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词条 Battle of Bunker Hill
释义

  1. Geography

  2. British planning

  3. Prelude to battle

     Fortification of Breed's Hill  British preparations  Colonists reinforce their positions 

  4. British assault

  5. Aftermath

  6. Political consequences

  7. Analysis

     Disposition of Colonial forces  Disposition of British forces 

  8. "The whites of their eyes"

  9. Notable participants

  10. Commemorations

  11. See also

  12. Notes

  13. References

  14. Bibliography

  15. Further reading

  16. External links

{{For|a list of numerous places and things that are named after this battle|Bunker Hill (disambiguation){{!}}Bunker Hill}}{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}

Another notable participant was Daniel Shays, who later became famous for his army of protest in Shays' Rebellion.[112] Israel Potter was immortalized in Israel Potter: His Fifty Years of Exile, a novel by Herman Melville.[113][114] Colonel John Paterson commanded the Massachusetts First Militia, served in Shays' Rebellion, and became a congressman from New York.[115] Lt. Col. Seth Read, who served under John Paterson at Bunker Hill, went on to settle Geneva, New York and Erie, Pennsylvania, and was said to have been instrumental in the phrase E pluribus unum being added to U.S. coins.[116][117][118][119] George Claghorn of the Massachusetts militia was shot in the knee at Bunker Hill and went on after the war to become the master builder of the USS Constitution, {{color|black|a.k.a.}} "Old Ironsides", which is the oldest naval vessel in the world that is still commissioned and afloat.[120][121]

Commemorations

John Trumbull's painting, The Death of General Warren at the Battle of Bunker Hill (displayed in lede), was created as an allegorical depiction of the battle and Warren's death, not as an actual pictorial recording of the event. The painting shows a number of participants in the battle including a British officer, John Small, among those who stormed the redoubt, yet came to be the one holding the mortally wounded Warren and preventing a fellow redcoat from bayoneting him. He was friends of Putnam and Trumbull. Other central figures include Andrew McClary who was the last man to fall in the battle.[122]

The Bunker Hill Monument is an obelisk that stands {{convert|221|ft|m}} high on Breed's Hill. On June 17, 1825, the fiftieth anniversary of the battle, the cornerstone of the monument was laid by the Marquis de Lafayette and an address delivered by Daniel Webster.[123] (When Lafayette died, he was buried next to his wife, Adrienne de La Fayette, at the Cimetière de Picpus under soil from Bunker Hill, which his son Georges sprinkled over him.)[124] The Leonard P. Zakim Bunker Hill Memorial Bridge was specifically designed to evoke this monument.[125] There is also a statue of William Prescott showing him calming his men down.

The National Park Service operates a museum dedicated to the battle near the monument, which is part of the Boston National Historical Park.[126] A cyclorama of the battle was added in 2007 when the museum was renovated.[127]

In nearby Cambridge, a small granite monument just north of Harvard Yard bears this inscription: "Here assembled on the night of June 16, 1775, 1200 Continental troops under command of Colonel Prescott. After prayer by President Langdon, they marched to Bunker Hill." See footnote for picture.[128] (Samuel Langdon, a Congregational minister, was Harvard's 11th president.)[129] Another small monument nearby marks the location of the Committee of Safety, which had become the Patriots' provisional government as Tories left Cambridge.[130] These monuments are on the lawn to the west of Harvard's Littaeur Center, which is itself the west of Harvard's huge Science Center. See footnote for map.[131]

Bunker Hill Day, observed every June 17, is a legal holiday in Suffolk County, Massachusetts (which includes the city of Boston), as well as Somerville in Middlesex County. Prospect Hill, site of colonial fortifications overlooking the Charlestown Neck, is now in Somerville, which was previously part of Charlestown.[132][133] State institutions in Massachusetts (such as public institutions of higher education) in Boston also celebrate the holiday.[134][135] However, the state's FY2011 budget requires that all state and municipal offices in Suffolk County be open on Bunker Hill Day and Evacuation Day.[136]

On June 16 and 17, 1875, the centennial of the battle was celebrated with a military parade and a reception featuring notable speakers, among them General William Tecumseh Sherman and Vice President Henry Wilson. It was attended by dignitaries from across the country.[137] Celebratory events also marked the sesquicentennial (150th anniversary) in 1925 and the bicentennial in 1975.[138][139]

