| 词条 | Fosen Vind | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| name = Fosen Vind | name_official = | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | image_alt = | location_map = Norway | location_map_size = | location_map_caption = Location of Fosen Vind on the Fosen peninsula, Norway | coordinates = {{coord|63|43|N|10|15|E|region:NO_type:landmark|display=inline,title}} | country = Norway | location = Fosen peninsula, Trøndelag | status = U | construction_began = August 2016 | commissioned = | decommissioned = | cost = {{Format price|1.1e9}} € | owner = Statkraft (52.1%), TrønderEnergi (7.9%), Nordic Wind Power DA (40.0%) | operator = | ps_units_uc = 278 × 3.6 MW | ps_units_manu_model = Vestas V117-3.6 MW (248), V112-3.6 MW (30) | wind_hub_height = 87 m | wind_rotor_diameter = 117 m, 112 m | wind_rated_speed = | wind_farm_type = Onshore | wind_site_elevation = | wind_site_usage = Reindeer habitat | wind_site_area = | ps_electrical_capacity = 1,000 | ps_annual_generation = 3,400 | ps_electrical_cap_fac = 39% (projected) | website = | extra = }}Fosen Vind is a complex of six onshore wind farms under construction in Fosen, Norway, scheduled for a gradual commissioning in 2018-20. With a nameplate capacity of 1 GW the project will become Europe's largest onshore wind farm and more than double Norway's capacity for wind power generation.[1][2] LayoutDue to its size and the geography of the chosen area, Fosen Vind is partitioned into a group of six individually named wind farms.[2][3]
TechnologyThe site has been chosen for its wind pattern with annual yields of more than 3,600 full load hours close to 9 m/s, similar to offshore sites.[10] The complex of six wind farms will comprise 278 wind turbines from Vestas, 248 V117 and 30 V112, each with its capacity optimized from 3.45 MW to 3.6 MW, for a total capacity of 1,000 MW.[1] Each turbine has a nacelle height of 87 m and a wing span of either 117 m[2] or 112 m. The transmission lines will use transmission towers of composite materials with foundations that do not require the use of explosives, reducing the environmental impact of the construction work.[11] The 71 turbine foundations for the Roan part of the farm will use rock anchor foundation technology and will be delivered by the Norwegian subsidiary of Peikko Group from April 2017 to the spring of 2018.[12] EconomyThe expected cost of the project is {{Format price|1.1e9}} €. The investors are Statkraft (52.1%), TrønderEnergi (7.9%) and a consortium Nordic Wind Power DA (40.0%) backed by Credit Suisse.[10] The levelised cost of energy (LCoE) is estimated in the range 35 €/MWh to 40 €/MWh, which is below a typical Norwegian wind farm price of 44 €/MWh and described as a rock-bottom price obtained via economies of scale.[10] The project will receive government subsidies in the form of tradeable green certificates, which are typically valued at 15 €/MWh. Together with a current system price around 18 €/MWh to 20 €/MWh, the operator will likely receive the lower estimate of the LCoE.[10] Of the expected annual production of 3.4 TWh (corresponding to 3,400 full load hours), about one third will actually be sold to Norsk Hydro as baseload supply for their aluminium production under a power purchase agreement. Specifically, the agreement stipulates delivery of around 0.6 TWh in 2020, around 1.0 TWh annually from 2021-2035 and 0.7 TWh annually from 2036-2039, for a total of about 18 TWh over a 20-year period.[13] CriticismFive days into the construction, on 20 August 2016 two hundred people gathered at the construction site to protest against the project. Norges Naturvernforbund criticizes the choice of site as an important reindeer habitat of great importance to southern Sami reindeer herders. The reindeer herders have demanded that the district court stop the construction work, citing violations of human rights and rights of indigenous people. Fosen Vind have responded that they have all necessary permits and declined to stop the construction work.[3] See also{{stack|{{Portal|Norway|Weather|Renewable energy}}}}
