“Cheating in bridge”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Cheating in bridge refers to a deliberate violation of the rules of the game of bridge or other unethical behaviour that is intended to give an unfair advantage to a player or team. Cheating can occur in many forms^[1] and can take place before, during, or after a board or game.

Commonly cited instances of cheating include: conveying information to a partner by means of a pre-arranged illegal signal, viewing the opponents' cards in a board prior to their arrival at the table, altering the records as to the results of a board; in certain games, it may include illicit shuffling to deal favourable cards to oneself or one's partner or marking cards so as to make their denomination and/or rank apparent to the perpetrator.

Definition

Unlike games such as chess which provide perfect information to the competitors, bridge is a game of imperfect information, and the exact contents of partner's and opponents' hands remain unknown until later in the play. Players are only entitled to act upon information conveyed by calls made and cards played, along with the visible contents of their own hand (and dummy's hand when exposed). Unauthorized information (UI) (Law 16) is any information that a player obtains by means of:

Law 16 of the Laws of Duplicate Bridge states that Players are authorized to base their calls and plays on information from legal calls and plays and from mannerisms of opponents. To base a call or play on other extraneous information may be an infraction of law.

Highest bridge ethics, expected from the top players, require that the players take extra steps neither to convey nor to act on any unauthorized information. However, as the stakes in terms of prize money, sponsor money and ranking are often high, throughout the history of the game there have been a number of players who have used illegal methods in order to gain an advantage over their opponents.

and any deliberate act or behavior which conveys or obtains information other than by those means prescribed by the rules of the game constitutes cheating and is subject to sanctions by the governing bodies.

Apart from unlawful exchange of information, other forms of cheating include: viewing the opponents' cards in a board prior to their arrival at the table, altering the records as to the results of a board; in certain games, it may include illicit shuffling to deal favourable cards to oneself or one's partner, marking cards so as to make their denomination and or rank apparent only to the perpetrator, etc.

Certain errors or omissions by players which are inadvertent or purely procedural in nature, known as irregularities, are subject to correction by the tournament director in a manner prescribed by the Laws and the governing bodies; this may include a procedural penalty. Similarly, the tournament director may impose a procedural penalty for any one or any repeated violation of the code of conduct for ethical behaviour (rudeness, coffee housing, etc.).

Related terms

Coffeehousing – A player may not perform extraneous or overt actions with the express purpose of frustrating or distracting a player. Some unscrupulous players use various emotional hooks, snapping cards, drumming fingers on table, inducing FUD: Fear-Uncertainty-Doubt, false flattery, sarcasm, embarrassment, greed, etc. Better known as "coffee housing", such misdeeds include making improper remarks, gestures, hesitations or the like, with the intention to confuse or mislead opponents (Law 73). After numerous deliberate opponent hesitations, Charles Goren advised a perpetrator, "Madam, that second hesitation certainly was an overbid!" Similarly, George Kaufman once retorted to his opponents, "Let's have a review of the bidding again, with all the inflections."

Irregularities – A breach of procedure, as described in the Laws and Proprieties, in bidding or play. If one is available, a director should be called to the table to make a ruling.

Procedures

Bridge governing bodies have established procedures for the reporting of cheating allegation and their investigation.

World Bridge Federation anti-doping regulations

The WBF is recognised as an International Sports Federation by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and has incorporated the IOC anti-doping regulations into its constitution and by-laws. The anti-doping regulations as published in the General Conditions of Contest are mandatory and refusal to take a drug test is subject to penalties. The regulations allow for participants to take prescription medication if prior notice is given to the laboratories.^[3]

Notable incidents

Willard S. Karn, 1933: Accusation and withdrawal from bridge

Willard S. Karn was ranked the number one American bridge player in 1932 by Shepard Barclay, a bridge writer for The New York Herald Tribune.^[4] He was a member of the famous Four Horsemen, a team formed a year earlier, headed by his playing partner and captain P. Hal Sims and with Oswald Jacoby and David Burnstine as the other team members. Karn also played for high stakes in New York rubber bridge clubs, including the Crockford Club which was owned by Ely Culbertson.

The growing popularity of contract bridge in the early 1930s gave rise to intense rivalry among many of the competing and self-anointed bridge authorities, formerly of Whist and Auction Bridge renown, including the emergence of Ely Culbertson as the brash interloper. The Four Horsemen dominated the US national tournament scene in 1931 and 1932 thereby providing considerable support and sway to Hal Sims' methods and public profile to Culbertson's chagrin.^[5]

Early in 1933, the Crockford Club (Ely Culbertson) hired card detective Mickey MacDougall to watch Karn for cheating. Posing as a waiter, MacDougall claimed that Karn would interleave high and low cards when gathering a trick before his turn to deal. When shuffling, Karn would use a false pull-through shuffle, crimp the deck before offering the cut and restore the deck with a hidden return cut before dealing favorable cards to his side in their rubber games.^[6] Karn denied the accusation but nevertheless resigned from the club and withdrew from competitive and social play.