Over the years the Battle of Bunker Hill has been commemorated on four U.S. Postage stamps.[140]

{{clear}}

See also

{{portal|United States Army|American Revolutionary War}}
  • List of American Revolutionary War battles
  • List of Continental Forces in the American Revolutionary War
  • List of British Forces in the American Revolutionary War
  • Dr. John Hart, Regimental Surgeon of Col Prescott's Regiment who treated the wounded at Bunker Hill
  • Royal Welch Fusiliers
  • {{USS|Bunker Hill}}

Notes

{{notelist}}

References

1. ^Chidsey p. 122 counts 1,400 in the night-time fortification work. Frothingham is unclear on the number of reinforcements arriving just before the battle breaks out. In a footnote on p. 136, as well as on p. 190, he elaborates the difficulty in getting an accurate count.
2. ^Chidsey p. 90 says the initial force requested was 1,550, but Howe requested and received reinforcements before the battle began. Frothingham p. 137 puts the total British contingent likely to be over 3,000. Furthermore, according to Frothingham p. 148, additional reinforcements arrived from Boston after the second attack was repulsed. Frothingham, p. 191 notes the difficulty in attaining an accurate count of British troops involved.
3. ^Chidsey, p. 104
4. ^Frothingham pp. 191, 194.
5. ^Borneman, Walter R. American Spring: Lexington, Concord, and the Road to Revolution, p. 350, Little, Brown and Company, New York, Boston, London, 2014. {{ISBN|978-0-316-22102-3}}.
6. ^Hubbard, Robert Ernest. Major General Israel Putnam: Hero of the American Revolution, p. 85, McFarland & Company, Inc., Jefferson, North Carolina, 2017. {{ISBN|978-1-4766-6453-8}}.
7. ^Hubbard, Robert Ernest. Major General Israel Putnam: Hero of the American Revolution, pp. 85–87, McFarland & Company, Inc., Jefferson, North Carolina, 2017. {{ISBN|978-1-4766-6453-8}}.
8. ^Hubbard, Robert Ernest. Major General Israel Putnam: Hero of the American Revolution, pp. 87–95, McFarland & Company, Inc., Jefferson, North Carolina, 2017. {{ISBN|978-1-4766-6453-8}}.
9. ^{{cite encyclopedia | encyclopedia = Encyclopædia Britannica | title = Battle of Bunker Hill | url = https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Bunker-Hill | access-date = January 25, 2016 | date = December 8, 2016 | publisher = Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. | quote = Although the British eventually won the battle, it was a Pyrrhic victory that lent considerable encouragement to the revolutionary cause.}}
10. ^Hubbard, Robert Ernest. Major General Israel Putnam: Hero of the American Revolution, pp. 94–95, McFarland & Company, Inc., Jefferson, North Carolina, 2017. {{ISBN|978-1-4766-6453-8}}.
11. ^18th century Boston was a peninsula. Primarily in the 19th century, much land around the peninsula was filled, giving the modern city its present geography. See the history of Boston for details.
12. ^Chidsey, p. 72 New Hampshire 1,200, Rhode Island 1,000, Connecticut 2,300, Massachusetts 11,500
13. ^Alden, p. 178
14. ^Visitors to Boston, upon seeing the nearby hills, may conclude that they are too low. The hills were once higher, but were lowered by excavations to obtain landfill used to expand Boston in the 19th century.
15. ^{{Cite book|title=Benedict Arnold: Revolutionary Hero|first=James Kirby|last=Martin|location=New York|publisher=New York University Press|year=1997|ref=Martin|page=73|isbn=978-0-8147-5560-0|oclc=36343341}}
16. ^Chidsey p. 91 has an historic map showing elevations.
17. ^French, p. 220
18. ^French, p. 249
19. ^Brooks, p. 119
20. ^Ketchum, pp. 45–46
21. ^Ketchum, p. 47
22. ^Ketchum, pp. 74–75
23. ^French, p. 255
