| 词条 | William Le Baron Jenney |
| 释义 |
|name = William LeBaron Jenney |image = Jenney.jpg |image_size = 250px |caption = |nationality = American |birth_date = {{Birth date|1832|9|25}} |birth_place = Fairhaven, Massachusetts |death_date = {{death date and age|1907|6|15|1832|9|25}} |death_place = |alma_mater = École Centrale Paris |practice = |significant_buildings= Home Insurance Building in Chicago |significant_projects = |significant_design = metal-framed skyscraper |awards = }} William LeBaron Jenney (September 25, 1832 – June 14, 1907) was an American architect and engineer who is known for building the first skyscraper in 1884 and became known as the Father of the American skyscraper. In 1998, Jenney was ranked number 89 in the book 1,000 Years, 1,000 People: Ranking the Men and Women Who Shaped the Millennium. Life and careerJenney was born in Fairhaven, Massachusetts on September 25, 1832, son of William Proctor Jenney and Eliza LeBaron Gibbs. Jenney began his formal education at Phillips Academy, Andover, in 1846, and at the Lawrence Scientific school at Harvard in 1853, but transferred to École Centrale des Arts et Manufactures (École Centrale Paris) to study engineering and architecture.{{ref label|SEAoT|1|^}} At École Centrale Paris, he learned the latest iron construction techniques as well as the classical functionalist doctrine of Jean-Nicolas-Louis Durand (1760-1834) - Professor of Architecture at the Ecole Polytechnique.[1] He graduated in 1856, one year after his classmate, Gustave Eiffel, the designer of the Eiffel Tower. {{ref label|SEAoT|7|^}} In 1861, he returned to the US to join the Union Army as an engineer in the Civil War, designing fortifications for Generals Sherman and Grant. By the end of the war, he had become a major, and was Engineer-in-Charge at Nashville's Union headquarters.{{ref label|SEAoT|1|^}} After the war, in 1867, Jenney moved to Chicago, Illinois and began his own architectural office, which specialized in commercial buildings and urban planning. During the late 1870s, he commuted weekly to Ann Arbor, Michigan to start and teach in the architecture program at the University of Michigan. In later years future leaders of the Chicago School like Louis Sullivan, Daniel Burnham, William Holabird, and Martin Roche, performed their architectural apprenticeships on Jenney's staff.{{ref label|SEAoT|1|^}} On May 8, 1867, Jenney and Elizabeth "Lizzie" Hannah Cobb, from Cleveland, Ohio were married.{{ref label|SEAoT|7|^}} They had two children named Max and Francis.{{ref label|SEAoT|7|^}} Jenney was elected an Associate of the American Institute of Architects in 1872, and became a Fellow in 1885. He served as first Vice President from 1898 to 1899.{{ref label|SAH|4|^}} In Chicago he designed the Ludington Building and Manhattan building, both built in 1891 and National Historic Landmarks. He also designed the Horticultural Building for the World's Columbian Exposition (1893) held in Chicago. Advent of the steel-frame skyscraperJenney is best known for designing the ten-story Home Insurance Building in Chicago. The building was the first fully metal-framed building, and is considered the first skyscraper. It was built from 1884 to 1885, enlarged in 1891, and demolished in 1931.{{ref label|PBS|3|^}} In his designs, he used metal columns and beams, instead of stone and brick to support the building's upper levels. The steel needed to support the Home Insurance Building weighed only one-third as much as a ten-story building made of heavy masonry.{{ref label|PBS|3|^}} Using this method, the weight of the building was reduced, thus allowing the possibility to construct even taller structures. Later, he solved the problem of fireproof construction for tall buildings by using masonry, iron, and terra cotta flooring and partitions. In the years from 1889 to 1891, he displayed his system in the construction of the Second Leiter Building, also in Chicago. According to popular story, one day he came home early and surprised his wife who was reading. She put her book down on top of a bird cage and ran to meet him. He strode across the room, lifted the book and dropped it back on the bird cage two or three times. Then, he exclaimed: "It works! It works! Don’t you see? If this little cage can hold this heavy book, why can’t an iron or steel cage be the framework for a whole building?" Jenney applied his new idea to the construction of the Home Insurance Building, the first skyscraper in the world, which was erected in 1884 at the corner of LaSalle and Monroe Streets in Chicago. Another source cites the inspiration for the steel skyscraper as coming from vernacular Philippine architecture, where wooden framed construction gave Jenney the idea.[3] The Home Insurance Building was the first example of a steel skeleton building, the first grid of iron columns, girders, beams and floor joists ever constructed. LegacyHe died in Los Angeles, California, on June 15, 1907. After Jenney's death, his ashes were scattered over his wife's grave, just south of the Eternal Silence section of Uptown's Graceland Cemetery.{{ref label|graveyard|5|^}} In 1998, Jenney was ranked number 89 in the book 1,000 Years, 1,000 People: Ranking the Men and Women Who Shaped the Millennium.{{ref label|SEAoT|7|^}} Projects
References1. ^http://www.visual-arts-cork.com/architecture/william-le-baron-jenney.htm Notes{{refbegin}}2. ^{{cite journal |last=|first= |title= |journal=Architecture and Building|volume=XII | issue =1 |date= January 4, 1890|pages=5–6}} 3. ^Condit C., The Chicago School of Architecture. A History of Commercial and Public Building, Chicago, The University of Chicago Press, 1964, Chapter 4, "Jenney and the New Structural Technique," p. 81. 4. ^{{cite web|url={{NRHP url|id=01001453}}|title=National Register of Historic Places Registration: Main Street Historic District (Lake Geneva)|publisher=National Park Service|author=Carol Lohry Cartwright|date=2001|accessdate=2018-04-06}}
External links{{commons category|William Le Baron Jenney}}
13 : Chicago school architects|Phillips Academy alumni|1832 births|1907 deaths|Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences alumni|École Centrale Paris alumni|19th-century American architects|American expatriates in France|Architects from Massachusetts|University of Michigan faculty|Fellows of the American Institute of Architects|People from Fairhaven, Massachusetts|Skyscraper architects |
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