In 1938, Karn brought a one million dollar defamation suit against Culbertson, six others and Crockford Inc. (the Crockford Club of New York), accusing them of spreading rumors and conspiring to remove him from the bridge world.^[7]^[8] In an eventual 1941 decision, the judge ruled against any monetary awards but found Karn has been wrongly accused, and required the defendants to write apologies to Karn.^[4]

Incidents involving Karl Schneider, 1937-1957

Playing with Hans Jellinek, 1937: Strong suspicion

In 1937, an international tournament in Budapest had eighteen teams entered; the America team, composed of Ely Culbertson, Josephine Culbertson, Charles Vogelhofer and Helen Sobel, met the Austrian team of Karl Schneider, Hans Jellinek, Walter Herbert and Carl von Bluhdorn in the finals. Austria won to become World Champions, but post-mortem analysis suggested that Schneider–Jellinek had exchanged illegal signals.^[9]

In his 1945 book, Why You Lose at Bridge^[10] S. J. Simon referenced the Austrian team playing the British team the following year and noted the "devastating leads" made by the Austrians, alluding to their cheating on the choice of opening leads.^[9]

Request that Jean Besse refused, 1954

The French were to play the Americans at the 1954 international contest but since it was a European-based championship, France was entitled to add two non-French players to their team; they chose Karl Schneider of Austria and Jean Besse of Switzerland.

Playing with Max Reithoffer, 1957: Accusation and end of partnership

In 1957 Austrian pair Karl Schneider and Max Reithoffer were found by the Swiss team member Jaime Ortiz-Patiño to hold their cards in peculiar positions based on their Ace holding. Reithoffer was the President of the Austrian Federation hosting the actual tournament. After the accusation was discreetly presented without a formal inquiry, the pair agreed never to play in a major tournament again.^[11] Victor Mollo wrote of the 1957 incident and he and his publisher were sued but settled out-of-court.^[3]^[11]

Adam Meredith, c1950s: Refusal to play

Adam Meredith was a fearlessly honest^[12] British bridge professional who played rubber bridge for stakes and tournament bridge as a member of the British international team. In his 1968 book The Bridge Immortals, Victor Mollo wrote:

Franck Bodier and Pierre Figeac, 1954: Accusation and withdrawal from bridge

In the 1950s, Frenchmen Franck Bodier and Pierre Figeac were winning virtually every major competition they entered. Under observation at the 1954 European Championships in Montreux, Switzerland and after too perfect a performance in making opening leads, they were summoned before a tournament committee. They resigned from the French Federation and "disappeared from the game".^[14]^[15]

Accusation by Tobias Stone, 1958

The 1958 Bermuda Bowl was held in Como, Italy. The Italian team was leading and, as was usual at the time, were holding their hands over their heads so that kibitzers could see them and follow the action. However, Tobias Stone claimed that the Italians were holding their hands aloft only when they were strong but lower when weak. The officials asked the Italians, who felt insulted by the insinuation, to keep their hands low at all times.^[14]^[16]

Back in the United States after having lost by a large margin, Stone continued to accuse the Italians of cheating and the Italians threatened a lawsuit. The American Contract Bridge League (ACBL)

censured Stone and barred him from international play for one year owing to his "conduct unbecoming a representative of the American Contract Bridge League." Stone sued the ACBL for $25,000 in damages for defamation and asked the court to set aside the one-year ban. A petition by one hundred prominent players moved the ACBL to drop the ban and Stone dropped the lawsuit.^[16]

Analysis of the boards played at the match was undertaken by Charles Goren and also by Edgar Kaplan together with Alfred Sheinwold. Kaplan and Sheinwold concluded that it was impossible to prove either side of the issue. Goren was unconvinced that the Italians cheated and felt that the Americans did not do well because they were distracted by the thoughts of being cheated; Goren publicly apologised to the Italians.^[16]

Accusation against Claude Delmouly and Gerard Bourchtoff, 1960

A committee of the French Federation found the trail too cold to reach any conclusion but suspended both the accused and the accuser for failing to report the incident in a timely manner. The suspension was appealed by Mme Albarran and she won a nominal one sou in damages.^[17]^[18]

Problem at the Bermuda Bowl, 1963

The 1963 Bermuda Bowl was held in St. Vincent, Italy with the Americans and Italians in the finals. An anonymous letter written in Italian was delivered to the American coach John Gerber. He secured a translator to read it aloud, but asked the translator to stop after the first paragraph, to deliver the letter to Italian captain Carl'Alberto Perroux, and to explain that Gerber had heard only the first paragraph. The writer had accused the Blue Team of cheating by signaling with the positioning of their cigarettes. After reading the letter to his team, Perroux suggested that the match be played with screens running across the tables (12 years before modern screens were introduced), but Gerber would have none of it. The goodwill engendered by this exchange inspired Perroux and his team to present their championship trophies to Gerber and the American team in what was described as the greatest act of sportsmanship in bridge history.^[19]

The winning Italian team members were Massimo D'Alelio, Giorgio Belladonna, Eugenio Chiardia, Pietro Forquet, Benito Garozzo, Camillo Pabis Ticci.

The string of Blue Team victories was also followed by some cheating allegations—mainly against "lesser" team members and none against Belladonna–Avarelli, Garozzo–Forquet, or Garozzo–Belladonna.^[20]^[21]

Accusations against Terence Reese and Boris Schapiro, 1949-1965

Terrence Reese and Boris Schapiro were among the world's best partnerships between 1948 and 1965.^[22]

Early incidents

Having been on the team in 1948 when Britain won the European Teams title, Reese and Schapiro were invited in late 1949 to play on the next British team but were disinvited four months later without explanation.

