1. Voting patterns
    Republican gains, 1992–1994  Religious right 

2. Overall results

3. Incumbents defeated

4. Special elections

5. Alabama

6. Alaska

7. Arizona

8. Arkansas

9. California

10. Colorado

11. Connecticut

12. Delaware

13. Florida

14. Georgia

15. Hawaii

16. Idaho

17. Illinois

18. Indiana

19. Iowa

20. Kansas

21. Kentucky

22. Louisiana

23. Maine

24. Maryland

25. Massachusetts

26. Michigan

27. Minnesota

28. Mississippi

29. Missouri

30. Montana

31. Nebraska

32. Nevada

33. New Hampshire

34. New Jersey

35. New Mexico

36. New York

37. North Carolina

38. North Dakota

39. Ohio

40. Oklahoma

41. Oregon

42. Pennsylvania

43. Rhode Island

44. South Carolina

45. South Dakota

46. Tennessee

47. Texas

48. Utah

49. Vermont

50. Virginia

51. Washington

52. West Virginia

53. Wisconsin

54. Wyoming

55. Non-voting delegates

56. See also

57. References

58. Further reading

59. External links

The 1994 United States House of Representatives election (also known as the Republican Revolution) was held on November 8, 1994, in the middle of President Bill Clinton's first term. As a result of a 54-seat swing in membership from Democrats to Republicans, the Republican Party gained a majority of seats in the United States House of Representatives for the first time since 1952 and a majority of votes for the first time since 1946. It was also the largest seat gain for the Republican Party since 1946, and the largest for either party since 1948.

The Democrats had run the House since 1954, and since 1932 there had only been 4 years when the House was under Republican control. But in 1994 the Republican Party ran against President Clinton's proposed healthcare reform,^[1] benefited from impressions of corruption created by the Whitewater investigation, and picked up a majority of voters who had voted for Ross Perot in 1992. The Republicans argued that Clinton had abandoned the centrist New Democrat platform he campaigned on during the 1992 Presidential election and reverted to big government solutions. The GOP ran on Newt Gingrich's Contract with America.

The incumbent Speaker, Democrat Tom Foley, lost re-election in his district, becoming the first Speaker of the House to lose re-election since Galusha Grow in 1863.^[2] Other major upsets included the defeat of powerful long-serving Representatives such as Democratic Ways and Means Chairman Dan Rostenkowski and Democratic Judiciary Chairman Jack Brooks. In all, 34 incumbents (all Democrats) were defeated. Republicans also won the seats of retiring Democrats. Democrats won four Republican-held seats where the incumbents were stepping down. No Republican incumbent lost his or her seat in these elections.

The incumbent Republican Minority whip, Newt Gingrich, was re-elected in the Republican landslide and became Speaker as the incumbent Republican Minority Leader, Robert H. Michel, retired. The incumbent Democratic Majority Leader, Dick Gephardt, became Minority Leader. The new House leadership, under the Republicans, promised to bring a dozen legislative proposals to a vote in the first 100 days of the session, although the Senate did not always follow suit. A significant realigning election, the South underwent a drastic transformation. Before the election, House Democrats outnumbered House Republicans in the South. Afterwards, with the Republicans having picked up a total of 19 Southern seats, they were able to outnumber Democrats in the South for the first time since Reconstruction.^[3] The Republicans would go on to remain the majority party of the House for the following 12 years, until the 2006 elections.

Voting patterns

Republican gains, 1992–1994

Source: Data from exit-poll surveys by Voter Research and Surveys and Mitofsky International published in the New York Times, November 13, 1994, p. 24.

Religious right

Evangelicals were an important group within the electorate and a significant voting block in the Republican party. The national exit poll by Mitofsky International showed 27% of all voters identified themselves as a born-again or evangelical Christians, up from 18% in 1988 and 24% in 1992. Republican House candidates outpolled Democrats among white evangelicals by a massive 52 points, 76% to 24%.^[4]

According to a survey sponsored by the Christian Coalition, 33 percent of the 1994 voters were "religious conservatives," up from 24 percent in 1992 and 18 percent in 1988 (CQ Weekly Report), November 19, 1994, p. 3364; in the 1994 exit poll, 38 percent identified themselves as "conservatives," compared with 30 percent in 1992.^[5]

Party identification and ideology by selected religious groups 1994

Source: Mitofsky International exit poll in Klinkner, p. 121.

Overall results

Incumbents defeated

Every Republican incumbent standing won re-election. Thirty-four incumbent Democrats (including 16 "freshmen") were defeated in 1994. Democrats from Washington lost the most seats (5).