24. ^Hubbard, Robert Ernest. Major General Israel Putnam: Hero of the American Revolution, p. 84, McFarland & Company, Inc., Jefferson, North Carolina, 2017. {{ISBN|978-1-4766-6453-8}}.
25. ^Frothingham, pp. 122–123
26. ^Ketchum, pp. 102, 245
27. ^Frothingham, pp. 123–124
28. ^Frothingham, p. 135
29. ^Hubbard, Robert Ernest. Major General Israel Putnam: Hero of the American Revolution, pp. 87–88, McFarland & Company, Inc., Jefferson, North Carolina, 2017. {{ISBN|978-1-4766-6453-8}}.
30. ^1 Ketchum, p. 115
31. ^Frothingham, p. 125
32. ^Brooks, p. 127
33. ^Ketchum, p. 117
34. ^Ketchum, pp. 120–121
35. ^Wood, p. 54
36. ^Ketchum, p. 122
37. ^1 Graydon, p. 424
38. ^Chidsey, p. 84
39. ^1 2 Frothingham, p. 133
40. ^1 Ketchum, p. 139
41. ^1 Ketchum, p 143
42. ^Chidsey p. 93
43. ^Chidsey p. 96
44. ^Frothingham, p. 136
45. ^1 Ketchum, p. 147
46. ^Hubbard, Robert Ernest. Major General Israel Putnam: Hero of the American Revolution, pp. 92–93, McFarland & Company, Inc., Jefferson, North Carolina, 2017. {{ISBN|978-1-4766-6453-8}}.
47. ^Ketchum, pp. 152–153
48. ^Ketchum, pp. 151–152
49. ^Frothingham, pp. 144–145
50. ^Ketchum, p. 160
51. ^Ketchum, p. 152
52. ^Fusillers, Mark Urban p38
53. ^Frothingham, pp. 141–142
54. ^Ketchum, p. 161
55. ^Ketchum, p. 162
56. ^Frothingham, p. 146
57. ^Hubbard, Robert Ernest. Major General Israel Putnam: Hero of the American Revolution, p. 92, McFarland & Company, Inc., Jefferson, North Carolina, 2017. {{ISBN|978-1-4766-6453-8}}.
58. ^Ketchum, p. 163
59. ^Ketchum, p. 164
60. ^Hubbard, Robert Ernest. Major General Israel Putnam: Hero of the American Revolution, pp. 92–95, McFarland & Company, Inc., Jefferson, North Carolina, 2017. {{ISBN|978-1-4766-6453-8}}.
61. ^Ketchum, pp. 165–166
62. ^Chidsey p. 99
63. ^Frothingham, p. 150
64. ^Frothingham, p. 151
65. ^1 Ketchum, p. 181
66. ^Frothingham, pp. 151–152
67. ^Brooks, p. 237
68. ^1 Clinton, p. 19. General Clinton's remark is an echoing of Pyrrhus of Epirus's original sentiment after the Battle of Heraclea, "one more such victory and the cause is lost".
69. ^Brooks, pp. 183–184
70. ^Frothingham, pp. 145, 196
71. ^Frothingham, pp. 387–389 lists the officer casualties by name, as well as this summary
72. ^Bardwell, p. 76
73. ^Ketchum, p. 150
74. ^Ketchum, p. 255
75. ^Hubbard, Robert Ernest. Major General Israel Putnam: Hero of the American Revolution, pp. 94–96, McFarland & Company, Inc., Jefferson, North Carolina, 2017. {{ISBN|978-1-4766-6453-8}}.
76. ^Ketchum, pp. 207–208
77. ^Ketchum, p. 209
78. ^Ketchum, pp. 208–209
79. ^1 Ketchum, p. 211
80. ^Ketchum, p. 213
81. ^Scheer, p. 64
82. ^1 Cray, 2001
83. ^Purcell, 2010, pp.164-168
84. ^Ketchum, Richard M. The Battle for Bunker Hill, p. 178, The Cresset Press, London, England, 1963.
85. ^Murdock, Harold. Bunker Hill, Notes and Queries on a Famous Battle, Kessinger Publishing, LLC, 2010. {{ISBN|1163174912}},
86. ^Hubbard, Robert Ernest. Major General Israel Putnam: Hero of the American Revolution, pp. 191–92, McFarland & Company, Inc., Jefferson, North Carolina, 2017 {{ISBN|978-1-4766-6453-8}}.
87. ^Frothingham, p. 131
88. ^Frothingham, p. 19
89. ^Hubbard, Robert Ernest. Major General Israel Putnam: Hero of the American Revolution, p. 87, McFarland & Company, Inc., Jefferson, North Carolina, 2017 {{ISBN|978-1-4766-6453-8}}.
90. ^1 Frothingham, p. 155
91. ^Frothingham, pp. 158–159
92. ^French, pp. 274–276
93. ^Frothingham, p. 153
94. ^French, pp. 263–265
95. ^Frothingham, p. 156
96. ^French, p. 277
97. ^Frothingham, p. 148
98. ^Frothingham pp. 152–153
99. ^Jackson, p. 20
100. ^Ferling, 2015, p. 127-129
101. ^Lewis, John E., ed. The Mammoth Book of How it Happened. London: Robinson, 1998. Print. P. 179