According to Alan Truscott, during the trials for the 1950{{check|reason=1951?|date=June 2016}} British team, Reese and Schapiro were in the lead when Maurice Harrison-Gray withdrew, asking for an inquiry into Reese and Schapiro's performance; his request was refused and he was reprimanded and barred for one year from international play.^[22] However, Gray led the British team to victory in the 1950 European Championship, and captained it in the 1950 Bermuda Bowl.^[23] Other sources suggest that Gray withdrew from international play because of disagreements with the British Bridge League over the running of the game.^[24]

Rumors about the British pair resulted in Edgar Kaplan being designated to keep an eye on Reese and Schapiro during the 1955 Bermuda Bowl in New York; Kaplan found nothing.^[22]

At the 1960 championship held in Turin, Eric Murray told Reese "your opponents are quite convinced they were being cheated". Don Oakie of the USA also identified suspicious mannerisms but was asked to keep quiet to avoid embarrassment. Harold Franklin was asked to pass the information to the British Bridge League; he did not do this but did tell Reese that there were suspicions. Reese and Schapiro did not participate on British teams again until 1964 in New York when they lost a semi-final to Italy.^[22]

Bermuda Bowl, 1965

At the Buenos Aires Bermuda Bowl, Reese and Schapiro were accused of signaling information about their heart holdings and were found guilty by the World Bridge Federation appointed committee. The WBF did not announce a penalty, deferring to the British Bridge League. Instead, the BBL established a formal inquiry into the matter and ultimately found that the case against Reese and Schapiro was not proven to the required standard of proof.

Henry Itkin and Kenny Rhodes, 1970: Accusation and confession

When confronted, Henry Itkin and Kenny Rhodes confessed to illegally exchanging information about suit holdings at a Washington sectional.^[25] They were expelled from the ACBL, with an opportunity to apply for readmission available after five years.

Conviction of Manoppo brothers, 1974

Suspicions about Indonesian brothers M.F. Manoppo and F.E. Manoppo were raised by the Australians after the brothers won three consecutive Far East Championships. An investigation of their "astonishing" performance and "incredible" leads in 600 deals by a WBF committee found 75 cases of suspect leads. The brothers were barred from playing together for life and were suspended for a "long period".^[14]^[26]

Incidents involving Facchini-Zucchelli 1974 and 1975

Monte Carlo 1974

The final standings of Monte Carlo contest in June 1974 were reported in Le Bridgeur as follows:^[27]

Bermuda Bowl 1975

At the 1975 Bermuda Bowl, Facchini and Zucchelli were accused of communicating by means of foot tapping under the table. A committee was unable to find specific correlation between the foot movements observed and the bidding or play of the hands, a factor usually considered essential to conclusive proof of cheating.^[29]

The event was subsequently won by the Italian team of Giorgio Belladonna, Benito Bianchi, Pietro Forquet, Benito Garozzo, Dano De Falco, Arturo Franco.

An editorial by Eric Milnes in Bridge Magazine complimented the Italian team on their success in the 1975 Bermuda Bowl, but continued:

Two points arise. The first is a well-known fact: that eye-witnesses, as every police force in the world will tell you, are unreliable, and when they are told in advance what to look for they are doubly unreliable. The second point is that players have mannerisms. They are not automatons. One of the best and most respected players in America taps his foot in moments of stress. Others cross and uncross their legs. Others again fiddle with their pencils. The Italian{{snd}}and this is a matter of record; he was under observation for it in England last year{{snd}}shuffles his feet about. Is this a cause for reprimand?

These events might perhaps have not assumed so much importance had it not been for the prologue to the Championship. The villain of the piece is one Alfred (Freddie) Sheinwold, a man hitherto regarded with respect and indeed affection everywhere, who wrote articles in the Californian publication 'Popular Bridge' in which he attacked the ethics and behaviour of the Italians in a series of astonishing innuendos which have proved to be without foundation. Then{{snd}}wait for it{{snd}}the Americans actually selected this man as non-playing captain of the American team. The Italians were outraged. The European Bridge Federation requested the Americans to reconsider. The Americans refused. The wind was sown, but fortunately the whirlwind turned out to be no more than a tiny tornado, through which the Italian ship was able to sail not, perhaps, without hurt, but with its flag still flying.

It is time that all this nonsense was stopped, for, unless it is, there is bound to be a schism sooner or later in the World Bridge Federation.|author = Eric Miles |source ={{cite journal

{{vanchor|Information provided by Leandro Burgay, 1976|Burgay tapes|Burgay-Bianchi affair}}

Months prior to the 1976 Bermuda Bowl, Leandro Burgay, a leading Italian expert in the 70s, claimed that he had had a telephone conversation with Benito Bianchi, Pietro Forquet's partner in both the 1973 and 1974 Italian World Championship victories, during which Bianchi had discussed signaling methods, using placement of cigarettes in the ashtray or in the mouth, which he used with Forquet.^[31]

Burgay gave a tape of the conversation to the Italian Bridge Federation (FIB). Bianchi ultimately admitted that it was he who was recorded but that the tape had been doctored and that the discussion only concerned how such a cheating method would be possible, not that it had occurred. Luigi Firpo, president of the FIB suspended Burgay for six years and Bianchi for six months. After Burgay threatened civil action, his suspension was reduced to eighteen months and Bianchi's suspension was rescinded. Until that point, the matter had been dealt with internally by the FIB, but it became a public scandal days before the start of the 1976 Bermuda Bowl when the incident hit the newspapers.

Even though Burgay was not a member of the current Italian team, Forquet was and the World Bridge Federation decided it was necessary to take some action but there was little they could do before the tournament and simply requested the FIB to conduct an investigation. The FIB claimed to have already conducted an investigation but the WBF wanted a written report.

A year later at the 1977 Bermuda Bowl in Manila, there was no evidence of the promised FIB investigation and the WBF proposed to suspend the FIB from membership in the world organization but instead, gave the FIB another year to address the matter.