• {{ushr|AZ|6|X}}: Karan English (first elected in 1992)
• {{ushr|CA|1|X}}: Dan Hamburg (first elected in 1992)
• {{ushr|CA|19|X}}: Richard H. Lehman (first elected in 1982)
• {{ushr|CA|49|X}}: Lynn Schenk (first elected in 1992)
• {{ushr|GA|7|X}}: George "Buddy" Darden (first elected in 1983)
• {{ushr|GA|10|X}}: Clete Donald Johnson, Jr. (first elected in 1992)
• {{ushr|ID|1|X}}: Larry LaRocco (first elected in 1990)
• {{ushr|IL|5|X}}: Dan Rostenkowski (first elected in 1958, Ways and Means committee chairman)
• {{ushr|IN|4|X}}: Jill Long (first elected in 1989)
• {{ushr|IN|8|X}}: Frank McCloskey (first elected in 1982)
• {{ushr|IA|4|X}}: Neal Edward Smith (first elected in 1958, Appropriations subcommittee chairman)
• {{ushr|KS|4|X}}: Dan Glickman (first elected in 1976, Intelligence Committee chairman)
• {{ushr|KY|1|X}}: Thomas Barlow (first elected in 1992)
• {{ushr|NE|2|X}}: Peter Hoagland (first elected in 1988)
• {{ushr|NV|1|X}}: James Bilbray (first elected in 1986)
• {{ushr|NH|2|X}}: Dick Swett (first elected in 1990)
• {{ushr|NJ|8|X}}: Herb Klein (first elected in 1992)
• {{ushr|NY|1|X}}: George J. Hochbrueckner (first elected in 1986)
• {{ushr|NC|3|X}}: Martin Lancaster (first elected in 1986)
• {{ushr|NC|4|X}}: David Price (first elected in 1986)
• {{ushr|OH|1|X}}: David S. Mann (first elected in 1992)
• {{ushr|OH|6|X}}: Ted Strickland (first elected in 1992)
• {{ushr|OH|19|X}}: Eric Fingerhut (first elected in 1992)
• {{ushr|PA|13|X}}: Marjorie Margolies-Mezvinsky (first elected in 1992)
• {{ushr|TX|9|X}}: Jack Brooks (first elected in 1952, Judiciary Committee chairman, most senior member ever to have lost re-election)
• {{ushr|TX|13|X}}: Bill Sarpalius (first elected in 1988)
• {{ushr|UT|2|X}}: Karen Shepherd (first elected in 1992)
• {{ushr|VA|11|X}}: Leslie L. Byrne (first elected in 1992)
• {{ushr|WA|1|X}}: Maria Cantwell (first elected in 1992)
• {{ushr|WA|3|X}}: Jolene Unsoeld (first elected in 1988)
• {{ushr|WA|4|X}}: Jay Inslee (first elected in 1992)
• {{ushr|WA|5|X}}: Tom Foley (first elected in 1964, Speaker)
• {{ushr|WA|9|X}}: Mike Kreidler (first elected in 1992)
• {{ushr|WI|1|X}}: Peter W. Barca (first elected in 1993)

Special elections

Alabama

Alaska

Arizona

Arkansas

California

Colorado

Connecticut

Delaware

Florida

Georgia

Hawaii

Idaho

Illinois

Indiana

Iowa

Kansas

Kentucky

Louisiana

Maine

Maryland

Massachusetts

Michigan

Minnesota

Mississippi

Missouri

Montana

Nebraska

Nevada

New Hampshire

New Jersey

New Mexico

New York

North Carolina

North Dakota

Ohio

Oklahoma

Oregon

Pennsylvania

Rhode Island

South Carolina

South Dakota

Tennessee

Texas

Utah

Vermont

Virginia

Washington

West Virginia

Wisconsin

Wyoming

Non-voting delegates

See also

• United States elections, 1994
  • United States gubernatorial elections, 1994
  • United States Senate elections, 1994
• 103rd United States Congress
• 104th United States Congress
• Republican Revolution

References

Further reading

• {{cite book |last=Jenkins |first=Shannon |first2=Douglas D. |last2=Roscoe |first3=John P. |last3=Frendreis |first4=Alan R. |last4=Gitelson |year=2007 |chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=nIPRBXgzSYEC&pg=PA75 |chapter=Ten Years After the Revolution: 1994 and Partisan Control of Government |editor-last=Green |editor-first=John C. |editor2-first=Daniel J. |editor2-last=Coffey |title=The State of the Parties |edition=5th |location=Lanham, MD |publisher=Rowman and Littlefield }}
• {{cite book |authorlink=Philip Klinkner |last=Klinkner |first=Philip A. |title=Midterm: The Elections of 1994 in Context |publisher=Westview Press |year=1996 }}
• {{cite journal |authorlink=Everett Carll Ladd |last=Ladd |first=Everett Carll |title=The 1994 Congressional Elections: The Postindustrial Realignment Continues |journal=Political Science Quarterly |year=1995 |volume=110 |issue=1 |pages=1–22 |jstor=2152048 }}
• {{cite journal |last=Steeper |first=F. |title=This Swing is Different: Analysis of 1994 Election Exit Polls |journal=The Cook Political Report |date=February 8, 1995 }}
• {{cite journal |last=Teixeira |first=Ruy A. |title=The Economics of the 1994 Election and U.S. Politics Today |journal=Challenge |volume=39 |issue=1 |year=1996 |pages=26–31 |doi=10.1080/05775132.1996.11471888 }}
• {{cite journal |last=Wattenberg |first=Martin P. |title=The Democrats' Decline in the House during the Clinton Presidency: An Analysis of Partisan Swings |journal=Presidential Studies Quarterly |volume=29 |year=1999 |issue=3 |pages=685–689 |doi=10.1111/j.0268-2141.2003.00057.x }}

External links

• Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 8, 1994, Office of the Clerk U.S. House of Representatives

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