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词条 Bathsheba
释义

  1. Biblical narrative

  2. Judaism

      Relationship to Ahithophel    In rabbinic literature  

  3. Christianity

  4. Islam

  5. Critical commentary

  6. Cultural references

     Art – Bathsheba in her bath  Literature  Film  Musical 

  7. See also

  8. Notes

  9. References

  10. Sources

  11. Bibliography

  12. External links

{{short description|Biblical figure}}{{for|the town in Barbados|Bathsheba, Barbados}}{{redirect|David and Bathsheba|the film|David and Bathsheba (film)}}{{Infobox royalty|consort=yes
| name=Bathsheba
| title=
| image=Willem Drost - Batsheba met de brief van koning David.jpg
| caption=Bathsheba holding king David's letter by Willem Drost, 1654, Louvre Museum
| succession= Queen consort of Israel
| house = House of David
| spouse= Uriah the Hittite
King David
| issue=Unnamed son
Solomon
Nathan
Shammua
Shobab
| father= Eliam
| mother= Unknown
| religion= Judaism
}}

Bathsheba{{efn|({{IPAc-en|b|æ|θ|ˈ|ʃ|iː|b|ə}} or {{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|æ|θ|ʃ|ɪ|b|ə}}; {{lang-he|בַּת שֶׁבַע}}, Baṯ-šeḇa‘, "daughter of Sheba" or "daughter of the oath")[1]}} was the wife of Uriah the Hittite and later of David, according to the Hebrew Bible. She is most known for the biblical narrative in which she was summoned by King David, who had seen her bathing and lusted after her. She was the mother of Solomon, who succeeded David as king, making her the Queen mother.

Biblical narrative

Bathsheba was the daughter of Eliam ({{bibleverse|2|Samuel|11:3|HE}}, Ammiel in {{bibleverse|1|Chronicles|3:5|HE}}). An Eliam is mentioned in {{bibleverse|2|Samuel|23:34|HE}} as the son of Ahithophel, who is described as the Gilonite. Bathsheba was the wife of Uriah the Hittite.

David's first interactions with Bathsheba are described in {{bibleverse|2|Samuel|11|NASB}}, and are omitted in the Books of Chronicles. David, while walking on the roof of his palace, saw a very beautiful woman bathing. He ordered enquiries and found out that she was Bathsheba, wife of Uriah. He desired her and later made her pregnant. The text in the Bible does not explicitly state whether Bathsheba consented to sex.[2][3][4]

In an effort to conceal his sin, David summoned Uriah from the army (with whom he was on campaign) in the hope that Uriah would have sex with her and think that the child belongs to him. But Uriah was unwilling to violate the ancient kingdom rule applying to warriors in active service.[5] Rather than go home to his own bed, he preferred to remain with the palace troops.

After repeated efforts to convince Uriah to have sex with Bathsheba the king gave the order to his general, Joab, that Uriah should be placed on the front lines of the battle, where Uriah would be more likely to die. David had Uriah himself carry the message that led to his death. After Uriah had been killed, David married Bathsheba.

David's action was displeasing to the Lord, who sent Nathan the prophet to reprove the king. After relating the parable of the rich man who took away the one little ewe lamb of his poor neighbor ({{bibleverse|2 Samuel|12:1–6|KJV}}), and exciting the king's anger against the unrighteous act, the prophet applied the case directly to David's action with regard to Bathsheba. The king at once confessed his sin and expressed sincere repentance. Bathsheba's first child by David was struck with a severe illness and died, unnamed, a few days after birth, which the king accepted as his punishment. Nathan also noted that David's house would be punished for Uriah's murder.