Before the 1978 Olympiad in New Orleans, a new slate of officials was elected by the FIB who were able to satisfy the WBF that the required investigation had been performed. It is reported that the tape was lost and "no transcript exists."^[32] The threat of suspension was lifted.^[33]

Richard Katz and Larry T. Cohen, 1977: Accusation, legal proceedings, end of partnership

During the January 1977 North American Team Trials, an allegation of improper communication between partners Richard H. Katz and Larry T. Cohen, two members of the John Gerber team, was made. Tournament officials investigated and resulted in ACBL President Louis Gurvich announcing that Katz and Cohen had resigned from their team and from the ACBL. Reduced to three members, the Gerber team was forced to forfeit. (NB This is not the Larry Cohen who authored the Law of Total Tricks.)

When newspaper articles quoted "reliable sources" as saying that the pair had been guilty of serious infractions against the proprieties of bridge, Katz and Cohen filed a $44 million lawsuit alleging defamation of character, interference with business interests, false accusations of cheating, coerced withdrawal from the trials and forced resignation from the ACBL.^[34] They demanded that they be reinstated as ACBL members and that the trials resume. Katz and Cohen later filed another suit accusing the ACBL of violation of federal antitrust actions.^[32]

An out-of-court settlement was reached on February 23, 1982 where it was agreed as follows:

The ACBL defended the decision in its monthly magazine with the following statement:

Those who were of the opinion that Katz and Cohen were guilty of exchanging information improperly have retained that opinion. I doubt that a resolution by a trial would have changed it, especially since that question would not have been the most relevant issue in the trial. Those who were on the other side were also vehement on behalf of Katz and Cohen – it is equally likely that their opinion would not have been changed by a trial.

This matter has been before the ACBL Board of Directors for five years. Management has been continually required to furnish information to all lawyers. Katz and Cohen, by their resignations, have not been members of the ACBL nor have they played in ACBL-sanctioned events for five years. Estimates were that the trial would take five to eight weeks. A judge in Los Angeles County, therefore, made a most strenuous effort to dispose of this case without a trial.

The basic position of the ACBL through all negotiations was that Katz and Cohen should not play together as a pair. Katz and Cohen would not accept this restriction. When there was movement by Katz and Cohen toward acceptance of restriction, this basic concession made it possible to find a ground whereby they could be considered for readmission. On Feb. 23, 1982, Katz and Cohen were re-admitted, but they agreed not to play together. The Katz-Cohen lawsuit alleged a number of causes of action, all of which were terminated by this settlement. Payment of the plaintiffs’ legal fees was made by the insurance company alone, a result of negotiations between the insurance company and the plaintiffs. No payments to the plaintiffs were made by the ACBL. (The amount of remuneration to the ACBL for legal fees is in litigation at this writing.)

Is this settlement a precedent-setting case for any future lawsuit? Absolutely not! Each case will be dealt with individually.|source = James Zimmerman, ACBL President, Bridge Bulletin, April 1982}}

Steve Sion and Alan Cokin, 1979: Accusation and confession, end of partnership

Steve Sion and Alan Cokin had come under suspicion because of unusual bids and leads and were under observation at the 1979 spring NABC in Norfolk and at the Grand National Finals in Atlanta the same summer. It was concluded that they were using improper pre-arranged communication, a contravention of Law 73.b.2, by signaling their distribution, especially about short suits, by the way they placed their pencils on the table after writing down the contract.^[14]^[35]^[36] Both confessed and the ACBL barred the pair from ACBL play for five years and vacated their share of the team win in the Mitchell Board-a-Match Teams at Norfolk.

After five years, both players applied for and were granted reinstatement, with certain stipulations, the most important of which was that they would not be allowed to play as a partnership. Since then, Cokin devoted himself to removing the blemish on his record by promoting bridge youth programs^[35] while Sion became involved in another serious proprieties case in 1997 and was again expelled^[37] this time for life.

It remains a point of contention as to whether or not the title won by the remaining Sternberg team members at Norfolk should be vacated by the ACBL. Despite a timely request by the second-place finishers (the Hann team) for a Committee, none was held.^[39]^[40]^[41] The Bridge World July 1984 editorial raised the matter again in connection with an issue of Sion–Cokin being on a team with potential to represent the US in an upcoming Bermuda Bowl.

Suspension of Moses Ma et al., 1984

Five players, all students from the area of Cambridge, Massachusetts, and active in the bridge club at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology were suspended by the ACBL for cheating by passing illegal signals at the July 1984 NABC in Washington D.C.^[42]^[43]

Captain Moses Ma was from Cambridge as was Rajan Batta and Fadi Farah; other members were Philips Santosa of Boston and Bhaskaram Jayant Ishwar of Somerville, Mass.

Soren Godtfredsen and Sorin Lupan, 1990: Strong suspicion

The 88-percent instant match point scoring by Soren Godtfredsen and Sorin Lupan was so remarkable, far exceeding any previous score in this or any other comparable event, that it was deemed necessary to verify it before confirming it in the official standings.^[44]

Tony Haworth, 1999: Conviction and confession

In 1999, Tony Haworth, a Welsh international player, was found to have introduced prepared decks of cards into a duplicate bridge competition. There was no suggestion that anyone else had been involved in or knew of it.^[45]^[46]^[47]

On November 23, 1999, the Welsh Bridge Union (WBU) released a statement reporting findings made by the WBU Laws & Ethics Committee on November 12, 1999:^[48]

The Committee imposed a suspension from membership of the WBU for ten years starting November 23, 1999. They also made provision for publication of their findings and for notification of relevant bridge organisations.^[49]

One of the hands introduced into the Welsh Foursomes on September 11, 1999 proved to be identical to a hand played by Haworth in the Welsh Cup Final on May 25, 1998. The bidding and play too were identical on the two occasions.^[50]

Since expiry of the suspension, Haworth has resumed involvement in duplicate bridge.^[51]

John Blubaugh, 2000: Suspension, denial, and legal proceedings

The league said it had evidence that Blubaugh had given his partner a specific card when he was the dealer at several tournaments. League officials had taken videotapes that were used by the Ethical Oversight Committee and the league's board in deciding the matter. He denied the charges and said that his shuffling appeared clumsy because of an accident years ago that damaged the nerves in the hand.

