| 词条 | Emil Fröschels |
| 释义 |
| name = Emil Fröschels | image = | image_upright = | caption = | birth_date = {{birth date|1884|08|24}} | birth_place = Vienna, Austria-Hungary | death_date = {{death date and age|1972|01|18|1884|08|24}} | death_place = New York City | education = University of Vienna | occupation = {{plainlist|
}} | organizations = {{plainlist|
}} | awards = | website = }} Emil Fröschels (August 24, 1884 – January 18, 1972) was an Austrian specialist in speech and voice therapy. As a laryngologist and chief speech therapist, in 1924 he introduced the term logopedics (i.e., speech therapy) into medical usage.{{citation needed|date=March 2018}} He established the International Society of Logopedics and Phoniatrics, and was a co-founder, together with Karl Cornelius Rothe, of the Vienna School for Speech-Disturbed Children. LifeFröschels was born in Vienna in what was then Austria-Hungary.[1] He graduated in 1902 from the State Gymnasium in the city's 6th District and then studied medicine at the University of Vienna. He worked from 1905 to 1908 at the {{ill|St. Anna Children's Hospital|de|St. Anna Kinderspital}} of the University of Vienna and was a guest student at the Institute of Chemistry. In 1907 he received his doctorate, and in 1908 he began to work at the otological clinic (Ohrenklinik, literally: ear clinic) of the University of Vienna under the direction of Viktor Urbantschitsch, because he had the intention of becoming an audiologist. He had to drop this intention, however, because his depth perception was not sufficient for otoscopy. He turned to the voice and speech disorders, and went to {{ill|Hermann Gutzmann Sr.|de|Hermann Gutzmann sen.}} in Berlin and, on his return to Vienna in 1909, opened an outpatient clinic for speech disorders at the Ohrenklinik, which he led for many years. In 1914 he was habilitated as a lecturer in otology. During World War I, he was chief physician of the head injuries and speech disorders department of the Vienna Garrison Hospital.{{citation needed|date=March 2018}} After the war, Fröschels worked until 1926 at the Ohrenklinik then led by Heinrich Neumann von Héthárs and was at the same time assistant for phonetics at the Physiological Institute. In 1920, together with colleagues and educators, he set up a language welfare center for schoolchildren in the city of Vienna.{{citation needed|date=March 2018}} In 1921, he and Karl Cornelius Rothe first organized special courses in voice and speech therapy for educators in Vienna and founded the Vienna School for Speech-Disturbed Children.[2] In 1924 Fröschels founded the International Association of Logopedics and Phoniatrics (IALP), which he chaired from 1924 to 1953.[3] He taught voice and voice therapy at the teacher training institute and at the conservatory.{{citation needed|date=March 2018}} He was a member of the Association for Psychiatry and Neurology, President of the Austrian Society for Abnormal Child Psychology and from 1926 to 1938 president of the Austrian Society for Experimental Phonetics. He was involved in the Association for Individual Psychology in educational counseling and founded in 1926 an individual psychological outpatient clinic for speech disorders at the Polyclinic, which he directed in collaboration with Alfred Adler and Leopold Stein.{{citation needed|date=March 2018}} In 1927 he was appointed associate professor at the University of Vienna.{{citation needed|date=March 2018}} After Austria's annexation by Germany in the Anschluss, Fröschels was forcibly suspended on account of his Jewish origin and lost his venia legendi (status as a lecturer).[4][5] In 1939 he emigrated to the United States, where he found a position as a research professor of speech disorders at the Central Institute for the Deaf, led by Max Aaron Goldstein, at Washington University in St. Louis.[4] From 1940 to 1949 he was founder and director at the Speech and Language Clinic at Mount Sinai Hospital and from 1950 to 1955 at the Beth David Hospital in New York.[4] From 1947 he was president of the New York Society of Speech and Voice Therapy. He taught at Pace College in New York and became in 1955 the first director of the Alfred Adler Institute in New York.[4][6][7] Fröschels died in New York in 1972.[1] WorkFröschels is next to Hermann Gutzmann Sr. as a pioneer of modern language research and founder of speech therapy.{{citation needed|date=March 2018}} In 1909 he published a lecture on the nature and treatment of speech disorders.[8] In 1913 he published his textbook of speech and voice, which contributed to the recognition of voice and voice therapy in medicine with the works of Gutzmann. His research was devoted to the psychological causes of various language and speech disorders. He attributed stuttering to mental, not innate causes.