| 释义 |
- Biography
- References Citations Bibliography
Clara Willdenow (8 October 1856 – 4 July 1931) was one of the first German women to attain a medical degree, though because she was denied study in her own country, she earned her degree in Switzerland. Opening a private gynaecology clinic, she operated it for more than two decades. Willdenow was openly lesbian and did not attempt to hide her orientation. BiographyClara Willdenow was born on 8 October 1856 in Bonn, Kingdom of Prussia.{{sfn|Creese|2004|p=138}} Her father, Karl Willdenow is sometimes styled as a pedagogist from Berlin,{{sfn|Schmid|2003|p=83}} at others as a privy councilor from Breslau{{sfn|Creese|2004|p=138}} and at others a curator at the University of Bonn. Her great-grandfather was the botanist Carl Ludwig Willdenow.{{sfn|Institute for the History of Medicine|2015}} She was privately educated until completing her Abitur and then enrolled in 1884 at the medical school at Zurich University.{{sfn|Creese|2004|p=138}} At the time, German universities refused to admit women.{{sfn|Albisetti|1982|p=104}} Studying in Zurich until 1887,{{sfn|Creese|2004|p=138}} after passing her Propaedeutic Examinations she went on to further her education at Bern, with a specialty in pediatrics.{{sfn|Creese|2004|p=138}}{{sfn|Institute for the History of Medicine|2015}} While she was still a student, she met Friedrich Nietzsche and belonged to his circle, which included Agnes Bluhm, Eva Corell, Meta von Salis, and Resa von Schirnhofer.{{sfn|Schmid|2003|pp=83-84}} She was awarded a degree in 1893,{{sfn|Creese|2004|p=138}} becoming one of the few German women granted a medical degree prior to 1900.{{sfn|Hoesch|1995|p=375}} Willdenow conducted laboratory work under {{ill|Edmund Drechsel|de}}, the noted chemist. She studied the milk protein casein and conducted research into the inorganic salts of lysine in the 1890s.{{sfn|Creese|2004|p=139}}{{sfn|Forbes|Keith|1914|p=263}}{{sfn|Mann|1906|p=395}}{{sfn|Willdenow|1898|p=523}} In 1894, she opened a private gynaecological practice in the Seefield district of Zurich, which she operated until 1923.{{sfn|Institute for the History of Medicine|2015}}{{sfn|Creese|2004|p=139}} She was known for her explicit relationships with women and was likely exclusively lesbian. Between 1904 and 1909, she was the lover of Mentona Moser and then for thirty-one years had a relationship with Pauline Bindschedler.{{sfn|Leidinger|2008|p=67-68}}{{sfn|Institute for the History of Medicine|2015}} The word lesbian was not in common use at the time, but in describing their relationship, Moser specifically called it "lesbian love".{{sfn|Schnurrenberger|Winter|2002}} In 1900, Willdenow and other doctors signed a petition asking the Federal Council to accept examination results for Swiss universities as prerequisites for the German examinations.{{sfn|Institute for the History of Medicine|2015}} Though in 1899, German law changed and allowed women to participate in the medical profession, the application of the law was varied among the German states.{{sfn|Albisetti|1982|p=120}} Willdenow later volunteered as a doctor in a Berlin clinic. She died on 4 July 1931 in Zurich.{{sfn|Creese|2004|p=139}} References CitationsBibliography{{refbegin|30em}}- {{cite journal|ref=harv|last1=Albisetti|first1=James C.|title=The fight for female physicians in Imperial Germany|journal=Central European History|date=1982|volume=15|pages=99–123|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/8C53974FADE9711B2288196ECAEF16DF/S0008938900010542a.pdf/the-fight-for-female-physicians-in-imperial-germany.pdf|accessdate=3 June 2017|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, England|issn=0008-9389|subscription=yes|via=Cambridge University Press}}