He sued the league for $3 million in damages, claiming that the suspension was wrongful and had effectively ended a career in which he hired himself to weaker players for tournament play. The Court granted summary judgment against him; this was upheld by the Circuit Court of Appeals, and Blubaugh was not granted certiorari by the US Supreme Court.^[52]^[53]

Disa Eythorsdottir, 2002: Medal stripped due to alleged IOC drug violation

Eythorsdottir was stripped of a silver medal at the 2002 world championships in Montreal for refusing to take a drug test covering substances banned by the IOC.^[54]^[55]^[56]

Eythorsdottir claims she was on a prescription diet drug connected with a back condition. She had asked the authorities if the drug was banned. She did not have a certificate to cover the prescription.^[57]

Andrea Buratti and Massimo Lanzarotti, 2005: Accusation, disqualification, and expulsion

In 2005, Italian professional players Andrea Buratti and Massimo Lanzarotti were playing the Israeli team in the Swiss-system qualifying section of the European Transnational Teams Championship in Tenerife and their team needed a convincing win into the knockouts. Early in the match, Ilan Bareket, 35, of the Israeli team, summoned an official and claimed that Lanzarotti as dummy had looked at Bareket's hand and had secretly conveyed information about the cards to Buratti with a finger signal.^[58]

The crucial piece of information – that Bareket had three of the remaining four trumps – was allegedly given by Lanzarotti placing three fingers of his right hand over his left wrist as he rested his arms on the table. Buratti subsequently played "against the odds" – a risky course of action without knowing opponents' hands – and won, helping to provide his team with a 25-2 victory.^[59]^[60]

Before an appeals committee, Lanzarotti denied looking into Bareket's hand and said the sight in his left eye was so poor that he would not have been able to distinguish the red honors anyway. Buratti stated that the Israelis had asked a lot of questions, which made declarer think that the trumps were breaking badly. He continued that the first two boards had been bad and they needed a big victory, so he had intentionally played against the percentage.

The appeals committee found declarer's explanations unconvincing and that his line of play had been influenced by dummy's behaviour. The committee ruled that Buratti and Lanzarotti were disqualified from the team event, and the match score was adjusted to 18-0 victory points in favor of the Israeli team.^[61]

In November 2005, Buratti and Lanzarotti were expelled by ACBL. In March 2011, the two applied to the ACBL for readmission but were denied.^[62]

Ken Gee, 2007: Accusation, denial, suspension and probation

Canadian Ken Gee, a professional playing with clients and other professionals, was suspended for repeatedly looking at the opponent's hands in boards yet to be played before the opponents arrived at the table. Testimony of such conduct spanned the period from about August 2006 through to the Fall NABC in San Francisco November 2007.

Gee claimed he suffered from a medical condition related to distress over recent deaths of two family members.^[63]^[64]

Michael Elinescu and Entscho Wladow, 2013: Accusation, conviction, legal proceedings

Play for the d'Orsi Senior Bowl, named for WBF Past President Ernesto d'Orsi, was held in Bali, Indonesia, in September 2013.

In the early rounds, non-playing captain Donna Compton anticipated that her USA team might end up playing against the Germans and was scouting their playing sessions in order to better coach her team about them. Intrigued by reports that the Germans were renowned for their eccentric bidding^[65] and their ability to find unique winning opening leads, Compton asked that the Germans be monitored; she was denied for lack of proof that anything was amiss. Team member Eddie Wold played against the Germans in the Finals and determined that they coughed at the beginning of the auction and at the beginning of play. He made a record of the coughing timing and frequency, suspecting some kind of coded information was being exchanged and wrote down the times and frequency of the coughs and passed the information to Donna Compton.^[66]

Presented with Wold's record, officials wanted more information. Team USA were to play the Germans. Overnight, Compton analysed the cough record against the hands that had been played and broke the code. At the same time, and without wanting to know Compton's keys to the coughing code, the officials had reconsidered and advised her that they would place a monitor with the Germans and video tape them but on condition that the decision to do so be withheld from Compton's team.^[66]

After the penultimate set, the monitor concluded that the Germans were cheating by means of their cough signals but due process obliged that they would continue to play so that more hands would solidify the proof. The Germans 'won' and Compton was assured that the matter would be resolved after the tournament close.^[66]

Compton submitted a Formal Letter Requesting Inquiry and Formal Complaint with the Exhibits to the WBF on October 4, 2013. Meanwhile, the WBF wanted more evidence and knew the Doctors would be playing in the Cavendish a couple of weeks after the Championships. They asked officials to track their coughs and compare them with the hand records. 19 out of 19 hands recorded matched the coughing code providing corroborating evidence from a separate tournament.^[66]

Ultimately a formal committee hearing in Dallas in January 2014 found Elinescu and Wladow guilty of reprehensible conduct. The Disciplinary Commission imposed the following sanctions upon them:^[67]

Under appeal, a decision on 16 July 2014 of the WBF Appeal Tribunal ruled as follows:

The doctors refused to return the gold medals and replacement ones were made by the WBF and awarded to USA2.^[69]