Bathsheba later gave birth to David's son Solomon. In David's old age, Bathsheba secured the succession to the throne by Solomon instead of David's elder surviving sons by his other wives, such as Chileab ({{bibleverse|2|Samuel|3:1–6|HE}}), Adonijah ({{bibleverse|1|Kings|1:11–31|HE}}) and others ({{bibleverse|2|Samuel|3:1–6|HE}}). David's punishment came to pass years later when one of David's much-loved sons, Absalom, led an insurrection that plunged the kingdom into civil war. Moreover, to manifest his claim to be the new king, Absalom had sexual intercourse in public with ten of his father's concubines, which could be considered a direct, tenfold divine retribution for David's taking the woman of another man in secret ({{bibleverse|2 Samuel|16:20–23|KJV}}).

Judaism

Relationship to Ahithophel

John Gill mentions that in Rabbinic literature Bathsheba is supposed to have been the granddaughter of Ahitophel.[7] The argument is that she is called the daughter of Eliam in 2 Sam. 11:3, and 2 Sam 23:34 mentions an Eliam, the son of Ahithophel the Gilonite, one of David's "thirty". The assumption is then that these two Eliams are the same person.

However in 1 Chronicles the names are very different: Bathsheba is called Bathshua the daughter of Ammiel in 1 Chronicles 3:5. And in the list of David's thirty in 1 Chronicles 11:36 we have Ahijah the Pelonite.[7] Some have also questioned whether Ahithophel would have been old enough to have a granddaughter.[8]

In rabbinic literature

Bathsheba was the granddaughter of Ahithophel, David's famous counselor. The Haggadah states that Ahithophel was misled by his knowledge of astrology into believing himself destined to become king of Israel. He therefore induced Absalom to commit an unpardonable crime ({{bibleverse|2 Sam.|16:21|KJV}}), which sooner or later would have brought with it, according to Jewish law, the penalty of death; the motive for this advice being to remove Absalom, and thus to make a way for himself to the throne. His astrological information had been, however, misunderstood by him; for in reality it only predicted that his granddaughter, Bathsheba, the daughter of his son Eliam, would become queen (Sanh. 101b, YalḲ. Sam. § 150).[9]

The Midrash portrays the influence of Satan bringing about the sinful relation of David and Bathsheba as follows: Bathsheba was bathing, perhaps behind a screen of wickerwork. Satan is depicted as coming in the disguise of a bird. David, shooting at the bird, strikes the screen, splitting it; thus Bathsheba is revealed in her beauty to David (Sanhedrin 107a).

Christianity

In {{bibleref2|Matthew|1:6}}, "the wife of Uriah" is mentioned as one of the ancestors of Jesus.

Bathsheba is recognized as the archetypal example of the Queen Mother, foreshadowing the role of the Blessed Virgin Mary as Queen of Heaven. Bathsheba's son, King Solomon, rises to greet her, bows down in veneration, and furnishes her a seat at his right hand. This demonstrates her exalted status and share in the royal kingdom.[10] Bathsheba acts as intercessor for her subjects, delivering their petitions to the King: "Pray ask King Solomon—he will not refuse you—to give me Abishag the Shunammite as my wife".[11][12][13][14][15][16]

When Jesus founds the Church, he maintains continuity with his hereditary House of David: Mary, who is mother of Christ the King, is accorded the highly-favored status in Catholicism as the Queen Mother in the Kingdom of God, and continues to intercede on behalf of the faithful who pray to her.[12][13][17][18]

Islam

In Islam David is considered to be a prophet, and some Islamic tradition views the Bible story as incompatible with the principle of infallibility (Ismah) of the prophets. A hadith quoted in Tafsir al-Kabir and Majma' al-Bayan expresses that Ali bin Abi Talib said: "Whoever says that David, has married Uriah's wife as the legends are narrate, I will punish him twice: one for qazf (falsely accusing someone of adultery) and the other for desecrating the prophethood (defamation of prophet David)".[19]

Another hadith narrated from Shia scholars states that Ali Al-Ridha, during the discussions with the scholars of other religions about prophets' infallibility, asked one of them, "What do you say about David?" he said "David was praying, when a beautiful bird appeared in front of him, and David left his prayer and went after the bird. While David was walking on the roof of his palace, he saw Bathsheba having a bath... so David placed her husband in the front lines of the battlefield, in order to get killed, so that he could marry Bathsheba." Ali Al-Ridha got upset and said: "Inna Lillahi wa inna ilaihi raji'un, you assign sluggishness in prayer to the prophet of God, and then accuse him of unchastity, and then charge him with the murder of an innocent man!"