- {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Creese|first=Mary R. S.|title=Ladies in the Laboratory II: West European Women in Science, 1800-1900: a Survey of Their Contributions to Research|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SVYnAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA139|year=2004|publisher=Scarecrow Press|location=Lanham, Maryland|isbn=978-0-8108-4979-2}}
- {{cite book|ref=harv|last1=Forbes|first1=Ernest Browning|last2=Keith|first2=M. Helen|title=A Review of the Literature of Phosphorus Compounds in Animal Metabolism|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b4139457;view=1up;seq=269|series=Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station Technical Series|volume=Bulletin #5|year=1914|publisher=The Agricultural Commission of Ohio|location=Wooster, Ohio|oclc=38253064}}
- {{cite journal|ref=harv|last1=Hoesch|first1=Kristin|title=Die Bemühungen in Deutschland tätiger Ärztinnen um die Approbation von 1877–1900|journal=Medizinhistorisches Journal|date=1995|volume=30|issue=4|pages=353–376|jstor=25805142|publisher=Franz Steiner Verlag|location=Stuttgart, Germany|language=German|issn=0025-8431}}
- {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Leidinger|first=Christiane|title=Keine Tochter aus gutem Hause: Johanna Elberskirchen (1864-1943)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BFDaAAAAMAAJ|year=2008|publisher=UVK Verlagsgesellschaft|location=Konstanz, Germany|language=German|isbn=978-3-86764-064-0}}
- {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Mann|first=Gustav|title=Chemistry of the proteids|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044106194467;view=1up;seq=419|year=1906|publisher=Macmillan and Company|location=London, England|oclc=5315611}}
- {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Schmid|first=Holger|title=Briefe von und an Friedrich Nietzsche, Januar 1885 - Dezember 1886|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vrm2Itw_6hoC&pg=PA83|year=2003|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|location=Berlin, Germany|language=German|isbn=978-3-11-017428-1}}
- {{cite web|ref=harv|last1=Schnurrenberger|first1=Regula|last2=Winter|first2=Anita (translator)|title=Mentona Moser (1874-1971), Clara Willdenow (1856-1931), Pauline Bindschedler (1856-1933) [online]|url=http://www.lesbengeschichte.de/Englisch/bio_willdenow_e.html|website=Lesbengeschichte|publisher=Boxhammer, Ingeborg/Leidinger, Christiane|accessdate=3 June 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308185250/http://www.lesbengeschichte.de/Englisch/bio_willdenow_e.html|archivedate=8 March 2016|location=Zurich, Switzerland|date=2002|postscript=. self-published but with references.}}
- {{cite journal|ref=harv|last1=Willdenow|first1=Clara|title=Ueber Lysursäure und ihre Salze|journal=Zeitschrift für Physiologische Chemie|date=1898|volume=25|pages=523–550|doi=10.1515/bchm2.1898.25.5-6.523|url=http://vlp.uni-regensburg.de/library/data/lit17249/index_html?pn=1&ws=1.5|accessdate=3 June 2017|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|location=Berlin, Germany|language=German|issn=0018-4888|trans-title=About lysuric acid and its salts}}
- {{cite web|ref={{harvid|Institute for the History of Medicine|2015}}|author=|title=Clara Willdenow|url=https://geschichte.charite.de/aeik/biografie.php?ID=AEIK00903|website=Geschichte Charité Berlin|publisher=Institut für Geschichte der Medizin und für Ethik in der Medizin, Charité|accessdate=3 June 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170603181237/https://geschichte.charite.de/aeik/biografie.php?ID=AEIK00903|archivedate=3 June 2017|location=Berlin, Germany|language=German|date=2015}}
{{refend}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Willdenow, Clara}} 14 : 1856 births|1931 deaths|People from Bonn|People from Zürich|German women physicians|German women scientists|Lesbians|Queer studies|19th-century German physicians|20th-century German physicians|19th-century women scientists|20th-century women scientists|20th-century women physicians|19th-century women physicians |