Mike Passell, 2015: Accusation, finding of ethical violations

In February 2015, Mike Passell played in a bracketed Swiss at the Palmetto Regional. Sitting North, he had tossed a board on the floor after a poor result and sometime during the next hand he claimed^[70] to have noticed a card sitting face down next to a pocket and inserted it. He stated that thinking it prudent to make sure the board was correct before the opponents took the boards to the other table, he counted the cards and found 14 in one hand and 12 in another, so he moved the extra card, which he thought was the one that had fallen out and had replaced. When results were compared, the opponents discussed the hand and there was a discrepancy with which hand held the Jack of Spades and a low diamond. The opponents went to Passell where he stated what had occurred; subsequently, the matter was reported to the tournament director. The opponents had won 2 IMPs on the board but thought that more were possible had the board not been fouled.^[71]

Passell was requested to attend a meeting in Chicago during the summer Nationals of the ACBL Ethical Oversight Committee (EOC). While there were differences in the recollection of some details of the event by the players involved,^[72] Passell was found guilty of, among other things,^[73] of "prearranging a deal or part thereof", which carries with it a mandatory penalty of 13 months probation and 25% of total masterpoints. He was found not guilty of cheating but believed the public statement by the ACBL read like he was found guilty of cheating and given a lenient sentence; he appealed.

In November 2015, the ACBL Appeals and Charges committee upheld the finding of the Ethical Oversight Committee that Passell had violated sections 3.1, 3.7, and 3.20 of the ACBL's Code of Disciplinary Regulations. According to a joint statement by the ACBL and Passell,^[74]

Passell admitted to fouling the board and failing to call the tournament director immediately. However, the Appeals and Charges Committee amended the section under which the sentencing guidelines applied^[75] and replaced the previous sentencing decision with a 14-day suspension starting December 20, 2015 and forfeiture of the 15.40 masterpoints earned at the event.

Boye Brogeland campaign against cheating, 2015

In August 2015 at the Chicago NABC, Norwegian player Boye Brogeland lost a match on appeal against the Israeli players Lotan Fisher and Ron Schwartz, his former teammates at previous North American Bridge Championships. Brogeland reviewed the BBO records for the match and became convinced that they were using illegal methods to exchange information about their hands. He went on to publicly accuse Schwartz and Fisher via a website posting.^[76]

The initiative garnered support from others and Brogeland received tips that other top players were also cheating. Brogeland and others investigated further and posted their analysis and conclusions on internet websites. Ultimately, this caused teams from Israel, Monaco, and Germany to withdraw from the upcoming 2015 Bermuda Bowl and a pair from the Polish team had their credentials for that event withdrawn at the last minute. The following four partnerships were ultimately sanctioned by their respective governing bodies.

Lotan Fisher and Ron Schwartz, 2015

Fulvio Fantoni and Claudio Nunes, 2015

Fantoni and Nunes appealed to the Court of Arbitration for Sport, which in January 2018 found in their favour, arguing that the statistical evidence was not conclusive enough ^[77]

Nevertheless, the EBL publicly stated that they still would be barred from all EBL events until at least April 2019 ^[78]

Alex Smirnov and Josef Piekarek, 2015: Confession and end of partnership

In September 2015, Brogeland received an anonymous tip about cheating by a top German pair Josef Piekarek-Alexander Smirnov. Faced with the evidence, Piekarek and Smirnov decided to come forward and confess with the following statement:^[79]

On September 22, 2015, Germany withdrew from the Bermuda Bowl^[80] and were replaced by France.

In June 2016, Smirnov and Piekarek were banned from all European Bridge League events by its Disciplinary Commission for a period of four years, and banned from playing as a partnership for life.^[81]

Cezary Balicki and Adam Żmudziński, 2015: Strong suspicion, legal proceedings, failure to demonstrate

In September 2015, Brogeland also received an anonymous tip about the Polish pair Cezary Balicki–Adam Żmudziński relating to the placement of bidding cards during the auction.

On 26 September 2015, one day before play was due to start, the World Bridge Federation Credentials Committee withdrew the invitation to Balicki and Żmudziński to play in the 2015 Bermuda Bowl in Chennai, India, without giving a reason.^[82]

In several articles titled "The Videos Shout: Balicki-Zmudzinski", posted in October and November 2015, Kit Woolsey published extensive evidence cross-checked by a panel of experts, that they used narrow or wide placement of cards from the bidding box to communicate the relative strength of their hand.^[83]

On May 30, 2016, the EBL announced that "EBL President Yves Aubry has taken the decision to refer this case to the EBL Disciplinary Commission as the pair is suspected of committing infractions of the laws of Bridge".

On February 10, 2017, the EBL Disciplinary Committee announced, '... Commission considers that the EBL has failed to demonstrate, to its comfortable satisfaction, that any correlation existed between the call placements and the strength of the Players' hands during the Competition, and, therefore, that the Players did not infringe Article 3 of the EBL Disciplinary Code and Law 73 of the Laws of Duplicate Bridge. The Commission therefore confirms the Players cannot be sanctioned.'^[84]