102. ^Hubbard, Robert Ernest. Major General Israel Putnam: Hero of the American Revolution, p. 97, McFarland & Company, Inc., Jefferson, North Carolina, 2017 {{ISBN|978-1-4766-6453-8}}.
103. ^Joannis Schefferi, "Memorabilium Sueticae Gentis Exemplorum Liber Singularis" (1671) p. 42
104. ^R. Reilly, The Rest to Fortune: The Life of Major-General James Wolfe (1960), p. 324
105. ^Anderson, p. 679
106. ^Winsor, p. 85
107. ^French, pp. 269–270
108. ^Abbatt, p. 252
109. ^Ketchum, pp. 132,165
110. ^Woodson, p. 204
111. ^Ketchum, p. 260
112. ^Richards, p. 95
113. ^Ketchum, p. 257
114. ^Melville
115. ^Biographical Directory of the United States
116. ^Buford, 1895, Preface
117. ^Marvin, p. 425, 436
118. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.coins.nd.edu/ColCoin/ColCoinIntros/MA-Copper.intro.html| title = Massachusetts Coppers 1787–1788: Introduction| accessdate =2007-10-09| publisher=University of Notre Dame| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20071108015613/http://www.coins.nd.edu/ColCoin/ColCoinIntros/MA-Copper.intro.html| archivedate= November 8, 2007 | deadurl= no}}
119. ^{{cite web |url= http://205.168.45.71/education/faq/coins/portraits.shtml |title= e pluribus unum FAQ #7 |publisher= www.treas.gov |accessdate= 2007-09-29 }}{{dead link|date=July 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
120. ^{{Cite web |title=Individual Summary for COL. GEORGE CLAGHORN |author=Wheeler, O. Keith |url=http://www.wheelerfolk.org/keithgen/related/claghorn_geo_indiv_sum.htm |date=30 January 2002 |accessdate=2012-10-10}}
121. ^{{HMS|Victory}} is the oldest commissioned vessel by three decades; however, Victory has been in dry dock since 1922. {{cite web |url=http://www.hms-victory.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=153&Itemid=572 |title=HMS Victory Service Life |publisher=HMS Victory website |accessdate= |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6AGTZMPHG?url=http://www.hms-victory.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=153&Itemid=572 |archivedate=August 28, 2012 |deadurl=no |df= }}
122. ^Bunce, p. 336
123. ^Hayward, p. 322
124. ^Clary
125. ^MTA Bridges
126. ^Bunker Hill Museum
127. ^McKenna
128. ^{{cite web|url=https://picasaweb.google.com/115084101490686051189/DropBox?authkey=Gv1sRgCIb7-7uW5e244QE#5827876206844880834|title=Album Archive|website=Picasaweb.google.com|accessdate=November 19, 2017}}
129. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.harvard.edu/history/presidents/langdon |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2013-12-31 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130101220156/http://www.harvard.edu/history/presidents/langdon |archivedate=January 1, 2013 |df=mdy }}
130. ^Committee of Safety (American Revolution)
131. ^{{cite web|url=http://map.harvard.edu/mapserver/campusmap.htm|title=Harvard University Campus Map|website=Map.harvard.edu|accessdate=November 19, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130106200002/http://map.harvard.edu/mapserver/campusmap.htm|archive-date=January 6, 2013|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all}}
132. ^MA List of legal holidays
133. ^Somerville Environmental Services Guide
134. ^University of Massachusetts, Boston, observed holidays
135. ^Bunker Hill Day closings
136. ^{{cite web|title=Commonwealth of Massachusetts FY2011 Budget, Outside Section 5|url=http://www.mass.gov/bb/gaa/fy2011/os_11/h5.htm|website=Mass.gov|date=July 14, 2010|accessdate=August 6, 2010}}
137. ^See the Centennial Book for a complete description of the events.
138. ^Sesquicentennial celebration
139. ^New York Times, June 15, 1975
140. ^Scotts 2008 United States stamp catalogue

