| 词条 | Grace Hutchins |
| 释义 |
| name = Grace Hutchins | image = File:Grace Hutchins.jpeg | birth_name = | birth_date = {{birth date|1885|08|19}} | birth_place = Boston, Massachusetts, US | death_date = {{death date and age|1969|07|15|1885|08|19}} | death_place = New York City, New York, US | other_names = | occupation = {{hlist|Educator|political activist|Christian pacifist|labor reformer }} | organizations = {{plainlist|
}} | known_for = | notable_works = }} Grace Hutchins (August 19, 1885 – July 15, 1969) was an American labor reformer and researcher, journalist, political activist and communist. She spent many years of her life writing about labor and economics, in addition to being a lifelong dedicated member of the Communist Party, along with Anna Rochester, a Marxist economist and historian and her companion of 45 years.[1][2] Together they were known for promoting radical Christian pacifism in the United States,[2] although Hutchins was also regularly involved in strikes, demonstrations and labor disputes. Early life and educationGrace Hutchins was born in an upper-class family in Boston in 1885, the third daughter of five children to Susan (née Barnes-Hurd) and Edward Hutchins.[3][4][5] Her ancestors, originally from England, had settled in Massachusetts during the colonial period. Her father was an attorney who helped found the Legal Aid Society, while her mother was involved in various hospitals in the city; they were both actively involved in the Episcopal Trinity Church.[3][5] Hutchins was privately educated, and accompanied her parents on a world tour from 1898 to 1899. She then attended the women's college at Bryn Mawr, which was relatively new at the time. During her college life, she "excelled" in basketball, field hockey, and tennis.[5][6] Outside of sports, she was also involved in advocating for women's suffrage. She graduated in 1907, and remained in touch with her classmates later in life.[5][7] CareerTeachingWithin a few years of leaving college, Hutchins became a Episcopalian missionary teacher for Church Missionary Society in China and taught at St. Hilda’s school in South China in 1912, later becoming a headmistress.[8] During her time in China, she kept a diary on her observations of Chinese women's social, educational, and medical conditions.[5] During her stay in China, Hutchins became ill and returned to the United States in 1916, partially due to parental concerns.[9] Back in the United States, she was employed by a social training school.[9] PoliticizationIn response to the ongoing Great War, Hutchins took an anti-interventionist position and began shifting toward socialism in her political stance. When the US entered the war with the Allies in 1917, she found herself in protests against the war. Her political stance impacted her private life, and nearly led to her dismissal from the school where she was employed.[9] Living in New York, Hutchins met Anna Rochester in 1919 at an annual retreat when she joined the Society of the Companions of the Holy Cross through her involvement with teaching the New Testament.[10] Both Rochester and Hutchins were firm adherents to the doctrine of nonviolence, and in 1920 Hutchins joined the Fellowship of Reconciliation (FOR), which promoted pacifism in the United States.[5] She became a secretary and public speaker for the organization.[11] She served as a press secretary from 1924 to 1926, during which time she also served as a business executive while actively contributing to the monthly magazine.[5] From 1920 to 1921, she studied labor issues at the New York School of Social Work, and then went on to Columbia University's Teacher College for the following two years. It was during this period that she was suggested to have "learned firsthand" on many women's labor conditions by working "ten-hour days in a cigar factory".[9] ActivismThe Companions' reading lists for their annual retreats revolved around the works of Christian socialists such as Walter Rauschenbusch and Edward Carpenter, and Hutchins also read more traditional writers such Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. One contemporary influence appears to have been Vida Scudder.[23] Her career was focused upon the health and welfare of working class women and children.[12] According to Janet Lee, author of a biography about the two women, they "were a part of [a] cohort of women whose commitment to social activism was integrated with their lesbian orientation".[25] In the early 1920s Hutchins and Rochester travelled through Europe together on behalf of the FOR, eventually traveling as far as India and the Far East. They regularly met other activists of social reform, as well as visiting factories to observe; they were not only "appalled by what they saw," but kept up a regular correspondence in the American press regarding the poor working conditions they witnessed. By 1927, Hutchins was employed by the Federated Press.