References1. ^1 {{cite news|url= http://www.windpowermonthly.com/article/1384556/statkraft-revives-1gw-fosen-site |title= Statkraft revives 1GW Fosen site |website= windpowermonthly.com |first= David |last= Weston |date= 2016-02-23 |accessdate= 2016-08-21}} 2. ^1 2 {{cite news|url= https://www.dovregroup.com/news/facts/fosen-vind.html |title= Fosen Vind, Europe’s largest onshore wind power project |website= dovregroup.com |year= 2016 |accessdate= 2016-08-21}} 3. ^1 {{cite news|url= https://www.nrk.no/trondelag/krever-stans-i-bygging-av-vindmollepark-1.13098639 |title= Krever stans i bygging av vindmøllepark |work= NRK |first= Rita |last= Kleven |date= 2016-08-20 |accessdate= 2016-08-21 |trans-title=Demand for Wind Farm Construction Stop |language= no}} 4. ^{{Cite web|url= https://tronderenergi.no/media/pdf/2016-fosen-vind-2/fosen-vind/faktaark-harbaksfjellet-vindpark-no.pdf |format= PDF |title= Harbaksfjellet vindpark |work=TrønderEnergi |accessdate= 2017-03-10 |language= no |trans-title=Harbaksfjellet Wind Farm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303200317/https://tronderenergi.no/media/pdf/2016-fosen-vind-2/fosen-vind/faktaark-harbaksfjellet-vindpark-no.pdf |archive-date= 2016-03-03 |deadurl=no }} 5. ^{{Cite web|url= https://tronderenergi.no/media/pdf/2016-fosen-vind-2/fosen-vind/faktaark-roan-vindpark-no.pdf |format= PDF |title=Roan vindpark |work=TrønderEnergi |accessdate= 2017-03-10 |language= no |trans-title=Roan Wind Farm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303203249/https://tronderenergi.no/media/pdf/2016-fosen-vind-2/fosen-vind/faktaark-roan-vindpark-no.pdf |archive-date= 2016-03-03 |deadurl=no }} 6. ^{{Cite web|url= https://tronderenergi.no/media/pdf/2016-fosen-vind-2/fosen-vind/faktaark-storheia-vindpark-no.pdf |format= PDF |title=Storheia vindpark |work=TrønderEnergi |accessdate= 2017-03-10 |language= no |trans-title=Storheia Wind Farm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303203410/https://tronderenergi.no/media/pdf/2016-fosen-vind-2/fosen-vind/faktaark-storheia-vindpark-no.pdf |archive-date= 2016-03-03 |deadurl=no }} 7. ^{{Cite web|url= https://tronderenergi.no/media/pdf/2016-fosen-vind-2/fosen-vind/faktaark-kvenndalsfjellet-vindpark-no.pdf |format= PDF |title= Kvenndalsfjellet vindpark |work=TrønderEnergi |accessdate= 2017-03-10 |language= no |trans-title=Kvenndalsfjellet Wind Farm}} 8. ^{{Cite web|url= https://tronderenergi.no/media/pdf/2016-fosen-vind-2/fosen-vind/faktaark-geitfjellet-vindpark-no.pdf |format= PDF |title= Geitfjellet vindpark |work=TrønderEnergi |accessdate= 2017-03-10 |language= no |trans-title=Geitfjellet Wind Farm }} 9. ^{{Cite web|url= https://tronderenergi.no/media/pdf/2016-fosen-vind-2/fosen-vind/faktaark-hitra-vindpark-no.pdf |format= PDF |title=Hitra II |work=TrønderEnergi |accessdate= 2017-03-10 |language= no}} 10. ^1 2 3 {{cite news|url= http://www.norwea.no/nyheter-1/europe%E2%80%99s-biggest-and-cheapest-onshore-wind-project.aspx?PID=1162&Action=1 |title= Europe’s biggest and cheapest onshore wind project |website= norwea.no |date= 2016-06-07 |accessdate= 2016-08-21}} 11. ^{{cite news|url= http://www.mynewsdesk.com/no/fosenvind/pressreleases/nettilkobling-og-fiberoptikk-til-de-foerste-vindparkene-leveres-av-troenderske-linjepartner-og-grunnpartner-1734277 |title= Nettilkobling og fiberoptikk til de første vindparkene leveres av trønderske LinjePartner og GrunnPartner |website= mynewsdesk.com |date= 2017-01-12 |accessdate= 2017-01-12 |language= no |trans-title=Grid connectivity and fiber optics for the first wind farms delivered by LinjePartner and GrunnPartner of Trøndelag}} 12. ^{{cite news|url= http://www.fosna-folket.no/n_ringsliv/2017/02/13/Fikk-storkontrakt-p%C3%A5-m%C3%B8llefundamenter-14213024.ece |title= Fikk storkontrakt på møllefundamenter |website= fosna-folket.no |first= Terje |last= Dybvik |date= 2017-02-13 |accessdate= 2017-03-10 |language= no |trans-title=Large turbine foundation contract awarded}} 13. ^{{cite web|url= http://www.hydro.com/en/Press-room/News/Archive/2016/Norsk-Hydro-Hydro-signs-new-long-term-power-contract-for-Norwegian-aluminium-portfolio-/ |title= Norsk Hydro: Hydro signs new long-term power contract for Norwegian aluminium portfolio |website= hydro.com |date= 2016-02-23 |accessdate= 2016-08-21}} 2 : Fosen|Wind farms in Norway |
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