He asked "so what is the story of Uriah?" and Ali Al-Ridha said "At that time, women whose husbands passed away or got killed in the war would never get married again (and this was the source of many evils). David was the first person to break this tradition. So after Uriah was incidentally killed in the war, David married his wife, but people could hardly accept this anomalous marriage (and subsequently legends were made about this marriage.)[20]

Critical commentary

Bathsheba's name appears in {{bibleverse|1 Chronicles|3:5|NASB}} spelled "Bath-shua", the form becomes merely a variant reading of "Bath-sheba". The passages in which Bath-sheba is mentioned are {{bibleverse|2 Samuel|11:2–12:24|NASB}}, and {{bibleverse|1 Kings|1:2|NASB}}—both of which are parts of the oldest stratum of the books of Samuel and Kings, part of that court history of David, written by someone who stood very near the events and who did not idealize David. The material contained in it is of higher historical value than that in the later strata of these books. Budde later connected it with the Jahwist document of the Hexateuch.[21]

The only interpolations that concern the story of Bathsheba are some verses in the early part of the twelfth chapter, that heighten the moral tone of Nathan's rebuke of David. According to Karl Budde the interpolated portion is 12: 7, 8, and 10–12; according to Friedrich Schwally and H. P. Smith, the whole of 12: 1–15a is an interpolation, and 12:. 15b should be joined directly to 11: 27. This does not directly affect the narrative concerning Bathsheba herself. 1 Chronicles omits all reference to the way in which Bathsheba became David's wife, and gives only the names of her children in {{bibleverse|1 Chronicles|3:5|NASB}} -- Shimea, Shobab, Nathan, and Solomon.[21]

The father of Bathsheba was Eliam ("Ammiel" in {{bibleverse|1 Chronicles|3:5|NASB}}). As this was also the name of a son of Ahithophel, one of David's heroes ({{bibleverse|2 Samuel|23:34|NASB}}), perhaps Bathsheba was a granddaughter of Ahithophel and that the latter's desertion of David at the time of Absalom's rebellion was in revenge for David's conduct toward Bathsheba.[22]

Kenneth E. Bailey interprets the passage from a different perspective: he says that David's Jerusalem was tightly packed and Bathsheba's house may have been as close as twenty feet away from David's rooftop; people in ancient times were exceptionally modest about their bodies, so he suggests that Bathsheba displayed herself deliberately, so that instead of being an innocent victim, it was actually she who seduced David in order to rid herself of Uriah, and move in with King David.[23]

David summoned Bathsheba for sex.[24][25][26] Lawrence O. Richards states that the biblical text supports the innocence of Bathsheba, that David took the initiative to find out her identity and summon her, and that she was alone at the time and had no way to refuse the requests of a King.[24] David J. Zucker writes that "[s]he is a victim of 'power rape'".[26] Andrew J. Schmutzer stated that "David's 'taking' Bathsheba makes him responsible for her coming to him."[27] Antony F. Campbell states "The 'violation of Bathsheba' may be the least unsatisfactory terminology, especially given the ambivalence of the text's storytelling."[2] According to Michael D. Coogan, the faulting of David is made clear in the text from the very beginning: "It was springtime, the time when kings go forth to war... but David remained in Jerusalem" ({{bibleverse|2 Samuel|11:1|NASB}}); if David had been away at war, the incident would not have taken place.[28]

The Bathsheba incident leads to a shift in the book's perspective; afterwards David "is largely at the mercy of events rather than directing them".[29] He is no longer able to control his family, and ends up being overthrown by Absalom. And in {{bibleverse|2 Samuel|13|NASB}} the story of David's son Amnon's rape of his sister Tamar, told so soon after the incident of Bathsheba, seems to draw a parallel between the sexual misconduct of father and son.[30]

