| 词条 | Bear Lake (Idaho–Utah) |
| 释义 |
|name = Bear Lake |image = Bear Lake.jpg |caption = The lake's intense turquoise color is due to the presence of suspended limestone |image_bathymetry = Bathymetry.jpg |caption_bathymetry = Bathymetric chart |location = Bear Lake County, Idaho Rich County, Utah, U.S. |coords = {{coord|42|00|N|111|20|W|type:waterbody_region:US_scale:250000|display=inline,title}} |type = |inflow = Bear River Creeks: Fish Haven, North Eden, South Eden, Swan Creek, St. Charles |outflow = Bear Lake Outlet Canal |catchment = {{convert|5862957|acre|km2|0|abbr=on}} |basin_countries = United States |length = {{convert|18.3|mi|abbr=on}} |width = {{convert|7.1|mi|abbr=on}} |area = {{convert|109|sqmi|abbr=on}} |depth = {{convert|94|ft|abbr=on}} |max-depth = {{convert|208|ft|abbr=on}} |volume = {{convert|6500000|acre.ft|km3|2|abbr=on}} |residence_time = 19.6 years |shore = {{convert|48|mi|abbr=on}} |elevation = {{convert|5924|ft|abbr=on}} |islands = |cities = Garden City, Utah, Laketown, Utah, Fish Haven, Idaho }}Bear Lake is a natural freshwater lake on the Utah-Idaho border in the Western United States. About {{convert|109|sqmi}} in size, it is split about equally between the two states; its Utah portion comprises the second-largest natural freshwater lake in Utah, after Utah Lake.[1] The lake has been called the "Caribbean of the Rockies" for its unique turquoise-blue color, which is due to the refraction of calcium carbonate (limestone) deposits suspended in the lake.[2] Its water properties have led to the evolution of several unique species of fauna that occur only within the lake.[3] Bear Lake is over 250,000 years old.[4] It was formed by fault subsidence that continues today, slowly deepening the lake along the eastern side.[5] Originally named "Black Bear Lake" by Donald McKenzie, an explorer for the North West Fur Company who discovered the lake in 1819, the name was later changed to Bear Lake.[6] The lake is a popular destination for tourists and sports enthusiasts, and the surrounding valley has gained a reputation for having high-quality raspberries.[7] HistoryThe first known inhabitants of the Bear Lake Valley were Shoshone tribes, but the area was known to many Native Americans. The first record of whites seeing the lake is from 1818 when French-Canadian trappers working for the North West Company followed the Bear River upstream to the valley. The south end of the lake, in the area of modern-day Laketown, was the location of a rendezvous in the summer of 1827 and 1828. Mountain men, including Jedediah Smith and Jim Bridger, gathered at this location, along with trade goods suppliers, and American Indians from several different tribes. The mountain men and Indians sold their furs in exchange for various store goods and supplies, and several weeks were spent reveling in assorted amusements and liquor.[8][9] Smith's arrival in June 1827 was especially historic, as it marked the completion of the first ever overland round-trip to California from the United States. As he wrote in his journal: "My arrival caused a considerable bustle in camp for myself and party had been given up as lost."[10] Although the lake lies relatively near the Oregon Trail, which runs north and east of the lake, and was traveled by many pioneers between 1836 and the 1850s, it seems none of them went south enough to view the lake. It was not until 1863 that Mormon pioneers led by Charles C. Rich settled in the Bear Lake Valley, but they made an agreement with Native Americans which left most of the Utah portion of the valley in Indian possession. The Mormons gradually moved south and established the villages of Garden City, Pickelville, and Laketown, each along the lake's shore. In later years, Bear Lake became a resort and recreation area, with many developers selling lake shore and mountain view lots. The beaches of Lakota and Ideal were given to private development in the 1970s, including the Blue Water and Sweetwater developments. The State of Utah bought the far southeast beach for use as a state park, and the state also operates a marina on the lake's west side. Environmental concerns have arisen with the ongoing development of the area. The lake is diked on the Idaho side and downstream Bear River water users use it as a reservoir. Features{{geogroup}}Formed in a half graben valley straddling the Idaho-Utah border, the lake has an approximate area of {{convert|109|sqmi}} and sits at an elevation of {{convert|5924|ft}} along the northeast side of the Wasatch Range and the east side of the Bear River Mountains.[11] The lake and surrounding areas are a popular summer tourist destination. The lake has many marinas, beaches, and two tourist towns in Utah: Garden City and Laketown. It also has two state parks, each named Bear Lake State Park: one in Idaho, one in Utah. The Utah state park includes one-half-mile-long Rendezvous Beach at the south end of the lake, location of the 1827 and 1828 Rocky Mountain Rendezvous, and three-mile-long Cisco Beach on the east side, plus additional campground, marina, and boat ramp areas. The Idaho state park includes a north and an east unit, each with a one-mile-long beach. Bear Lake National Wildlife Refuge extends up from the north end of the lake. Bear Lake has a high rate of endemism (native species not naturally found anywhere else). Several species evolved in the lake's waters, but after the diversion of the Bear River into the lake, many of these have gone extinct.