“Discrimination against asexual people”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Discrimination against asexual people (also known as acephobia)^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4] or aphobia^[2]^[3]^[4] encompasses a range of negative attitudes, behaviours, and feelings toward asexuality or people who identify as part of the asexual spectrum. Negative feelings or characterisations toward asexuality include dehumanisation, the belief that asexuality is a mental illness, that asexual people cannot feel love, and refusal to accept asexuality as a genuine sexual orientation. Asexuality is sometimes confused with celibacy. Anti-asexual hate crimes also exist, and asexual people may face greater amounts of prejudice and discrimination than those of other sexual minorities.

There have been efforts to combat anti-asexual discrimination through legislation or education (such as asexual workshops).^[5]^[6]

Classification

General

Behaviours and attitudes that are considered discriminatory include the idea that asexuality is a mental illness, that asexuality is a phase or a choice, the idea that asexual people cannot feel love, and those that make asexual people feel dehumanised.^[7]^[8]^[9]^[10]^[3] Aspects of discrimination experienced can depend on other parts of one's identity.^[11] As of February 2019, asexuality is a poorly-understood sexual orientation; in a Sky News survey, 53 per cent of the 1,119 people questioned felt confident in defining asexuality, but 75 per cent incorrectly did so or thought asexual people lack libido.^[12]

Asexuality has been seen as a joke.^[13] One study found that asexual people are more dehumanised than heterosexuals, homosexuals, and bisexuals, often being compared to animals or robots due to their sexuality.^[14]^[15]^[16] A different study, however, found little evidence of serious discrimination against asexuals because of their asexuality.^[17] Having emerged more recently as an identity, asexual people often have less legal protections than gay, lesbian, and bisexual people,^[18] although in New York, the Sexual Orientation Non-Discrimination Act categorises asexuals as a protected class.^[19] Asexuals have also been known to have been subjected to corrective rape.^[20]

Some, such as sociologist Mark Carrigan believe that asexual discrimination is more to do with marginalisation, and that a lot of it is a result of a lack of understanding and awareness of asexuality.^[21]^[22] There is also controversy over the inclusion of asexuality in the LGBT and queer umbrellas for a variety of reasons, including the belief that asexuals do not experience oppression akin to homophobia and transphobia^[23]^[24] and the belief that queer as a slur can only be reclaimed by those it has historically been used to oppress.^[25]

Asexuals are less-well represented by mainstream media and services, facilitating hostility and prejudice towards asexuals, and can lead to their rejection from both the straight and LGBT communities.^[24] Some online dating services, including Tinder, Bumble, and Match.com, lack the option for users to identify as asexual, which obstructs their ability to find romantic partners.^[26]

Institutionalised discrimination

In some jurisdictions, marriages can be voided if not legitimised by consummation.^[27] This has been viewed as discriminatory to asexuals.^[28] Sex education programmes in schools have also been known to discriminate against asexuals.^[29]^[30]

Social discrimination

Asexuals may be socially discriminated against due to beliefs that that heterosexuality is the default sexuality or that asexuals are actually gay or lesbian people in denial.^[9]^[31]

Anti-discrimination endeavours

In New York, the Sexual Orientation Non-Discrimination Act categorises asexuals as a protected class.^[32]

The Asexual Visibility and Education Network is an organisation founded in 2001 by David Jay, and aims to raise awareness of asexuality,^[33] including by getting it discussed in schools to discourage discriminatory attitudes.^[7] The Asexual Awareness Week is an organised event formed by Sarah Beth Brooks in 2010, also with the aim of raising asexual awareness and dispelling misconceptions about it.^[9] There have been attempts to increase awareness of asexuality in universities.^[34]

In 2015, United Kingdom Labour Party parliamentary candidate George Norman called for Parliament to add asexuality to equality legislation, and to recognise that one per cent of the UK's electorate are asexual.^[18]

In 2016, the Asexual Aromantic Alliance was founded at Iowa State University to encourage co-operation between the asexual and aromantic communities and "help eliminate acephobia."^[35]^[36]