{{Clear}}

Cultural references

Art – Bathsheba in her bath

Bathsheba at her Bath is the formal name for the subject in art showing Bathsheba bathing, watched by King David. In art the subject is one of the most commonly shown in the Power of Women topos. As an opportunity to feature a large female nude as the focus of a history painting, the subject was popular from the Renaissance onwards. Sometimes Bathsheba's maids, or the "messengers" sent by David are shown, and often a distant David watching from his roof. The messengers are sometimes confused with David himself, but most artists follow the Bible in keeping David at a distance in this episode.

Paintings with articles include:

  • Bathsheba at Her Bath (Rembrandt), Louvre, the most famous painting of the subject.
  • Bathsheba at her Bath (Veronese), 1575, Musée des Beaux-Arts de Lyon, France. Atypically, Bathsheba is clothed in this.

Literature

  • 1588 David and Bethsabe, a play by George Peele
  • 1874 The story of Bathsheba, David and Uriah is echoed in Thomas Hardy's novel Far from the Madding Crowd.
  • 1893 The Sherlock Holmes story The Adventure of the Crooked Man uses the David/Bathsheba story as its main structure.
  • 1984 The tragicomedic novel God Knows written by Joseph Heller. Narrated by king David, purports to be his deathbed memoirs; however, not recounted in a straightforward fashion, the storyline is often hilariously fractured, exploring David's childhood herding sheep, the prophet Samuel, Goliath, King Saul, Jonathan (and homosexual innuendoes), Bathsheba and Uriah, the Psalms, the treachery of Absalom, Solomon, with even the occasional display of David betraying a knowledge of the future and Heaven.
  • 2015 The life of King David, as narrated by the prophet Nathan, and including the story of Uriah and Bathsheba, is the subject of the novel The Secret Chord by Geraldine Brooks.[31]

Film

Bathsheba has been portrayed by:

  • Susan Hayward in the film David and Bathsheba (1951),
  • Rosalind Elias in the TV premier of Ezra Laderman's opera/cantata And David Wept (1971) [32]
  • Jane Seymour in the TV film The Story of David (1976).[33]
  • Alice Krige in the film King David (1985),
  • Melia Kreiling in the TV miniseries The Bible (2013).

Musical

  • David, and Bathsheba (who is unnamed), are referenced, in the Leonard Cohen song "Hallelujah" (released 1985) ("you saw her bathing on the roof, her beauty in the moonlight overthrew you").[34][35]
  • The song "Dead" from the 1989 album Doolittle by the Pixies depicts David's lust for Bathsheba, the pregnancy resulting from their adultery, and Uriah's demise. Bathsheba and Uriah are mentioned by name.[36]
  • "Mad About You", a song on Sting's 1991 album The Soul Cages, explores David's obsession with Bathsheba from David's perspective,[37]

See also

  • A Lineage of Grace, a series of novellas including Unspoken: Bathsheba
  • Category:Paintings depicting Bathsheba
  • King Lemuel
  • List of films based on military books (pre-1775)#Battle of the Valley of Elah: film David and Bathsheba