Bibliography

Major sources

Most of the information about the battle itself in this article comes from the following sources.

{{Refbegin}}
  • {{Cite book|last=Brooks|first=Victor|title=The Boston Campaign|publisher=Combined Publishing|year=1999|isbn=1-58097-007-9|ref=Brooks|oclc=42581510|location=Conshohocken, PA}}
  • {{Cite book|last=Chidsey|first=Donald Barr|title=The Siege of Boston|publisher=Crown|year=1966|ref=Chidsey|oclc=890813|location=Boston, MA}}
  • {{Cite book|last=Frothingham, Jr|first=Richard|authorlink=Richard Frothingham, Jr.|title=History of the Siege of Boston and of the Battles of Lexington, Concord, and Bunker Hill, Second Edition|publisher=Charles C. Little and James Brown|year=1851|url=https://books.google.com/?id=xl4sAAAAMAAJ|ref=Frothingham|oclc=2138693|location=Boston, MA}}
  • {{Cite book | last = French | first = Allen | authorlink =Allen French | title = The Siege of Boston | publisher=McMillan | year = 1911 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=PqZcY9z3Vn4C |ref=French |oclc=3927532 |location=New York}}
  • {{Cite book|last=Ketchum|first=Richard|ref=Ketchum|title=Decisive Day: The Battle of Bunker Hill|year=1999|publisher=Owl Books|isbn=0-385-41897-3|oclc=24147566|location=New York}} (Paperback: {{ISBN|0-8050-6099-5}})
  • Philbrick, Nathaniel. Bunker Hill: A City, a Siege, a Revolution (New York: Viking, 2013)
{{Refend}}Minor sources

Specific facts not necessarily covered by the major sources come from the following sources.

