“Coming of Age in Karhide”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

"Coming of Age in Karhide" is a science fiction short story by Ursula K. Le Guin, first published in 1995. The story is set on the fictional planet of Gethen, the same as Le Guin's 1969 novel The Left Hand of Darkness, and is a part of Le Guin's Hainish cycle. The story explores themes of growing into adulthood on a planet where individuals have no fixed gender identity. Reviewers stated that the story went further than Left Hand in its exploration of gender and sexuality, and was a "quietly feminist" work. It was also described as lacking the "dizzying impact" of Left Hand. In 2002, it was anthologized in the volume The Birthday of the World, along with many other stories exploring marriage and sexual relationships.

Setting

"Coming of Age in Karhide" is set on the fictional planet of Gethen, a part of the Hainish universe, created by Le Guin. The planet is also the setting for Le Guin's Hugo and Nebula award-winning 1969 novel The Left Hand of Darkness. In this alternative history, human beings did not evolve on earth, but on Hain. The people of Hain colonized many neighboring planetary systems, including Earth and Gethen, possibly a million years before the setting of the novels. Some of the groups that "seeded" each planet were the subjects of genetic experiments, including on Gethen.{{sfn|Cummins|1990|pp=66–67}}

In the language of its people, "Gethen" means "Winter", and as its name indicates, is a planet that is always cold.{{sfn|Watson|1975}} The inhabitants of Gethen are sequentially hermaphroditic humans; for twenty-four days (somer) of each twenty-six-day lunar cycle, they are sexually latent androgynes. They only adopt sexual attributes once a month, during a period of sexual receptiveness and high fertility, called kemmer. During kemmer they become sexually male or female, with no predisposition towards either,{{sfn|Cummins|1990|pp=74–77}} although which sex they adopt can depend on context and relationships.{{sfn|Spivack|1984|pp=44–50}} This absence of fixed gender characteristics led Le Guin to portray Gethen as a society without war, and also without sexuality as a continuous factor in social relationships.{{sfn|Cummins|1990|pp=74–77}}{{sfn|Reid|1997|pp=51–56}} On Gethen, every individual takes part in the "burden and privilege" of raising children, and rape and seduction are virtually absent.{{sfn|Reid|1997|pp=51–56}}

Plot

The story is told from the point of view of Sov Thade Tage em Ereb, a teenager who lives in a large communal home in the Karhidish city of Rer. The 140 people in the house are all a single family. None of its members form long-lasting marital bonds (known on Gethen as "keeping kemmer"); instead, individuals go to a communal "kemmerhouse" when they are sexually receptive, and any children that are conceived are raised in the "hearth", or communal home. As a result, Sov grows up among a number of cousins and siblings, none of whom know who their sire is.{{sfn|Le Guin|2002|pp=4–5}}

When Sov turns fourteen, Sov witnesses the "Somer-forever" party of their mother's sibling, who has reached the age where sexual activity is no longer possible. Witnessing this makes Sov wonder about their own sexuality, which Sov was not concerned about before reaching sexual maturity.{{sfn|Le Guin|2002|pp=6–7}} That same spring Sov begins an apprenticeship at a carpenter's workshop, and begins to feel like an adult. At the same time, Sov begins to experience mood swings and symptoms of illness. Sov goes to their mother, who tells them that Sov is coming into kemmer for the first time.{{sfn|Le Guin|2002|pp=8–9}} Sov discusses this with their cousin Sether, who is having the same experience, and they both express fears that being in kemmer is dehumanizing, and involves being a "sex machine".{{sfn|Le Guin|2002|pp=11–12}}

On the day Sov is due to kemmer, their family takes them to the kemmerhouse after presenting them a new set of clothes and going through traditional celebratory rituals. Sov is welcomed into the kemmerhouse with elaborate ritual. The first person Sov encounters is already in kemmer as a male, and his pheromones and touch lead to Sov kemmering as a female. He reveals that he is her father.{{sfn|Le Guin|2002|pp=19–20}} Over the next few days she has sexual experiences with a number of different men and women, and enjoys herself, although she is nervous and afraid. After coming out of kemmer Sov makes friends with another in the kemmerhouse, and a month later enters kemmer with Sether. Sov concludes by saying "The old days or the new times, somer or kemmer, love is love."{{sfn|Le Guin|2002|pp=21–22}}