Fictional

See also

References

1. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/08/sports/othersports/08chess.html|title=Cheating Accusations in Mental Sports, Too|accessdate=2007-01-01 | work=The New York Times | date=2006-08-08}}
2. ^Manley (2011), page 148.
3. ^WBF News Release on the occasion of a 2002 Disqualification.
4. ^¹[https://www.bridge1.no/index.php/spill/hall-of-shame/1327-the-hall-of-shame-willard-s-karn-1933 Hall of Shame - Willard S. Karn 1933] by Stein Statle at the Norwegian website bridge1.no
5. ^Willard S. Karn lawsuit at the BridgeGuys website.
6. ^Fair Play or Foul? - Cheating Scandals in Bridge by Cathy Chua 1998, 127 pages.
7. ^New York Times, Karn Sues for $1,000,000 by Albert Morehead, March 19, 1938
8. ^New York Times, Karn's Summons is Answered by Seven Experts He Accused by Albert Morehead, May 8, 1938
9. ^¹Truscott (2002), pages 73-74.
10. ^{{cite book |last = Simon |first = S. J. |authorlink = S. J. Simon|title = Why You Lose at Bridge |publisher = Nicholson & Watson |series = |year = 1945 |page = 47|doi = |isbn = }}
11. ^¹Truscott (2002), page 139-140.
12. ^{{OEB|7CD|229}}
13. ^{{cite book |last = Mollo |first = Victor |authorlink = |title = The Bridge Immortals |publisher = Hart Publishing Company |location = New York City |series = |edition = |year = 1968 |doi = |isbn = |page = 133}}
14. ^¹²³⁴⁵BridgeHands website article on cheating
15. ^Truscott (2002), pages 140-141
16. ^¹²Clay (1985), pages 96-100.
17. ^Truscott (2002). pages 141–142
18. ^{{OEB|7|31}}
19. ^[https://archive.is/20120728170932/http://www.acbl.org/about/hall-of-fame/biography.php?id=20 ACBL Hall of Fame: John Gerber]
20. ^Inside The Bermuda Bowl by John Swanson
21. ^It's Not the Winning that Counts: The Most Inspiring Moments of Sporting Chivalry By Max Davidson
22. ^¹²³Truscott (2002), pages 144-152.
23. ^{{OEB|IE|200}}
24. ^{{cite book |title=Aces All |first=Guy |last=Ramsey |page=45 |publisher=Museum Press |location=London |year=1955 |asin=B0000CJ7R6}}
25. ^Washington sectional confession.
26. ^Truscott (2002), page 153
27. ^Le Bridgeur, 6 juillet 1974, N°355: 1) “Suprématie italienne à Monte-Carlo”, pages 28-29-30; 2) résultats, page 39.
28. ^{{cite book |last = Sontag |first = Alan |authorlink = Alan Sontag |title = The Bridge Bum |publisher = William Morrow and Company, Inc. |location= New York |series = |year = 1977 |page = 15|doi = |isbn = 0-688-03197-8}}
29. ^Manley (2011), page 30.
30. ^Newsweek article by John Walters 09/23/15
31. ^John Swanson - Inside the Bermuda Bowl
32. ^¹{{OEB|7|33}}
33. ^{{cite journal|journal=English Bridge Quarterly|title=A World Bridge Federation Code for Conduct|issue=46|date=August 1977|pages=4–5 }}
34. ^English Bridge Quarterly, No. 44, February 1977, pp.18-19 and 22-23. Reproduces a report from the New York Times under the by-line of a staff reporter, Martin Waldron.
35. ^¹Bobby Wolff in The Lone Wolff, pages 237-238.
36. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/03/07/the-cheating-problem-in-professional-bridge |title= Dirty Hands: A cheating scandal in the world of professional bridge |first=David |last=Owen |publisher=New Yorker |date=March 7, 2016}}
37. ^Manley (2011), page 34.
38. ^Bridge Bulletin, November 2015, Volume 81, Number 11, Lifetime Achievements.
39. ^Should the Sion-Cokin team be stripped of titles
40. ^Cam French commentary 1
41. ^Cam French commentary 2
42. ^[https://www.nytimes.com/1984/07/31/nyregion/five-bridge-players-taken-out-of-play-cheating-suspected.html New York Times article by Truscott, July 31, 1984]
43. ^The Bridge World, November 1984: Hooks and Crooks - the '84 Spingold.
44. ^Bridge Winners website: On the Actions of Administrators by Avon Wilsmore, September 29, 2015
45. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/1999/dec/04/4 |newspaper=The Guardian |title=10-year ban on bridge cheat |date=December 4, 1999 |accessdate=October 3, 2015 }}
46. ^{{cite journal |url=http://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/ebumagazine/2000-02.pdf |journal=EBU Magazine |date=February 2000 |page=5 |title=International banned for switching packs of cards |accessdate=October 3, 2015 }}
47. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g1vACAAAQBAJ&pg=PT230 |title=Bridge's Strangest Games: Extraordinary but True Tales from the History of Bridge |first=Andrew |last=Ward |chapter=International Banned for Cheating, Wales, December 1999 |publisher=Robson Books Ltd |date=November 28, 2002 |isbn=978-1861055651 |accessdate=October 3, 2015 }}
48. ^Bridge Magazine, Feb 2000, Vol 98 No 2, pp. 13-16, "Haworth's Hands", by Patrick Jourdain; includes the text of the WBU statement of 23 Nov 1999.
49. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.apnewsarchive.com/1999/Cheating-Welsh-Bridge-Player-Banned/id-d5009546d61f46ae88f8d7f1609cbf69 |website=apnewsarchive.com |title=Cheating Welsh bridge player banned |date=December 3, 1999 |accessdate=October 3, 2015 }}
50. ^{{cite journal |journal=Bridge Magazine |title=Haworth's Hands |first=Patrick |last=Jourdain |volume=98 |issue=2 |date=February 2000 |pages=13–16 }}
51. ^{{cite web |url=http://welshbridgeunion.org/member/tony-haworth/ |website=welshbridgeunion.org |title=Tony Haworth |accessdate=October 3, 2015 }}
