 to 2010. When Lyne declined to seek a second term in 2012, voters chose another Republican, James Frank. Wichita Falls is located in the 30th district of the Texas Senate. Craig Estes, a Republican, has held the senate seat since 2001. Wichita Falls is part of Texas's 13th congressional district for the U.S. House of Representatives. Mac Thornberry, a Republican, has held this seat since 1995.

The Texas Department of Criminal Justice James V. Allred Unit is located in Wichita Falls, {{convert|4|mi|km|abbr=on}} northwest of downtown Wichita Falls. The prison is named for former Governor James V. Allred, a Democrat and a native of Bowie, Texas, who lived early in his career in Wichita Falls.^[43] The United States Postal Service operates the Wichita Falls Post Office, the Morningside Post Office, the Bridge Creek Post Office, and the Sheppard Air Force Base Post Office.^[44]

Education

Wichita Falls is home to Midwestern State University, an accredited four-year college and the only independent liberal arts college in Texas offering both bachelor's and master's degrees. A local branch of nearby Vernon College offers two-year degrees, certificate programs, and workforce development programs, and also Wayland Baptist University, offering both bachelor's and master's degrees, whose main branch is located in Plainview, Texas.

Public primary and secondary education is covered by the Wichita Falls Independent School District, and the City View Independent School District. The several parochial schools include Notre Dame Catholic school. Other private schools operate in the city, as does an active home-school community. Many of the local elementary schools participate in the Head Start program for preschool-aged children.

Two schools in the Wichita Falls ISD participate in the International Baccalaureate programs. Hirschi High School offers the IB Diploma Programme, and G.H. Kirby Junior High School for the Middle Years Programme. Other public high schools are Wichita Falls High School and S. H. Rider High School (Wichita Falls ISD) and City View High School (City View ISD).

Transportation

Highways

Wichita Falls is the western terminus for Interstate 44. U.S. Highways leading to or through Wichita Falls include 287, 277, 281, and 82. State Highway 240 ends at Wichita Falls and State Highway 79 runs through it. Wichita Falls has one of the largest freeway mileages for a city of its size{{Citation needed|date=October 2010}} as a result of a 1954 bond issue approved by city and county voters to purchase rights-of-way for several expressway routes through the city and county, the first of which was opened in 1958 as an alignment of U.S. 287 from Eighth Street at Broad and Holliday Streets northwestward across the Wichita River and bisecting Lucy and Scotland Parks to the Old Iowa Park Road, the original U.S. 287 alignment.{{Citation needed|date=October 2010}} That was followed by other expressway links including U.S. 82–287 east to Henrietta (completed in 1968), U.S. 281 south toward Jacksboro (completed 1969), U.S. 287 northwest to Iowa Park and Electra (opened 1962), Interstate 44 north to Burkburnett and the Red River (opened 1964), and Interstate 44 from Old Iowa Park Road to U.S. 287/Spur 325 interchange on the city's north side along with Spur 325 from I-44/U.S. 287 to the main gate of Sheppard Air Force Base (both completed as a single project in 1960). However, cross-country traffic for many years had to contend with several ground-level intersections and traffic lights over Holliday and Broad Streets near the downtown area for about 13 blocks between connecting expressway links until a new elevated freeway running overhead was completed in 2001.{{Citation needed|date=October 2010}}

Efforts to create an additional freeway along the path of Kell Boulevard for U.S. 82–277 began in 1967 with the acquisition of right-of-way that included a former railroad right-of-way and the first project including construction of the present frontage roads completed in 1977, followed by freeway lanes, overpasses, and on/off ramps in 1989 from just east of Brook Avenue west to Kemp Boulevard; similar projects west from Kemp to Barnett Road in 2001 followed by Barnett Road west past FM 369 in 2010 to tie in which a project now underway to transform U.S. 277 into a continuous four-lane expressway between Wichita Falls and Abilene.{{Citation needed|date=October 2010}}^[45]

Ground transportation

Air transportation

The Wichita Falls Municipal Airport is served by American Eagle, with four flights daily to the Dallas-Fort Worth International Airport. The Kickapoo Downtown Airport and the Wichita Valley Airport serve smaller, private planes.