[3] Remaining known endemic species of fish include the Bear Lake strain of the Bonneville Cutthroat Trout,[12] Bonneville cisco, Bonneville whitefish, Bear Lake whitefish, and Bear Lake sculpin.[3] There have been attempts to transplant these species to other areas without success,[15] with the exception of the Bear Lake Cutthroat Trout strain. This trout has flourished in other large bodies of cool water, including Strawberry Reservoir and Scofield Reservoir. "The Bonneville cisco eat only small aquatic invertebrates or zooplankton. They are eaten by larger fish in the lake including whitefish, Bonneville Cutthroat Trout, and introduced lake trout."[13] Although several fish species have been introduced into the lake, native species have continued to thrive due to careful management.{{Citation needed|date=July 2008}} Water from the lake is used for irrigation in the nearby Bear Valley in southeast Idaho, and for recreational fishing. The lake drains via the Bear River Outlet, completed in 1915 into the Bear River which eventually flows into the northeast portion of Great Salt Lake. Many residents of northern Utah, southern Idaho, and western Wyoming come to Bear Lake for summer vacations due to its proximity and abundance of recreational activities. Raspberry Days festivalBear Lake has become famous for the surrounding valley's crops of raspberries and for the annual Raspberry Days festival held in Garden City to celebrate the harvest of raspberries, generally during the first week of August. This event is said to bring thousands of people from all over the world and features rodeos, parades, fireworks, dances, a craft fair, "Miss Berry Princess contest", raspberry recipe cookoff, a talent show, fun run and concerts.[7] A majority of the original Bear Lake Raspberry plants were infected with a virus during 2001, with less than five acres surviving. This epidemic resulted in most of the large berry business in Garden City being wiped out. Some acreages were replaced by virus resistant plants and although some varieties of raspberries are resilient to the virus, none can produce fruit as succulent and sweet as the traditional plants.[14] The raspberry business has since been redeveloped and the world-famous raspberries are again thriving in the valley. Most of the raspberry farming has redeveloped in the southern end of the valley with Mrs. Shock's Classroom producing jams, jellies, syrups and ice cream. Fresh berries are available in season (usually the last two weeks of July through the first two weeks of August) and products are available through local retailers, statewide retailers and online for national distribution. See also
References
1. ^Bear Lake history & facts. Utah Division of Wildlife Resources. 2. ^Bear Lake State Park. Utah.com 3. ^1 2 Bear Lake Geological Background: Endemism {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060522043941/http://esp.cr.usgs.gov/info/lacs/endemism.htm |date=May 22, 2006 }}. U.S. Geological Survey. 4. ^See Rosenbaum and Kaufman, 2009 5. ^Bear Lake Geological Background: Tectonism {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060522043954/http://esp.cr.usgs.gov/info/lacs/tectonism.htm |date=May 22, 2006 }} U.S. Geological Survey. 6. ^Bear Lake State Park: In Depth {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060924135854/http://www.stateparks.utah.gov/park_pages/depth.php?id=blsp |date=September 24, 2006 }}. Utah State Parks and Recreation. 7. ^1 Bear Lake Raspberry Days. Utah Outdoor Activities. 8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.mman.us/rendezvous.htm|title=Mountain Men and Life in the Rocky: Rendezvous}} 9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.thefurtrapper.com/rendezvous_sites.htm |title=Mountain Man Rendezvous Sites |author=Eddins, Ned O. |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121115044610/http://www.thefurtrapper.com/rendezvous_sites.htm |archivedate=2012-11-15 |df= }} 10. ^Smith, Jedediah S., [Harrison G. Rogers], and George R. Brooks (ed.). The Southwest Expedition of Jedediah S. Smith: His Personal Account of the Journey to California, 1826–1827, p. 197. Lincoln and London, University of Nebraska Press, [1977] 1989. {{ISBN|978-0-8032-9197-3}} 11. ^Bear Lake {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060724104310/http://www.waterquality.utah.gov/watersheds/lakes/BEARLAKE.pdf |date=2006-07-24 }}. Utah Division of Water Quality. 12. ^{{cite web|url=https://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/factsheet.aspx?SpeciesID=901|title=Oncorhynchus clarkii utah (Suckley, 1874) (Bonneville Cutthroat Trout)}} 13. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.bridgerlandaudubon.org/wildaboututah/090211bonnevillecisco.htm |title=Bonneville Cisco |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121031161753/http://www.bridgerlandaudubon.org/wildaboututah/090211bonnevillecisco.htm |archivedate=2012-10-31 |df= }} 14. ^Deseret Digital Media Bear Lake Raspberry Days{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. The Logan Library.
External links{{Commons category|Bear Lake (Idaho–Utah)}}
10 : Bear River (Great Salt Lake)|Great Salt Lake watershed|Lakes of Idaho|Lakes of Utah|Lakes of the Great Basin|Lakes of the Rocky Mountains|Lakes of Bear Lake County, Idaho|Lakes of Rich County, Utah|Tourist attractions in Rich County, Utah|American folklore |
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