[5] At this time, she and Rochester were also traveling through the Soviet Union. In contrast to the poverty and poor conditions she had witnessed in India, Hutchins was impressed by their collective attempts under communism to overcome the deprivations the country faced.[5] However, their views clashed with the views of FOR, and they consequently left the organization for good on their 1927 return to the United States, instead joining the Communist Party.[5] During this time, Hutchins observed the textile strikes of New Jersey and Massachusetts in 1924 and 1928 respectively.[5] In 1927, she was employed as a researcher for the Bureau of Women in Industry by the New York State Department of Labor. Due to her health conditions however, she had to resign from the position five months later. Later that year, Hutchins and Rochester along with Robert W. Dunn founded the Labor Research Association (LRA), the purpose of which was to compile and collate facts, statistics and reports for trade unions and writers. Hutchins remains associated with LRA until 1967. During that time, she was once arrested for demonstrating against the executions of Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti in Boston.[5] Already a treasurer for the Communist Party's national campaign financing group, she ran for state office as Alderman (1935), Controller (1935), and Lieutenant-Governor (1948), although she lost each election. A Communist party candidate, she ran for state comptroller in 1936.[13] Hutchins was also a trustee of the Bail Bond fund of the Civil Rights Congress, which supported people who were defending themselves in the Smith Act trials. She personally posted the $10,000 bail for Elizabeth Gurley Flynn after the latter's 1951 indictment.[5] The significance of their joint work, it has been suggested, is that they believed and worked towards "revolution not reformation," and that that accounted for their many switches between organizations.[14] It has been suggested that what brought the two women together was "the waged and political work" that they shared.[15] WritingsHutchins's writings focus primarily on labor conditions for women and children. She co-edited several reference series for the group, as well as editing the group's own magazine, Railroad Notes between 1937 and 1962. In addition, she published three books during her lifetime. Jesus Christ and the World Today was written with Rochester and published in 1922.[5] Labor and Silk (published in 1929) concerned working conditions in the textile industry, and was the direct result of her experiences during the strikes of the 1920s.[5] Women Who Work (first published 1933) was used by both the Communist Party and US unions as a campaign reference work.[16] It was re-published three times, the latest being in 1952.[5] Personal lifeHutchins is known to have had a close personal relationship with Anna Rochester, and their friendship lasted forty years, both as co-workers and, from 1924, as cohabitants in New York's Greenwich Village.[9] In 1924, the couple moved into an apartment at 85 Bedford Street, where they lived the rest of their lives. She has been described as "exud[ing] warmth, building families among those near her, shaping her feminism around women's traditional and potential strengths and insisting on women's economic independence as the key to liberation".[14] Conversely, in 1948, during the Alger Hiss espionage trial, she was accused by Whittaker Chambers—who had spied on the Communist Party—of threatening to kill him after he left the Party. Hutchins denied the offence, and condemned the accusations in various interviews and publications.[5] Her father did not approve of her political activities, and he was disappointed about her 1927 arrest. Regardless, he did continue to provide a good allowance for her livelihood and, when he died, remembered her in his will.[5] In 1951, she testified before a House Un-American Activities subcommittee due to her contributions to Communist publications, like The New Masses and Daily Worker, and her political campaigns for the Community party.[13] Hutchins herself believed, as she told The Worker, that Marxism "explained the economic basis for the exploitation of women workers as no one ever did before."[5] She was a shareholder in the communist Daily Worker from 1940 to 1956.[5] DeathAfter having been ill for an extended period, she died at her home on July 15, 1969.[17] LegacyHutchins has been noted, by the 1930s, as one of a few women who still saw women as being oppressed, and later as one of the few who "worked to keep feminism alive in the United States during the 1930s to the 1950s."[14] Her papers were collated in the Special Collections and University Archives at the University of Oregon,[18] along with Rochester's.[19] References1. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/254518067/?terms=Grace%2BHutchins|title=Grace Hutchins Dies|date=July 16, 1969|location=Binghamton, New York|page=6|subscription=yes|via=newspapers.com|newspaper=Press and Sun-Bulletin|accessdate=July 20, 2017}} {{authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Hutchins, Grace}}2. ^{{cite book|last1=Kosek|first1=Joseph Kip|title=Acts of Conscience: Christian Nonviolence and Modern American Democracy|date=2009|publisher=Columbia University Press|location=New York|page=119|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=N5q0AgnNOeoC}} 3. ^1 {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CfGHM9KU7aEC&pg=PA365|title=Notable American Women: The Modern Period : a Biographical Dictionary|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=1980|isbn=978-0-674-62733-8|page=363|author1=Barbara Sicherman|author2=Carol Hurd Green}} 4. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XNliLjMCVQsC|title=Passionate Commitments: The Lives of Anna Rochester and Grace Hutchins|date=June 1, 2013|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-1-4384-4689-9|author=Julia M. Allen}} 5. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 {{Cite web|url=http://www.anb.org/articles/15/15-00826.html|title=American National Biography Online|website=www.anb.org|access-date=2017-07-17}} 6. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XNliLjMCVQsC|title=Passionate Commitments: The Lives of Anna Rochester and Grace Hutchins|date=June 1, 2013|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-1-4384-4689-9|author=Julia M. Allen}} 7. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CfGHM9KU7aEC&pg=PA365|title=Notable American Women: The Modern Period : a Biographical Dictionary|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=1980|isbn=978-0-674-62733-8|page=365|author1=Barbara Sicherman|author2=Carol Hurd Green}} 8. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XNliLjMCVQsC|title=Passionate Commitments: The Lives of Anna Rochester and Grace Hutchins|date=June 1, 2013|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-1-4384-4689-9|author=Julia M. Allen}} 9. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{Cite web|url=http://www.anb.org/articles/15/15-00826.html|title=American National Biography Online|website=www.anb.org|access-date=2017-07-17}} 10. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XNliLjMCVQsC|title=Passionate Commitments: The Lives of Anna Rochester and Grace Hutchins|date=June 1, 2013|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-1-4384-4689-9|page=2|author=Julia M. Allen}} 11. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/57562457/?terms=%22Grace%2BHutchins%22 |title=Anti-War Plans Heard in Borough|date=December 18, 1923 |newspaper=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |location=Brooklyn, New York|page=4|accessdate=July 20, 2017|via=newspapers.com|subscription=yes}} 12. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CfGHM9KU7aEC&pg=PA365|title=Notable American Women: The Modern Period : a Biographical Dictionary|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=1980|isbn=978-0-674-62733-8|page=365|author1=Barbara Sicherman|author2=Carol Hurd Green}} 13. ^1 {{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/88128483/?terms=%22Grace%2BHutchins%22|title=Truman Orders Probe of 'Poor Security Risks'|date=July 15, 1951|location=Monroe, Louisiana|page=19|subscription=yes|via=newspapers.com|author=|newspaper=Monroe Morning World|accessdate=July 20, 2017}} 14. ^1 2 3 {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XNliLjMCVQsC|title=Passionate Commitments: The Lives of Anna Rochester and Grace Hutchins|first=|date=June 1, 2013|publisher=SUNY Press|year=|isbn=978-1-4384-4689-9|location=|page=2-3|pages=|author=Julia M. Allen}} 15. ^{{cite book|author=Trisha Franzen|title=Spinsters and Lesbians: Independent Womanhood in the United States|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OC8TCgAAQBAJ|year=1996|publisher=NYU Press|isbn=978-0-8147-2641-9|page=108}} 16. ^Baxandall, R.,'Precursors and Bridges: Was the CPUSA Unique?' Science & Society 66 (2002), 503. 17. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/254518067/?terms=Grace%2BHutchins|title=Grace Hutchins Dies|date=July 16, 1969|location=Binghamton, New York|page=6|subscription=yes|via=newspapers.com|newspaper=Press and Sun-Bulletin|accessdate=July 20, 2017}} 18. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://archiveswest.orbiscascade.org/ark:/80444/xv07874|title=Grace Hutchins papers, 1902–1968|website=Archives West|author=Jessica Saxon|accessdate=July 20, 2017}} 19. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XNliLjMCVQsC|title=Passionate Commitments: The Lives of Anna Rochester and Grace Hutchins|date=June 1, 2013|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-1-4384-4689-9|author=Julia M. Allen}} 10 : 1885 births|1969 deaths|American Christian socialists|Anglican socialists|Members of the Socialist Party of America|Members of the Communist Party USA|Writers from Boston|Writers from New York City|People from Boston|Female Christian socialists |
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