Notes

{{notelist}}

References

1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/bathsheba?showCookiePolicy=true|title=Bathsheba|accessdate=24 September 2014|publisher=Collins Dictionary|date=n.d.}}
2. ^1 {{cite book|author=Antony F. Campbell|title=2 Samuel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FgmyJVkci14C&pg=PA104|year=2005|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing|isbn=978-0-8028-2813-2|pages=104–}}
3. ^{{cite book|author=Sara M. Koenig|title=Isn't This Bathsheba?: A Study in Characterization|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O4ZMAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA69|date=2011|publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers|isbn=978-1-60899-427-4|pages=69–}}
4. ^{{cite book|author=Antony F. Campbell|title=Joshua to Chronicles: An Introduction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vQEcTgQuP94C&pg=PA161|year=2004|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|isbn=978-0-664-25751-4|pages=161–}}
5. ^{{cite book|author=William Robertson Smith|title=Lectures on the Religion of the Semites: First Series. The Fundamental Institutions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WPANAQAAIAAJ|year=1889|publisher=A. and C. Black|page=465}}
6. ^{{cite web| editors =Morris Eaves, Robert N. Essick, and Joseph Viscomi |url = http://www.blakearchive.org/exist/blake/archive/object.xq?objectid=but390.1.pt.01&vg=biblicaltemperas&vcontext=biblicaltemperas&landing=object&titles=&java=no&mode=vcopy| title = Bathsheba at the Bath, object 1 (Butlin 390) "Bathsheba at the Bath"| accessdate = December 26, 2013|publisher = William Blake Archive}}
7. ^1 {{Cite web|url=http://www.biblestudytools.com/commentaries/gills-exposition-of-the-bible/2-samuel-23-34.html|title=2 Samuel 23:34 Commentary – John Gill's Exposition of the Bible|website=Bible Study Tools|access-date=2017-08-27}}
8. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.internationalstandardbible.com/A/ahithophel.html|title=Ahithophel in the International Standard Bible Encyclopedia.|website=International Standard Bible Encyclopedia Online|language=en|access-date=2017-08-27}}
9. ^"Ahitophel", Jewish Encyclopedia
10. ^{{bibleref2|1 Kings 2:19–20|NRSV}}
11. ^{{bibleref2|1 Kings 2:17|NRSV}}
12. ^1 https://www.catholic.com/magazine/print-edition/is-marys-queenship-biblical
13. ^1 https://www.catholic.com/magazine/online-edition/is-there-a-queen-in-the-kingdom-of-heaven-pt-ii
14. ^Kirwin, George F. The Nature of the Queenship of Mary, 1973.
15. ^Rossier, Francois. L'intercession entre les hommes dans la bible hebraique by Francois Rossier, 1997.
16. ^Sri, Edward. Queen Mother: A Biblical Theology of Mary's Queenship, 2005. pp. 49-53.
17. ^Sri, Edward. Queen Mother: A Biblical Theology of Mary's Queenship, 2005. p. 72.
18. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.ewtn.com/expert/answers/mother.htm|title=Mary, Mother of God and Queen of Heaven|website=www.ewtn.com|access-date=2018-08-02}}
19. ^"عن سعيد بن المسيب أن علي بن أبي طالب كرم اللّه تعالى وجهه قال: «من حدثكم بحديث داود على ما يرويه القصّاص جلدته مائة و ستين(جلّدته مائة جلدة مضاعفا) و هو حد الفرية على الأنبياء»" (Tafsir al-Kabir, al-Razi, vol. 26, p. 379; Ruh al-Ma'ani, vol. 12, p. 178; Tafsir al-Muraghi, vol. 23, p. 111.)
"روي عن أمير المؤمنين (ع) أنه قال لا أوتى برجل يزعم أن داود تزوج امرأة أوريا إلا جلدته حدين حدا للنبوة و حدا للإسلام" (Tafsir Majma' al-Bayan, vol 8, p 736.)"لأنّ المزاعم المذكورة تتّهم من جهة إنسانا مؤمنا بارتكاب عمل محرّم، و من جهة اخرى تنتهك حرمة مقام النبوّة، و من هنا حكم الإمام بجلد من يفتري عليه عليه السّلام مرّتين (كلّ مرّة 80 سوطا)"(Tafsir Nemooneh, vol 19, p 257.)
20. ^Tafsir Nemooneh, vol. 19, p. 257; Oyoun Akhbar Al-Ridha, vol. 1, p. 154; Amali Saduq, p. 91.
21. ^1 Morris Jastrow, Jr., Morris et al. "Bath-sheba", Jewish Encyclopedia, 1906
22. ^{{cite book|author=Steven L. McKenzie|title=King David: A Biography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WHY7q1u8mP4C&pg=PA168|date=27 April 2000|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-535101-9|page=168}}
23. ^Kenneth E. Bailey, Jesus Through Middle Eastern Eyes. pp. 40-41.
