“Faroese Americans”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Faroe Islands were originally settled by the Norse around 800AD, and remained in contact with Iceland and Scandinavia throughout the Viking Era. This was a part of the same movement that brought the Norse to North America around 1000AD.

Population Restriction by Denmark

Unlike many European countries, the Faroe Islands did not industrialize and were not experiencing population pressures to immigrate to the United States. In fact, the opposite was occurring. Due to shipping restrictions and monopolistic control of goods traveling to the Faroe Islands, there was a famine, especially noted with a lack of grain going to the Faroe Islands from Denmark. Additionally, Danish laws were created that effectively barred the poor from marriage to keep the population low.^[3]

Reasons for Immigration

Faroese American immigration differs significantly from that of most groups of Europeans. Faroese Americans did not come to the United States in large groups, but instead came as individuals. Men often immigrated to the United States due to work, especially as sailors. Women often immigrated to the United States through marriage to Americans. Because of the individual style of immigration and the smaller numbers, there is not as cohesive a Faroese American community, as there is for many other immigrant groups to the United States.^[2]

Some Faroese Americans also converted to Mormonism and Seventh-day Adventism, and so then moved to Denmark to be a part of the larger Mormon and Seventh Day Adventist communities there. From Denmark, some further immigrated to the United States, often in larger groups, as was common for Danish emigration. However, very few people overall left the Faroe Islands.^[4]

Faroese Ethnic Identity

Faroese ethnic identity is rooted in a strong sense of place, hospitality, and family connections. Faroese people have a strong tradition of hospitality, which includes inviting distant family members they have never met to stay at their house or for a complete meal.^[2] In the Faroe Islands, many people keep in touch with distant relatives, even so far as third cousins, and so family connections are extremely important.^[5]

Faroese Hospitality

A striking difference between Faroese and standard American culture is the strong tradition for hospitality. Faroese Americans traveling back to the Faroe Islands have especially been surprised to be welcomed into the homes of distant family members whom they have never met. Invitations for "coffee" typically includes rye bread and all of the traditional toppings, such as cold cut meats, cheeses, pickled or dried fish, and Skerpikjøt (fermented lamb).^[6]

Difficulty in Determining Numbers

Because the Faroe Islands are a part of the Kingdom of Denmark, Faroese people have Danish citizenship. This means that in old census records, Faroese Americans would identify themselves as having Danish citizenship.^[2] Compounding this issue, Denmark created some laws that forced Faroese people to adopt a consistent last name during the 1800s, and the new last names were often Danish.^[7] Especially common are Jensen and Joensen, which are indistinguishable from Danish last names. Therefore, it is an extremely difficult task to estimate the number of Faroese Americans based on census records.

Additionally, handwritten records may be mis-transcribed as the Fiji Islands, the Virgin Islands, the Azores Islands, Rhode Island, Fayal Island, the Island of Fohr, or others. Additionally, spelling mistakes for villages from the Faroe Islands makes it difficult to determine immigration. This makes handwritten records unreliable or incomplete concerning the Faroe Islands.

Instead, passenger lists should be explored. Research in Faroese, Danish and American achieves is ongoing.^[2]

Faroese Settlement in the United States

There is evidence that Faroese Americans settled widely across the United States, and did not refine themselves to simply the areas settled by many Scandinavian Americans. In context, this makes a lot of sense, as Faroese Americans immigrated mostly as individuals, and often had different skill sets than Scandinavian Americans, namely, seafaring abilities.^[2] Additionally, around the 1850s, the Faroe Islands started to develop their own national identity, and so many Faroese Americans may not have identified closely with Scandinavian Americans that they would feel the need to live amongst them.^[8]

However, there is anecdotal evidence that many Faroese Americans settled in Colorado and the West Coast.

Faroese Spoken in the United States

Some Faroese Americans have retained their language, but it has been very difficult until more easily accessible technology to actively keep the language with the next generation, and so many descendants of Faroese Americans do not speak Faroese.^[2]

Notable Faroese Americans

References

1. ^[https://www.faroeislands.com/facts/ Faroe Islands Tourist Guide]
2. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶Michael J Douma, [https://michaeljdouma.com/2016/06/03/faroese-americans-some-preliminary-research-on-an-immigrant-group-without-a-written-history/ "Faroese Americans: Some Preliminary Research on an Immigrant Group Without A Written History"], 3 June 2016
3. ^¹Jonathan Wylie, ["The Faroe Islands: interpretations of history."], University Press of Kentucky, 2015.
4. ^Coull, James R. [A comparison of demographic trends in the Faroe and Shetland Islands.] Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 41 (1967): 159-166.
5. ^Visit Faroe Islands, [Færøsk kultur] http://old.visitfaroeislands.com/dk/faa-et-indtryk/vil-du-vide-mere/kultur/
6. ^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faroe_Islands#Traditional_food
7. ^Ministeren for Familie‑ og Forbrugeranliggender (Lars Barfoed) [Forslag til Navnelov] https://www.retsinformation.dk/Forms/R0710.aspx?id=100765&
8. ^No Nation Is an Island: Language, Culture, and National Identity in the Faroe Islands. Tom Nauerby. North Atlantic Monographs, 3. Århus, Denmark: SNAI-North Atlantic Publications; distributed by Arhus University Press, 1996. 237 pp.