References

1. ^{{cite web |author1=Joshua Glenn Parmenter |title=The Culture of Sexuality: Identification, Conceptualization, and Acculturation Processes Within Sexual Minority and Heterosexual Cultures |url=https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=8347&context=etd |website=Utah State University |accessdate=1 December 2018 |page=96 |date=August 2018}}
2. ^{{cite web |author1=Bruce LaBruce |title=Asexuality Is All the Rage |url=https://www.vice.com/gr/article/gqw5ay/wondering-on-asexuality |website=Vice |accessdate=2 December 2018 |date=3 April 2012}}
3. ^{{cite web |title=Anything but lacking |url=https://www.mcgilldaily.com/2017/11/anything-but-lacking/ |website=The McGill Daily |accessdate=2 December 2018 |date=21 November 2017}}
4. ^{{cite book|author=Morgan Lev Edward Holleb|title=The A-Z of Gender and Sexuality: From Ace to Ze|page=31|date=2019|publisher=Jessica Kingsley Publishers|isbn=9781784506636}}
5. ^{{cite magazine|url=http://issuu.com/brunswickan/docs/full_paper_e64b2dff0192c0|title=LGBTQrazy: A is for…|website=The Brunswickan (University of New Brunswick)|volume=147|issue=7|date=17 October 2013|page=10|quote=It’s important to talk about asexuality because it’s often an overlooked sexual identity, and acephobia – discrimination against asexual people – is experienced by many asexual people.}}
6. ^Joelle Ruby Ryan, "On Being Asexual and Transgender: Notes on Identity, Visibility, and Empowerment", in Trans Bodies, Trans Selves: A Resource for the Transgender (ed. Laura Erickson-Schroth), Oxford University Press (2014), {{ISBN|9780199325368}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=oZeAAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA367&dq=%22acephobia%22 page 367] "I now give asexual workshops, screen the film (A)sexual with a postfilm discussion, and try to have conversations with my friends and colleagues about asexual identity and acephobia
7. ^¹²{{cite web |author1=Joe Morgan |title=Here are the 11 biggest asexual myths busted |url=https://www.gaystarnews.com/article/here-are-11-biggest-asexual-myths-busted300315/#gs.WGdb_kM |website=Gay Star News |accessdate=27 November 2018 |location=London |date=30 March 2015}}
8. ^{{cite web |title=Let's Talk About Pride! How To Make Intersectional Spaces At Pride |url=https://comicsverse.com/lets-talk-pride/ |website=ComicsVerse |accessdate=27 November 2018 |date=19 June 2018}}
9. ^¹²{{cite web |author1=Robyn Exton |title=Aces Show Their Hand - What Is Asexuality And Why You Should Know About It |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/robyn-exton/aces-show-their-hand-what_b_12915544.html |website=Huffington Post |accessdate=27 November 2018 |date=14 November 2016}}
10. ^{{cite web |author1=Elizabeth Hanna Hanson |title=Making Something Out of Nothing: Asexuality and Narrative |url=https://ecommons.luc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=1519&context=luc_diss |website=Loyola University Chicago |accessdate=1 December 2018 |page=83 |date=2013}}
11. ^{{cite book |editor1-last=Harrad |editor1-first=Kate |title=Purple Prose: Bisexuality in Britain |date=2016 |publisher=Thorntree Press LLC |isbn=9780996460170 |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=otZJDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT177&lpg=PT177&dq=acephobia&source=bl&ots=9VDRDxWWMW&sig=7SBLCTydFUoXZ0L2_tQfLnwb-eo&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiE_M6S7freAhXJDOwKHSXjCk04UBDoATACegQICBAB#v=onepage&q=acephobia&f=false}}
12. ^{{cite web |author1=Lydia Smith |title=Three-quarters of people can’t define asexuality |url=https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2019/02/04/three-quarters-of-people-cant-define-asexuality/ |website=PinkNews |accessdate=7 April 2019 |date=4 February 2019}}