{{Refbegin}}
  • {{cite book| last= Buford| first= Mary Hunter| authorlink=| title= Seth Read, Lieut.-Col. Continental Army; Pioneer at Geneva, New York, 1787, and at Erie, Penn., June, 1795. His Ancestors and Descendants.| year= 1895| location=Boston, Mass.| pages= 167 Pages on CD in PDF Format.| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ABlMAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA5&lpg=PA5&dq=buford+mary+hunter+1895+%22seth+read%22&source=web&ots=_540EB_Xa8&sig=L2OHCI7kvzQ2l582XuF0fvFBMUk |ref=Buford}}
  • {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=s7ZEAAAAIAAJ&lpg=PA336&dq=%22John%20Small%22%20%22Bunker%20Hill%22&pg=PA337#v=onepage&q=%22John%20Small%22%20%22Bunker%20Hill%22|title=The romance of the revolution: being true stories of the adventures, romantic incidents, hairbreath escapes, and heroic exploits of the days of '76|first=Oliver Bell|last=Bunce|authorlink=Oliver Bell Bunce|publisher=Porter & Coates|year=1870|oclc=3714510|location=Philadelphia}}
  • {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=k34FAAAAQAAJ|title=The Magazine of American History with Notes and Queries, volume 8|first=William (ed)|last=Abbatt|ref=Abbatt|publisher=A.S. Barnes|year=1883|oclc=1590082}}
  • {{Cite book|last=Alden|first=John R|title=A History of the American Revolution|publisher=Da Capo|isbn=0-306-80366-6|ref=Alden|year=1989}}
  • {{Cite book|title=The Scottish Nation: Or, The Surnames, Families, Literature, Honours, and Biographical History of the People of Scotland, volume 2|first=William|last=Anderson|ref=Anderson|publisher=Fullarton|year=1863|url=https://books.google.com/?id=otxpAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA679&dq=Agnew+cavalry+Dettingen|oclc=1290413}}
  • {{Cite book|title=Old Kittery|first=John D|last=Bardwell|publisher=Arcadia Publishing|year=2005|isbn=978-0-7385-2476-4|ref=Bardwell}}
  • {{Cite book|last=Clinton|first=Henry|title=The American Rebellion: Sir Henry Clinton's Narrative of His Campaigns, 1775–1782 |editor=Willcox, William B. |publisher=Yale University Press|year=1954|url=https://books.google.com/?id=H2AsAAAAMAAJ|ref=Clinton|oclc=1305132}}
  • {{Cite book|last=Graydon|first=Alexander|title=Memoirs of His Own Time: With Reminiscences of the Men and Events of the Revolution |editor=Littell, John Stockton |publisher=Lindsay & Blakiston|location=Philadelphia|year=1846|url=https://books.google.com/?id=wvQEAAAAYAAJ|ref=Graydon|oclc=1557096}}
  • {{cite book |title=Whirlwind, The American Revolution and the War That Won it |last=Ferling |first=John |publisher=Bloomsbury Press, New York, London |year=2015 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=P0fCBwAAQBAJ&source=gbs_navlinks_s |ref=Ferling}}
  • {{Cite book|last=Hayward|first=John|title=A Gazetteer of the United States of America|publisher=self published|year=1854|url=https://books.google.com/?id=hlJ_1U2IaAIC|ref=Hayward|oclc=68756962}}
  • {{Cite book|title=Empire City: New York Through the Centuries|first=Kenneth T|last=Jackson|author2=Dunbar, David S|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=2005|isbn=978-0-231-10909-3|ref=Jackson}}
  • {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=oK4BAAAAQAAJ|title=Israel Potter: his fifty years of exile|first=Herman |last=Melville|ref=Melville|publisher=G. Routledge|year=1855|oclc=13065897}}
  • {{Cite book|title=Shays's Rebellion: The American Revolution's Final Battle|first=Leonard L|last=Richards|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|year=2003|isbn=978-0-8122-1870-1|ref=Richards}}
  • {{Cite book|title=Rebels and Redcoats: The American Revolution Through the Eyes of Those Who Fought and Lived It|first=George F|last=Scheer|author2=Rankin, Hugh F|publisher=Da Capo Press|year=1987|isbn=978-0-306-80307-9|ref=Scheer}}
  • {{Cite book|title=The Memorial History of Boston: Including Suffolk County, Massachusetts, 1630–1880, Volume 3|first=Justin|last=Winsor|author2=Jewett, Clarence F|publisher=James R. Osgood|year=1882|url=https://books.google.com/?id=z64TAAAAYAAJ|ref=WinsorBoston|oclc=4952179}}
  • {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MRYaAQAAIAAJ|title= The American Revolution: A History |first= Gordon S.|last=Wood|publisher=Modern Library|year=2002|isbn=0-8129-7041-1|ref=Wood}}
  • {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=AECdAAAAMAAJ|title=The Journal of Negro History, Volume 2|first=Carter Godwin|last=Woodson|authorlink1=Carter G. Woodson|author2=Logan, Rayford Whittingham|authorlink2=Rayford Logan|publisher=Association for the Study of Negro Life and History|year=1917|ref=Woodson|oclc=1782257}}
  • {{cite book |title=Bunker Hill Refought: Memory Wars and Partisan Conflicts, 1775-1825 |last=Cray |first=Robert E. |publisher=Historical Journal of Massachusetts |year=2001 |url=http://www.wsc.mass.edu/mhj/pdfs/Cray%20winter%202001%20combined.pdf |ref=Cray}}
  • {{cite web |title=Congressional bio of John Patterson |publisher=Biographical Directory of the United States |url=http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=P000101 |ref=PattersonBio}}
{{Refend}}Commemorations

Various commemorations of the battle are described in the following sources.