[9] He developed a therapy for stutterers, for whom he thought the typical spasms could be solved by chewing movements while speaking and at the same time stimulating the various muscles of the vocal tract. Therapists support this process, in the sense of individual psychology, by words of encouragement. He was also involved in the invention of Fröschel-Scholit prosthesis for correcting cleft palate.[10] Fröschels wrote 23 books and about 300 articles on speech disorders, psychotherapy, and philosophical issues,[11] and was a member of the American Speech Correction Association, the Association for the Advancement of Psychotherapy, the Rudolf Virchow Society, and others. AwardsIn 1961, Fröschels received the Austrian Cross of Honor for Science and Art First Class from the Austrian Government for his services in the field of science and art.{{citation needed|date=March 2018}} He was supported by the International Association of Logopedics and Phoniatrics (IALP) to be made an honorary member.[12] Selected works
References1. ^1 {{Cite journal|last=Frank|first=F.|date=1972|title=In memoriam Prof. D. Emil Fröschels (1884–1972)|journal=Monatsschrift Fur Ohrenheilkunde und Laryngo-Rhinologie|volume=106|issue=3|pages=185–186|issn=0026-9328|pmid=4559033|via=}} 2. ^{{cite book|last= Rieber|first=R. W .|chapter=Emil Froschel's Language Development and Aphasia in Children: An historical review|title=Language Development and Aphasia in Children: New Essays and a Translation of Kindersprache und Aphasie by Emil Fröschels|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LkK0BQAAQBAJ&pg=PA3|date=10 May 2014|publisher=Elsevier Science|isbn=978-1-4832-6981-8|pages=3–8}} 3. ^{{Cite journal|last=Vrtička|first=Karel|date=2009|title=Who Was Standing at the Cradle of Phoniatrics? To Celebrate the 90th Anniversary of the Name of Our Medical Specialty|url=https://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/252846|journal=Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica|language=english|volume=61|issue=6|pages=311–315|doi=10.1159/000252846|pmid=19864911|issn=1021-7762}} 4. ^1 2 3 {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5YUSDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA530|title=A History of Psycholinguistics: The Pre-Chomskyan Era|last=Levelt|first=Willem|date=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-871221-3|location=|pages=530|language=en}} 5. ^{{cite book|last= de Gruyter |first=Walter|title=Handbuch österreichischer Autorinnen und Autoren jüdischer Herkunft: 18. bis 20. Jahrhundert|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QnrPXZ_eT44C&pg=PA390|date=1 January 2002|publisher=Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Wien|isbn=978-3-11-094900-1|page=390}} 6. ^{{Cite book|title=Der zerrissene Himmel : Emigration und Exil der Wiener Individualpsychologie|last=Kenner|first=Clara|date=2007|publisher=Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht|isbn=978-3-525-45320-9|location=Göttingen|pages=}} 7. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~duchan/history_subpages/emilfroeschels.html|title=Emil Froeschels 1884–1972|last=Duchan|first=Judy|date=2011|website=Judy Duchan's History of Speech – Language Pathology|publisher=University at Buffalo|access-date=2018-01-28}} 8. ^{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of the History of Psychological Theories|last=Duchan|first=Judith Felson|date=2012|publisher=Springer, New York, NY|isbn=978-1-4419-0425-6|location=|pages=459–460|language=en|chapter=Froeschels, Emil|doi=10.1007/978-1-4419-0463-8_252}} 9. ^{{Cite book|title=Language development and aphasia in children : new essays, and a translation of "Kindersprache und Aphasie" by Emil Fröschels|last=Black|first=John|date=1980|publisher=Academic Press|others=|isbn=978-0-12-588280-4|editor-last=Rieber|editor-first=Robert W.|location=New York|pages=9–32|chapter=Fröschels In Perspective|doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-588280-4.50013-7|oclc=}} 10. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~duchan/history_subpages/emilfroeschels.html|title=Emil Froeschels' Therapy Approaches|last=Duchan|first=Judy|date=2011|website=Judy Duchan's History of Speech – Language Pathology|publisher=University at Buffalo|access-date=2018-01-28}} 11. ^{{Cite journal|last=Freund|first=H.|date=1955|title=Scientific publications of Dr. Emil Froeschels|url=https://www.karger.com/Article/PDF/262711|journal=Folia Phoniatrica|volume=7|issue=3|pages=124–132|issn=0015-5705|pmid=13305656|via=}} 12. ^{{cite web | url=http://ialpasoc.info/Honours%26Awards_Honoured_members | title=International Association of Logopedics and Phoniatrics (IALP): honorary members | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170319040239/http://ialpasoc.info/Honours%26Awards_Honoured_members | archivedate=2017-03-19 | df= }} Literature
External links
7 : University of Vienna alumni|1884 births|1972 deaths|University of Vienna faculty|Adlerian psychology|Austrian psychologists|Jewish scientists |
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