13. ^{{cite web |author1=Tom Grennell |title=ACES An Asexual Interview |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/aces-an-asexual-interview_us_58b72f12e4b0ddf6542462db |website=Huffington Post |accessdate=17 March 2019 |date=3 January 2017}}
14. ^{{cite web |author1=Gordon Hodson |title=Prejudice Against "Group X" (Asexuals) |url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/gb/blog/without-prejudice/201209/prejudice-against-group-x-asexuals |website=Psychology Today |accessdate=27 November 2018 |date=1 September 2012}}
15. ^{{cite web |author1=Cara C. MacInnis |author2=Gordon Hodson |title=Intergroup bias toward "Group X": Evidence of prejudice, dehumanization, avoidance, and discrimination against asexuals |url=http://asexualawarenessweek.com/docs/AsexualityBias.pdf |publisher=Sage Publications |accessdate=27 November 2018 |date=24 April 2012}}
16. ^{{cite book |author1=Julie Sondra Decker |title=The Invisible Orientation: An Introduction to Asexuality |date=2015 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=9781510700642 |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vTSCDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT110&lpg=PT110&dq=asexual+slurs&source=bl&ots=icPevssZkn&sig=ACfU3U1rORYp3aPh8pb1O0lNxsLNKAV0CA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiCo72MnorhAhWpRBUIHWU5ACM4FBDoATAFegQIBBAB#v=onepage&q=asexual%20slurs&f=false |accessdate=17 March 2019}}{{page number needed|date=March 2019}}
17. ^Gazzola, Stephanie B, and Melanie A. Morrison. "Asexuality: An emergent sexual orientation". Sexual Minority Research in the New Millennium.
18. ^¹{{cite web |author1=Jack Gevertz |title=“Parliament doesn’t recognise my sexuality”: Britain’s first openly asexual candidate, George Norman, speaks to Vision |url=https://www.yorkvision.co.uk/news/parliament-doesnt-recognise-my-sexuality-britains-first-openly-asexual-candidate-george-norman-speaks-to-vision/28/04/2015 |website=York Vision |accessdate=10 March 2019 |date=28 April 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181203152040/https://www.yorkvision.co.uk/news/parliament-doesnt-recognise-my-sexuality-britains-first-openly-asexual-candidate-george-norman-speaks-to-vision/28/04/2015|archivedate=3 December 2018}}
19. ^{{cite web |title=The Sexual Orientation Non-Discrimination Act ("SONDA") |url=http://www.ag.ny.gov//bureaus/civil_rights/sonda_brochure.html |website=Office of the Attorney General |accessdate=27 November 2018 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100316120639/http://www.ag.ny.gov//bureaus/civil_rights/sonda_brochure.html |archivedate=16 March 2010}}
20. ^{{cite web |author1=Dominique Mosbergen |title=Battling Asexual Discrimination, Sexual Violence And 'Corrective' Rape |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/asexual-discrimination_n_3380551 |website=Huffington Post |accessdate=27 November 2018 |date=20 June 2013}}
21. ^{{cite news |author1=Lucy Wallis |title=What is it like to be asexual? |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-16552173 |accessdate=27 November 2018 |date=17 January 2012|work=BBC News }}
22. ^{{cite web |author1=Maddie Wright |title=Asexual students on identity, experiences of intolerance |url=https://collegian.com/2017/10/asexual-students-on-identify-experiences-of-intolerance/ |website=The Rocky Mountain Collegian |accessdate=27 November 2018 |date=26 October 2017}}
23. ^{{cite web |author1=Dominique Mosbergen |title=LGBT, Asexual Communities Clash Over Ace Inclusion |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/lgbt-asexual_n_3385530 |website=Huffington Post |accessdate=27 November 2018 |date=21 June 2013}}
24. ^¹²³{{cite web |author1=University of Oxford |title=Ace/Aro Mythbusting |url=http://www.oulgbtq.org/acearo-mythbusting.html |website=University of Oxford LGBTQ+ Society |accessdate=7 April 2019}}