{{Refbegin}}
  • {{Cite web|url=http://www.masspike.com/bigdig/background/crb.html|title=Charles River Bridges|publisher=Massachusetts Turnpike Authority|accessdate=November 26, 2008|ref=MTABridges |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070928042628/http://www.masspike.com/bigdig/background/crb.html |archivedate = September 28, 2007}}
  • {{Cite web|url=http://www.sec.state.ma.us/cis/cishol/holidx.htm|title=Massachusetts List of Legal Holidays|publisher=Massachusetts Secretary of State|accessdate=December 16, 2008|ref=LegalHoliday}}
  • {{Cite web|url=http://www.somervillema.gov/CoS_Content/documents/EnvironmentalGuide2008.pdf|format=pdf|publisher=City of Somerville, Massachusetts|accessdate=February 26, 2009|title=Environmental Guide 2008|ref=SomervilleHoliday|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304001544/http://www.somervillema.gov/CoS_Content/documents/EnvironmentalGuide2008.pdf|archivedate=March 4, 2009|deadurl=yes|df=mdy-all}}
  • {{Cite web|url=http://www.umb.edu/faculty_staff/administration_finance/Human_Resources/Benefits/holidays.html|title=UMass Boston Holidays observed|accessdate=March 16, 2009|publisher=University of Massachusetts, Boston|ref=UMBHolidays| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090225155330/http://www.umb.edu/faculty_staff/administration_finance/Human_Resources/Benefits/holidays.html| archivedate= February 25, 2009 | deadurl= no}}
  • {{Cite web|url=http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2007/06/18/bunker_hill_day_closings/|title=Bunker Hill Day Closings|work=Boston Globe |date=June 18, 2007|accessdate=March 16, 2009|ref=BHDClosings}}
  • {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=Z9V3AAAAMAAJ |title=Celebration of the centennial anniversary of the battle of Bunker Hill|publisher=Boston City Council|location=Boston, MA |year=1875|ref=CentennialBook|oclc=2776599 |last=Winsor |first=Justin}}
  • {{Cite book|title=Celebration of the sesquicentennial anniversary of the Battle of Bunker Hill, June 17, 1925|publisher=City of Boston|location=Boston, MA|year=1925|ref=SesquicentennialBook|oclc=235594934}}
  • {{Cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/bost/historyculture/bhmuseum.htm|title=Bunker Hill Museum|publisher=National Park Service|accessdate=March 17, 2009|ref=NPSBHM| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090403192052/http://www.nps.gov/bost/historyculture/bhmuseum.htm| archivedate= April 3, 2009 | deadurl= no}}
  • {{Cite book|title=Adopted Son: Washington, Lafayette, and the Friendship that Saved the Revolution|last=Clary|first=David|publisher=Bantam Books|year=2007|location=New York City|isbn=978-0-553-80435-5|url=https://books.google.com/?id=cgGgAAAACAAJ&dq=adopted+son| pages=443–448|ref=Clary|oclc=70407848}}
  • {{Cite web|url=http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=118450359&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=67991&RQT=309&VName=HNP|work=New York Times |date=July 15, 1975|accessdate=March 17, 2009|title=Not Unusual Occurrence: British Take Bunker Hill|last=Kifner|first=John|ref=Kifner}} (ProQuest document number: 118450359)
  • {{Cite web |first=Kathleen|last=McKenna |date=June 10, 2007|url=http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2007/06/10/on_bunker_hill_a_boost_in_lafayette_profile/ |title=On Bunker Hill, a boost in La Fayette profile |work=Boston Globe |accessdate=March 17, 2009|ref=Globe20070610| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090220141751/http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2007/06/10/on_bunker_hill_a_boost_in_lafayette_profile/| archivedate= February 20, 2009 | deadurl= no}}
{{Refend}}