24. ^1 {{cite book|author=Lawrence O. Richards|title=Bible Reader's Companion|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S4D_IVZ1cCQC&pg=PA210|year=2002|publisher=David C Cook|isbn=978-0-7814-3879-7|pages=210–}}
25. ^{{cite book|author=Carlos Wilton|title=Lectionary Preaching Workbook: For All Users of the Revised Common, the Roman Catholic, and the Episcopal Lectionaries. Series VIII|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GxyxOxf5DmcC&pg=PA189|date=June 2004|publisher=CSS Publishing|isbn=978-0-7880-2371-2|pages=189–}}
26. ^1 {{cite book|author=David J. Zucker|title=The Bible's Prophets: An Introduction for Christians and Jews|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nTtJAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA51|date=10 December 2013|publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers|isbn=978-1-63087-102-4|pages=51–}}
27. ^{{cite book|author=Andrew J. Schmutzer|title=The Long Journey Home: Understanding and Ministering to the Sexually Abused|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=topMAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA146|date=1 October 2011|publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers|isbn=978-1-60899-395-6|pages=146–}}
28. ^Coogan, Michael D., A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament, New York: Oxford University Press, 2009. p. 210
29. ^Coogan, Michael D. A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009. p. 208
30. ^Coogan, Michael D. A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009. p. 212
31. ^{{cite book|last1=Brooks|first1=Geraldine|title=The Secret Chord|publisher=Viking|location=New York|isbn=9780670025770}}
32. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2358889/|title=And David Wept|date=14 April 1971|publisher=|via=www.imdb.com}}
33. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=MtcXDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA111&dq=%22The+Story+of+David%22+1976+%22Timothy+Bottoms%22+Keith#v=onepage&q=%22The+Story+of+David%22+1976+%22Timothy+Bottoms%22+Keith&f=false|title=The Bible in Motion: A Handbook of the Bible and Its Reception in Film|first=Rhonda|last=Burnette-Bletsch|date=12 September 2016|publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG|accessdate=2 September 2018|via=Google Books|isbn=9781614513261}}
34. ^{{Cite journal|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00f928x |title=The Fourth, The Fifth, The Minor Fall|date=1 November 2008|publisher=BBC}}
35. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.biblestudytools.com/2-samuel/11.html|title=2 Samuel 11 - NIV Bible - In the spring, at the time when kings go off to......|website=Bible Study Tools}}
36. ^Song lyrics for Dead at pixiesmusic.com
37. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.sting.com/discography/album/208/Singles|title=Sting.com > Discography > Mad About You, 7|website=www.sting.com}}

Sources

  • {{JewishEncyclopedia|url=http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?letter=B&artid=425|article=Bath-sheba}}

Bibliography

  • Kristin De Troyer, "Looking at Bathsheba with Text-Critical Eyes," in Nóra Dávid, Armin Lange, Kristin De Troyer and Shani Tzoref (eds), The Hebrew Bible in Light of the Dead Sea Scrolls (Göttingen, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2011) (Forschungen zur Religion und Literatur des Alten und Neuen Testaments, 239), 84–94.

External links

{{commons category|Bathsheba}}
  • Askmoses.com, "Was King David guilty of murder and adultery?" by Rabbis Mendy Gutnick and Avrohom Wineberg
{{Characters and names in the Quran}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Bathsheba}}

16 : 10th-century BC women|11th-century BC women|Bathsheba|Biblical figures in rabbinic literature|Books of Kings|Books of Samuel|Christian female saints from the Old Testament|Cultural depictions of David|Iconography|Jewish royalty|Nude art|Solomon|Queens consort of Israel and Judah|Queen mothers|Wives of David|Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)
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