Landmarks

Notable people

See also

Notes

References

1. ^{{cite web |title=Wichita Falls mayor speaks to Wichita County Republican Women |url=https://www.timesrecordnews.com/story/news/local/2018/08/20/wichita-falls-mayor-speaks-wichita-county-republican-women/1045668002/ |website=Wichita Falls |accessdate=24 March 2019 |language=en}}
2. ^¹{{GNIS|1376776}}
3. ^¹{{cite web|title=Population Estimates|url=https://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2013/SUB-EST2013-3.html|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=2014-09-04}}
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5. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://factfinder2.census.gov|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=2008-01-31|title=American FactFinder}}
6. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx|accessdate=2011-06-07|title=Find a County|publisher=National Association of Counties}}
7. ^¹²{{cite web|url= http://wichita-falls-texas.com/history/|title=Wichita Falls History|work=WichitaFallsTexas.com|accessdate=October 4, 2010}}
8. ^¹{{cite news|title=Full circle: residences, businesses returning to spot where Wichita Falls began|author=Richard Carter|newspaper=Wichita Falls Times Record News|issn=0895-6138|page=A1|publisher=E. W. Scripps Company|location=Wichita Falls, Texas|date=November 29, 2005|quote=They say business and people have been moving westward in Wichita Falls ever since the city was born on Sept. 27, 1872. The birthplace of the city-the corner of Seventh and Ohio Streets, where the original town lot sale was held – is once again blossoming with renovated apartment buildings, new businesses and increased traffic.|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=WFTB&p_theme=wftb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_text_search-0=residences,%20AND%20businesses%20AND%20returning%20AND%20to%20AND%20spot%20AND%20where%20AND%20Wichita%20AND%20Falls%20AND%20began&s_dispstring=residences,%20businesses%20returning%20to%20spot%20where%20Wichita%20Falls%20began%20AND%20date(11/1/2005%20to%2012/1/2005)&p_field_date-0=YMD_date&p_params_date-0=date:B,E&p_text_date-0=11/1/2005%20to%2012/1/2005)&xcal_numdocs=20&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&xcal_useweights=no|accessdate=2010-10-09}}
9. ^{{cite news|title=Cowboys Mosey On, But Littlest Skyscraper Remains|author=Bill Whitaker|newspaper=Abilene Reporter-News|issn=0199-3267|publisher=E. W. Scripps Company|location=Abilene, Texas|date=August 20, 1998|quote=But when the building was done, investors discovered the skyscraper was only 30 feet tall, 18 feet deep and 10 feet wide. And of the reportedly $200,000 sunk into the skyscraper's construction – well, that was plainly gone with the wind.|url=http://www.texnews.com/1998/brazos/bill0820.html|accessdate=2010-10-09}}
10. ^{{cite journal|title=Legend of the World's Littlest Skyscraper|author=Carlton Stowers|journal=Texas Co-Op Power|volume=65|issue=1|page=25|publisher=Texas Electric Cooperatives|location=Austin, Texas|year=July 2008|url=http://www.texascooppower.com/content/tcp0807.pdf|accessdate=2010-10-09}}
11. ^{{cite news|title=Historic District Could Expand|author=Le Templar|newspaper=Wichita Falls Times Record News|issn=0895-6138|page=A1|publisher=E. W. Scripps Company|location=Wichita Falls, Texas|date=March 19, 1999|quote=The Wichita Falls Landmark Commission wants to more than double the size of the downtown historic district in an effort to slow the loss of buildings that proclaim the city's heritage. Commission members voted unanimously Thursday for expanding the district to include a total of 77 buildings on Indiana and Ohio streets.|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=WFTB&p_theme=wftb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_text_search-0=Historic%20AND%20District%20AND%20Could%20AND%20Expand&s_dispstring=Historic%20District%20Could%20Expand%20AND%20date(3/1/1999%20to%204/1/1999)&p_field_date-0=YMD_date&p_params_date-0=date:B,E&p_text_date-0=3/1/1999%20to%204/1/1999)&xcal_numdocs=20&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&xcal_useweights=no|accessdate=2010-10-09}}
12. ^{{cite web|url=https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fke14|title=Brian Hart, "Joseph Alexander Kemp"|publisher=Texas State Historical Association online|accessdate=April 15, 2013}}