52. ^Donald Mamula in this Bridge Winners thread
53. ^FindACase: Blubaugh v. American Contract Bridge League, February 18, 2004.
54. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.michigandaily.com/content/bridge-fans-understand-value-drug-testing |title=Bridge fans understand the value of drug testing |author=Jackson, Steve |newspaper=The Michigan Daily |date=September 15, 2002 |accessdate=2015-01-13}}
55. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.passyourdrugtest.com/04-16-2003-news.htm |work=Drug Testing News |title=IOC: 'Mind' sports must drug test, too |date=April 26, 2003 |publisher=Passyourdrugtest.com |accessdate=2015-01-13}}
56. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.mapinc.org/drugnews/v02.n1632.a09.html |title=CN QU: Bridge Player Is Stripped Of Medal For Refusing Drug |work=The Daily Telegraph |publisher=reprint: Media Awareness Project (mapinc.org) |author=Jourdain, Patrick |date=September 2, 2002 |accessdate=2015-01-13}}
57. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/canada/1406037/Bridge-player-is-stripped-of-medal-for-refusing-drug-test.html |work=Drug Testing News |title=Bridge player is stripped of medal for refusing drug test |date=September 2, 2002 |publisher=Daily Telegraph |accessdate=2016-08-02}}
58. ^Manley (2011), page 35.
59. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/spain/1492955/Bridge-pair-thrown-out-for-peeking.html|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|title=Bridge pair thrown out for peeking|first1=Patrick|last1=Jourdain|first2=Tom|last2=Leonard|date=June 28, 2005|accessdate=November 9, 2015 }}
60. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/06/30/crosswords/bridge/a-cheating-charge-is-upheld-at-european-championships.html?_r=0 |newspaper=The New York Times |title=A Cheating Charge Is Upheld at European Championships |first=Phillip |last=Alder |date=June 30, 2005 |accessdate=November 9, 2015 }}
61. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.eurobridge.org/competitions/05tenerife/Bulletins/28TuePg3.htm |website=eurobridge.org|title=2nd European Open Bridge Championships, Bulletin 3 – Disciplinary Hearing No. 2: Italy v Israel |date=June 28, 2005 |accessdate=March 17, 2016 }}
62. ^Minutes of Meeting, ACBL Board of Directors, 7-10 March 2011, page 15.
63. ^Ted Muller website
64. ^Michigan Bridge Association official publication Vol. 49 No. 4, Winter 2008-2009
65. ^Daily Bulletin, 28 September 2013, page 6.
66. ^¹²³Play Better Bridge website, The Never Told (until now) Behind the Scenes Story During the Finals by Donna Compton
67. ^Extract of the Ruling of the Hearing of the WBF Disciplinary Commission held on 21st and 22nd March in Dallas
68. ^WBF Appeal Decision (page 2)
69. ^Play Better Bridge website, The Fight for the Medal by Donna Compton
70. ^Bridge Winners posting: The Whole Story by Mike Passell, Aug. 17, 2015
71. ^Bridge Winners posting: An "offbeat incident" by Marvin Darter, May 4, 2016
72. ^Bridge Winners posting: You Judge - the Whole "Whole Story?" by Gary Hann, May 18 2016
73. ^Report of the ACBL Ethical Oversight Committee Mike Passell, #J622382, was found guilty of violating CDR 3.1 (Laws of Duplicate Bridge), 3.7 (Actions unbecoming a Member participating in an ACBL event), 3.20 (Ethical Violations) and E13 (Prearrange a deal or part thereof)
74. ^{{cite journal|title=Joint Statement of ACBL and Mike Passell|journal=Daily Bulletin|date=2015-11-27|volume=88|issue=1|url=http://cdn.acbl.org/nabc/2015/03/bulletins/db1.pdf|accessdate=21 May 2016}}
75. ^The Ethical Oversight Committee applied section E13 of the Code of Disciplinary Regulations (pages 55-56) sentencing guidelines and the Appeals and Charges Committee applied section E18.
76. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/israel/11824257/International-bridge-champions-accuse-teammates-of-cheating.html |title=International bridge champions accuse teammates of cheating |publisher=The Daily Telegraph |date= 25 August 2015}}
77. ^CAS 2016/A/4783 Fulvio Fantoni and Claudio Nunes v. European Bridge League (EBL) Retrieved 3 February 2018
78. ^[https://bridgewinners.com/article/view/ebl-will-disallow-fantoni-and-nunes/]
79. ^{{cite web |url=http://bridgewinners.com/article/view/germany-to-withdraw-from-bermuda-bowl// |title=Germany to Withdraw from Bermuda Bowl |accessdate=1 June 2016 }}
80. ^{{cite web |url=http://newinbridge.com/news/2015/sep/statement-dbv// |title=Statement by DMV |accessdate=2 June 2016 }}
81. ^EBL Disciplinary Committee ruling on Piekarek/Smirnov
82. ^{{cite web |url=http://wbchampbulletin.org/communication-from-the-wbf-credentials-committee/ |website=World Bridge Federation |title=Communication from the WBF Credentials Committee |accessdate=26 September 2015 }}
83. ^{{cite web|url= http://bridgewinners.com/article/view/the-videos-shout-balicki-zmudzinski/ |title= The Videos Shout: Balicki-Zmudzinski |author=Kit Woolsey |date=2 November 2015 |publisher=Bridge Winners}}
84. ^{{cite web|url= http://www.eurobridge.org/Data/Sites/1/media/documents/EBL__BZ_Decision.pdf |publisher=EBL|title = Decision of the European Bridge League Disciplinary Commission on 10 February 2017}}
85. ^Bridgebum article
86. ^Duke of Cumberland Hand