25. ^{{cite news |last=Mortimer |first=Dora |date=9 February 2016 |title= Can Straight People Be Queer? - An increasing number of young celebrities are labeling themselves 'queer.' But what does this mean for the queer community? |url= https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/avy9vz/can-straight-people-be-queer-435 |website=Vice Media |accessdate=12 December 2018 }}
26. ^{{cite web |author1=Julie Kliegman |title=Online dating isn’t easy — especially when you’re asexual |url=https://www.theverge.com/2018/2/14/17012528/asexual-asexuality-ace-online-dating |website=The Verge |accessdate=7 April 2019 |date=14 February 2018}}
27. ^{{cite web |author1=Elizabeth F. Emens |title=Compulsory Sexuality |url=https://scholarship.law.columbia.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1596&context=faculty_scholarship |website=Columbia University |accessdate=1 December 2018 |page=351 |date=2014}}
28. ^{{cite web |author1=Sally Goldfarb |title=Divorcing Marriage from Sex: Radically Rethinking the Role of Sex in Marriage Law in the United States |url=http://opo.iisj.net/index.php/osls/article/viewFile/735/958 |accessdate=1 December 2018 |page=20 |date=2016}}
29. ^{{cite web |author1=Miri Mogilevsky |title=5 Things You Can Do Right Now to Support the Asexual Youth in Your Life |url=https://everydayfeminism.com/2016/01/supporting-asexual-youth/ |website=Everyday Feminism |accessdate=7 December 2018 |date=21 January 2016}}
30. ^{{cite web |author1=Marie Claire |title=What It Feels Like To Be Asexual In A Sex-Obsessed World |url=https://www.marieclaire.co.uk/life/sex-and-relationships/what-it-feels-like-to-be-asexual-in-a-sex-obsessed-world-111522 |accessdate=7 December 2018 |date=23 February 2015|website=Marie Claire}}
31. ^{{cite magazine|author=Nicole Wiesenthal|url=http://issuu.com/themirrormag/docs/mirror_fall2014_final_small|title=Glossary of Asexual Terms|magazine=The Mirror|volume=3|issue=3|date=Autumn 2014|page=19|quote=Closely linked to homophobia, biphobia, transphobia and acephobia"}}
32. ^{{cite web |title=The Sexual Orientation Non-Discrimination Act ("SONDA") |url=http://www.ag.ny.gov//bureaus/civil_rights/sonda_brochure.html |website=Office of the Attorney General |accessdate=27 November 2018 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100316120639/http://www.ag.ny.gov//bureaus/civil_rights/sonda_brochure.html |archivedate=16 March 2010}}
33. ^{{cite web |author1=JohnThomas Didymus |title=Asexual Visibility and Education Network marks Asexuality Day |url=http://www.digitaljournal.com/article/348920 |website=Digital Journal |accessdate=27 November 2018 |date=27 April 2013}}
34. ^{{cite book |editor1-last=Erickson-Schroth |editor1-first=Laura |title=Trans Bodies, Trans Selves: A Resource for the Transgender Community |date=12 May 2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780199325368 |page=367 |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oZeAAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA367&lpg=PA367&dq=acephobia&source=bl&ots=K-3bo68Kp9&sig=ywhGHXlY_bZGu-jP8z0r01IBZl0&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiE_M6S7freAhXJDOwKHSXjCk04UBDoATADegQIBxAB#v=onepage&q=acephobia&f=false |accessdate=30 November 2018}}
35. ^¹{{cite web |author1=Logan Metzger |title=A look at the Asexual Aromantic Alliance and who they are |url=http://www.iowastatedaily.com/news/asexual-aromantic-alliance-studnet-organization-community-building/article_7a1e09cc-2d92-11e9-bdf8-67d5f5be2ada.html |website=Iowa State Daily |accessdate=7 April 2019 |date=20 February 1029}}
36. ^{{cite web |title=Asexual Aromantic Alliance |url=https://www.stuorg.iastate.edu/site/arostronaut |website=Iowa State University |accessdate=7 April 2019}}