13. ^{{cite web|url=https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fke07|title=Kell, Frank|publisher=The Handbook of Texas|accessdate=April 16, 2013}}
14. ^[https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/rnw06 "WICHITA RIVER"], Handbook of Texas Online, accessed April 12, 2013. Published by the Texas State Historical Association. See also: [https://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo16678 Assessment of Channel Changes, Models of Historical Floods and Effects of Backwater on Flood Stage, and Flood Mitigation Alternatives for the Wichita River at Wichita Falls, Texas] United States Geological Survey
15. ^{{citeweb|url=http://www.totalpetrochemicalsrefiningusa.com/who_we_are/history.asp|title=Who We Are}}
16. ^{{cite web|title=Wichita Falls, TX Tornadoes (1900-Present)|url=http://www.weather.gov/oun/tornadodata-city-tx-wichita_falls|publisher=National Weather Service Norman, Oklahoma|accessdate=March 23, 2017}}
17. ^{{cite book|last=Grazulis|first=Thomas P.|title=Significant tornadoes, 1680-1991: A Chronology an Analysis of Events|year=1993|publisher=Environmental Films|location=St. Johnsbury, Vt.|isbn=1-879362-03-1|page=1050}}
18. ^{{cite web|title=Synopsis and Discussion of the 10 April 1979 Tornado Outbreak|publisher=National Weather Service Norman, Oklahoma|date=January 19, 2010|url=http://www.weather.gov/oun/events-19790410-burgess|accessdate=March 14, 2011}}
19. ^{{cite web|title=The Great Plains Tornado Outbreak of May 3-4, 1999|publisher=National Weather Service Norman, Oklahoma|date=November 20, 2009|url=http://www.weather.gov/oun/events-19990503|accessdate=December 4, 2009}}
20. ^{{cite web|title=Geographic Comparison Table- Texas|work=American Fast Facts|publisher=United States Census Bureau|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/GCTTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=04000US48&-_box_head_nbr=GCT-PH1&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U&-redoLog=false&-mt_name=PEP_2008_EST_GCTT1R_ST9S&-format=ST-7| accessdate=January 29, 2010}}
21. ^LiveScience. Accessed 2014-05-06
22. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-nation/wp/2015/05/26/after-massive-storms-in-oklahoma-and-texas-at-least-six-people-and-tens-of-thousands-without-power/|title=After massive storms in Oklahoma and Texas, at least nine killed and 30 people missing|date=26 May 2015|author=Washington Post}}
23. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://www.nws.noaa.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=oun |title=National Weather Service Climate |publisher=Nws.noaa.gov |date=July 21, 2006 |accessdate=2012-04-21}}
24. ^{{cite web |url = ftp://ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/1981-2010/products/station/USW00013966.normals.txt |title = Station Name: TX WICHITA FALLS MUNI AP |publisher = National Climatic Data Center |accessdate = 2014-05-05}}
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26. ^{{cite news|title=Texas City Working To Turn Sewer Water Into Tap Water|url=http://dfw.cbslocal.com/2014/02/26/texas-city-working-to-turn-sewer-water-into-tap-water/|accessdate=27 February 2014|newspaper=CBS Dallas Fort Worth|date=26 February 2014}}
27. ^{{cite news|last=Alex|first=Greig|title=From flush to faucet: Drought-stricken Texas town turning sewer water into drinking water |url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2569289/From-flush-faucet-Drought-stricken-Texas-town-turning-sewer-water-drinking-water.html|accessdate=27 February 2014|newspaper=Daily Mail|date=27 February 2014}}
28. ^{{cite news|last=SATIJA|first=NEENA|title=Texans Answer Call to Save Water, Only to Face Higher Rates|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/09/us/texans-answer-call-to-save-water-only-to-face-higher-rates.html?_r=0|accessdate=27 February 2014|newspaper=New York Times|date=8 February 2014}}
29. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/data/tables.2016.html|title=Population and Housing Unit Estimates|accessdate=June 9, 2017}}
30. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/prod/www/abs/decennial/|title=U.S. Decennial Census|publisher=Census.gov|accessdate=2012-04-21}}
31. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.texasalmanac.com/sites/default/files/images/CityPopHist%20web.pdf|title=Texas Almanac: City Population History 1850–2000|format=PDF|accessdate=2012-04-21}}
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