Themes

"Coming of Age" examines themes of growing into adulthood, as well as ideas of gender and sexuality.^[1] In deliberate contrast to The Left Hand of Darkness, Le Guin's previous work which was set on the same fictional planet, Le Guin uses feminine pronouns for all the Gethenians when they are not in kemmer, and uses male or female pronouns for individuals in kemmer, depending on what sex they take on. She does the same in a later reprinting of "Winter's King", another short story set on Gethen, first written in 1969.^[2]^[3]{{sfn|Cummins|1990|pp=78–85}} In addition, first-person narration discusses the difficulty of telling a story about people without fixed male or female characteristics, in a language that only has gendered pronouns.^[1]^[3]

"Coming of Age" examines Gethenian sexuality in greater detail than in Left Hand.^[3] In describing the story, Le Guin stated:

Sandra Lindow stated that the kemmerhouse was an "effective cultural solution to the problem of sexuality", because socially acceptable promiscuous sex (both homo- and hetero-sexual) occurred in the absence of a power differential, thus making it healthy.{{sfn|Lindow|2012|p=212}} In addition, Gethenians were shown as having an inbuilt mechanism which forces them to seek consent for any sexual activity.{{sfn|Lindow|2012|p=212}} The story further challenges conventional sex mores because the narrator Sov is seduced by her male parent Karrid, so that she may kemmer for the first time as a woman, according to the tradition within their family. However, Karrid does not take advantage of his position, and permits no further sexual activity to take place.{{sfn|Lindow|2012|pp=213–214}} Lindow states that this experimentation was possible in a story written in 1995 in a way that it was not when Left Hand was written; "In 1968 and 1969, Le Guin's imagination did not yet include Gethenian homosexuality, gynocentrism, or the multiplicity of connection possible inside a kemmerhouse; however, by 1995 [...] much had changed in the cultural acceptance of sexuality."{{sfn|Lindow|2012|p=218}}

The story complicates the common theme of transitioning to adulthood by examining this transition on a planet where individuals have no fixed gender identity.^[1] The narrator Sov goes through a period of intense worry and anxiety when she learns she is going to kemmer for the first time. After experiencing the kemmerhouse, however, she says that "love is love", no matter whether a person is in kemmer or not. Thus, the story separates the idea of love from a person's sexual and gender identity.^[1]

Publication and reception

The story was first published in 1995,^[3] in the collection New Legends, edited by Martin Greenberg and Greg Bear.{{sfn|Le Guin|2002|p=376}} The collection was published by Legend Books.{{sfn|Le Guin|2002|p=376}} Alexis Lothian called it a "quietly feminist story", which demonstrated Le Guin's shift in political views since writing Left Hand towards more explicit feminism.^[5]

The story was also published in Le Guin's 2002 collection The Birthday of the World, along with the original novella Paradises Lost and six other stories from the period 1994–2002. A review of that volume stated that "Coming of Age" lacked the "giddying impact" of The Left Hand of Darkness, with which it shared a setting.^[6] The review called it disappointing, and stated that it was "one of the two weakest stories in the book".^[6] With one exception, all of the works in the collection examine unorthodox sexual relationships and marriage.{{sfn|Lindow|2012|p=205}}

References

1. ^¹²³{{cite book|last=Thomas|first=P. L.|title=Science Fiction and Speculative Fiction: Challenging Genres|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|year=2013|isbn=978-94-6209-380-5|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=PgjFBAAAQBAJ|page=89}}
2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.tor.com/2009/06/08/the-poetry-of-anthropology-ursula-le-guins-the-left-hand-of-darkness/ |title=Gender and glaciers: Ursula Le Guin's The Left Hand of Darkness |publisher=Tor.com |date=2009-06-08 |accessdate=2016-07-13}}
3. ^¹²³{{cite book|last=Ketterer|first=David|title=Flashes of the Fantastic: Selected Essays from the War of the Worlds|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=Xh5wFOn256wC|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|year=2004|isbn=978-0-313-31607-4|pages=80–81}}
4. ^¹{{cite web|author=Rodger Turner, Webmaster |url=https://www.sfsite.com/03a/ul123.htm |title=A Conversation With Ursula K. Le Guin |publisher=The SF Site |date= |accessdate=2016-07-13}}
5. ^{{cite journal|first=Alexis|last=Lothian|title=Balancing Oppositions:The Transformation of Feminism in Ursula K. Le Guin's Science Fiction|journal=Extrapolation|volume=47|issue=3|year=2006}}
6. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://www.strangehorizons.com/2003/20030512/ekumen.shtml |title=Review: Ursula K. Le Guin's The Birthday of the World and Other Stories, reviewed by Colin Harvey |publisher=Strangehorizons.com |date= |accessdate=2016-07-13 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808094902/http://www.strangehorizons.com/2003/20030512/ekumen.shtml |archivedate=2016-08-08 |df= }}

Setting

Plot

Themes

Publication and reception

References

Sources

External links