Further reading

{{Refbegin}}
  • {{cite book |title=The real History of the American Revolution |first=Alan |last=Axelrod |publisher=Sterling Publishing Company, New York |year=2007 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iBvtuSWgt_QC&source=gbs_navlinks_s |ref=Axelrod}}
  • {{cite book |title=The War Before Independence: 1775-1776 |first=Derek W. |last=Beck |publisher=Sourcebooks, Inc |year=2016 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ILDkCwAAQBAJ&vq=Fellows&source=gbs_navlinks_s |ref=Beck}}, 480 pages
  • {{Cite book|last=Doyle|first=Peter|title=Bunker Hill|year=1998|publisher=Providence Foundation|isbn=1-887456-08-2|ref=Doyle|oclc=42421560|location=Charlottesville, VA}}
  • {{Cite book|last=Drake|first=Samuel Adams|authorlink=Samuel Adams Drake|title=Bunker Hill: the story told in letters from the battle field by British Officers Engaged|year=1875|location=Boston|publisher=Nichols and Hall|url=https://books.google.com/?id=7jVCAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover}}
  • {{Cite book|last=Elting|first=John R.|title=The Battle of Bunker's Hill|year=1975|publisher=Phillip Freneau Press|isbn=0-912480-11-4|ref=Elting|oclc=2867199|location=Monmouth Beach, NJ}}
  • {{cite book |title=Almost a Miracle |last=Ferling |first=John |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2007 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lyjjEsqlqo0C&vq=putnam&source=gbs_navlinks_s |ref=Ferling07}}
  • {{Cite book|last=Fast|first=Howard|title=Bunker Hill|year=2001|publisher=ibooks inc|location=New York|isbn=0-7434-2384-4|ref=Fast|oclc=248511443}}
  • {{cite book |title=The American Revolution 100 |first=Michael Lee |last=Lanning |publisher=Source Books, Naperville, Illinois |year=2008 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=piqupfNDQNUC&source=gbs_navlinks_s |ref=Lanning}}
  • {{cite book |last1=O'Brien |first1=Michael J. |title=The Irish at Bunker Hill: Evidence of Irish Participation in the Battle of 17 June 1775 |publisher=Irish University Press |date=1968 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ihoJAQAAIAAJ }}
  • {{cite book |title=Cartography of the Battle of Bunker Hill |first=W. Walter |last=Ristow |year=1979 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CKDvEdOnVzsC&source=gbs_navlinks_s |ref=Ristow}}
  • {{Cite book |last=Swett|first=S|title=History of Bunker Hill Battle, With a Plan, Second Edition |location=Boston, MA|publisher=Munroe and Francis|year=1826|url=https://books.google.com/?id=QM3KyrZKnZAC|ref=Swett|oclc=3554078}} This book contains printings of both Gage's official account and that of the Massachusetts Congress.
  • {{cite book |title=The Spirit of 76 |first=Henry Steele |last=Commager |first2=Richard B. |last2=Morris |publisher=Harper & Row Publishers, New York, London |year=1958 |url= https://www.amazon.com/The-Spirit-Seventy-six-Revolution-Participants/dp/0306806207 |ref=Commager}}, [https://archive.org/details/spiritofseventys011271mbp eBook, Vol 2]
{{Refend}}

External links

{{EB1911 poster|Bunker Hill}}{{Commons category|Battle of Bunker Hill}}
  • Boston National Historical Park official website
  • [https://www.nps.gov/bost/learn/historyculture/bhmuseum.htm/ Bunker Hill Museum website]
About the battle
  • Library of Congress page about the battle
  • Bunker Hill Web Exhibit of the Massachusetts Historical Society
  • SAR Sons of Liberty Chapter list of colonial fallen at Bunker Hill
  • SAR Sons of Liberty Chapter description of the battle
  • The Battle of Bunker Hill: Now We Are at War, a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places (TwHP) lesson plan
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20080130064656/http://www.theamericanrevolution.org/battles/bat_bhil.asp TheAmericanRevolution.org description of the battle]
  • BritishBattles.com description of the battle
  • Animated History of the Battle of Bunker Hill
  • {{Cite AmCyc|wstitle=Bunker Hill |short=x}}
About people in the battle
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20060404194948/http://www.israelputnam.com/index.html Israel Putnam Website]
  • Genealogy of Captain Samuel Cherry, who fought at Bunker Hill
{{DEFAULTSORT:Battle Of Bunker Hill}}

11 : Battles of the American Revolutionary War|Battles involving Great Britain|Battles involving the United States|History of Boston|Charlestown, Boston|Massachusetts in the American Revolution|1775 in the Thirteen Colonies|Conflicts in 1775|1775 in Massachusetts|History of the Royal Marines|Military history of New England
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