| 词条 | Draft:Witchcraft in Cartagena |
| 释义 |
During the 1600s, Cartagena Colombia had a series of trials involving various women and some men accused of devil-worshipping and rejecting Christianity. Some of these women, both free and enslaved were Luisa Domínguez, Catalina de Otavio, Lorenzana de Azereto, Doña Ana Maria de Olarriaga, Justa, and perhaps the most well known, Paula de Eguiluz, as well as many more. Many of these women confessed to sexual relations with demons or the devil in order to achieve their desires, mainly material wealth or a lover who would provide gifts for them.[1] These witches were said to gather during “juntas” which were defined by inquisitors as rituals and ceremonies for the devil or witchcraft.[2] The stories told during the trials are incredible and often beyond the realm of possibility, but they offer insights as to what women who were brought to trial for witchcraft believed the inquisitors wanted to hear. Luisa DomínguezA 26 year old black freedwoman who made a living off of washing clothes and selling food items. Luisa confessed to being a witch because of her desire for a better life and wealth. Paula de Eguiluz claimed to have treated her after Luisa attended a junta and was struck with leprosy due to sex with a demon. The most likely scenario is that Luisa contracted a sexually transmitted disease after sex with a real man, but she told this story under the impression that inquisitors wanted to hear stories of women who had painful and unpleasant experiences with witchcraft and demons.[3] Catalina de OtavioThe black freedwoman Catalina confessed to participating in a junta and rejecting god. Which included drawing a cross and then erasing it with her backside, kissing and dancing around a goat, and eating a meal of meat with no salt. After all this, candles were blown out and she had sex with a demon who marked her left arm. Catalina was then confined to a bed and sick for three months during which she almost died. She was promised a man that would give her gifts and possessions.[4] Doña Lorenzana de AzeretoLorenzana de Azereto was a white Spanish woman who was the wife of a government scribe. She claimed to have used African love magic with the help of a slave Lorenzo Mulato, other servants, and older women to try to solve her marital problems. This included: herbs, charms, prayers, incantations, and she even attempted to attain a potion intended to kill her husband. Testimony against her gives an account of an spell that she used and the rituals that went along with it, which she claims were so that her husband would love her well.[5] Lorenzana also had a lover who she also attempted to influence using love magic. While the slave Lorenzo Mulato was sentenced to 200 lashes by the inquisition because of his involvement with sorcery and Lorenzana’s attempts at controlling her husband and lover. Lorenzana and her husband were only fined 4,000 ducats and Lorenzana was required to attend a penitential mass.[6] Doña Ana Maria de OlarriagaA widowed Spanish woman who had a vast knowledge of love magic and erotic spells and rituals. She confessed to having gatherings at her house where people said incantations and burned sap mixed with sulfur in order to obtain the attention of the person they desired. Ana Maria was also a companion of Lorenzana, she taught Lorenzana spells and aided her in Lorenzana’s rituals to obtain mens’ desire. Ana Maria used materials like the broken stone off an altar, sexual fluids from partners, and even a powder supposedly made from a dead black cat. Because of her status, the inquisition fined Ana Maria 1,000 reales and she was banished from the Cartagena region.[7] JustaJusta was a mulata freedwoman whose account contained a basic description of what inquisitors were told went on during witches’ juntas. She claims to have rejected Christianity and God and recognized the devil as her lord, eaten a witches supper, danced around satan with candles in her hands, and was given a demon by the name of Nassao who she had sex with.[8] References1. ^{{cite book |last1=Germeten |first1=Nicole Von |title=Violent Delights, Violent Ends; Sex, Race, and Honor in Colonial Cartagena De Indias |date=2013 |publisher=University of New Mexico Press |location=Albuquerque}} 2. ^{{cite book |last1=Restrepo |first1=Luz |title="Brujeria" y Reconstruccion Etnica De Los Esclavos Del Nuevo Reino De Granada, Siglo XVII |date=1998 |publisher=Instituto Colombiano de Cultura Hispanica |location=Bogota}} 3. ^Germeten 106 4. ^Germeten 105-107 5. ^Restrepo 12 6. ^Germeten 41-47 7. ^Germeten 37-39 8. ^Germeten 104 |
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