| 词条 | Beauvais Cathedral | |||||||||
| 释义 |
| building_name =Cathedral of Saint Peter of Beauvais {{lang|fr|Cathédrale Saint-Pierre de Beauvais}} | image =Beauvais Cathedral Exterior 1, Picardy, France - Diliff.jpg | image_size = | caption =Beauvais Cathedral from SE. | location =Beauvais, France | geo ={{Coord|49.4326|N|2.0814|E|type:landmark_region:FR|display=title,inline}} | latitude = | longitude = | religious_affiliation =Roman Catholic Church | rite =Roman | province =Diocese of Beauvais, Noyon, and Senlis | consecration_year =1272[1] | status =Cathedral | functional_status = Active | heritage_designation =1840 | leadership =Jacques Benoit-Gonnin[2] | website ={{url|http://www.cathedrale-beauvais.fr/}} | architecture =yes | architect =Enguerrand Le Riche Martin Chambiges[1] | architecture_type =Church | architecture_style =French Gothic | general_contractor = | facade_direction = | groundbreaking ={{start date|1225}}[1] | year_completed = Never completed. Works halted in 1600.[1] | construction_cost = | specifications =yes | capacity = | length = {{convert|72.5|m|abbr=on}} | width = {{convert|67.2|m|abbr=on}} | width_nave ={{convert|16|m|abbr=on}} | height_max = {{convert|48.5|m|abbr=on}} (nave) | materials = |designation2=Monument Historique |designation2_offname=Cathédrale Notre-Dame |designation2_date=1840 |designation2_number=PA00114502[1] |designation2_free1name=Denomination |designation2_free1value={{lang|fr|Église}} }} The Cathedral of Saint Peter of Beauvais ({{lang-fr|Cathédrale Saint-Pierre de Beauvais}}) is a Roman Catholic church in the northern town of Beauvais, France. It is the seat of the Bishop of Beauvais, Noyon, and Senlis. Construction was begun in the 13th-century. The cathedral is of the Gothic style. It consists only of a transept (16th-century) and choir, with apse and seven polygonal apsidal chapels (13th-century), which are reached by an ambulatory. A small Romanesque church dating back to the 10th-century, known as the Basse Œuvre, still occupies the site destined for the nave of the Beauvais Cathedral. HistoryWork was begun in 1225 under count-bishop Milo of Nanteuil, with funding of his family, immediately after the third in a series of fires in the old wooden-roofed basilica, which had reconsecrated its altar only three years before the fire; the choir was completed in 1272, in two campaigns, with an interval (1232–38) owing to a funding crisis provoked by a struggle with Louis IX. The two campaigns are distinguishable by a slight shift in the axis of the work and by changes in stylistic handwriting.[3] Under Bishop Guillaume de Grez,[4] an extra 4.9 m was added to the height,{{Citation needed|date=April 2007}} to make it the highest-vaulted cathedral in Europe. The vaulting in the interior of the choir reaches 48 m (157.48 feet) in height, far surpassing the concurrently constructed Cathedral of Notre-Dame in Amiens, with its {{convert|42|m|adj=on}} nave. (A formerly often-quoted beginning date of 1247 was based on an error made by an early historian of Beauvais.[5]) The work was interrupted in 1284 by the collapse of some of the vaulting of the recently completed choir. This collapse is often seen as a disaster that produced a failure of nerve among the French masons working in Gothic style.{{Citation needed|date=April 2018}} Modern historians have reservations about this deterministic view.{{Citation needed|date=April 2018|reason=Which historians? Where did they say this? (weasel)}} The collapse also marked the beginning of an age of smaller structures generally, which was associated with demographic decline, the Hundred Years War, and with the thirteenth century.[6] However, large-scale Gothic design continued, and the choir was rebuilt at the same height, albeit with more columns in the chevet and choir, converting the vaulting from quadripartite vaulting to sexpartite vaulting.[7] The transept was built from 1500 to 1548. In 1573, the fall of a too-ambitious 153-m (502 feet) central tower stopped work again. The tower made the church the tallest structure in the world (1569–1573). Afterwards little structural addition was made. The choir has always been wholeheartedly admired, with Eugène Viollet-le-Duc calling the Beauvais choir "the Parthenon of French Gothic." Its façades, especially that on the south, exhibit all the richness of the late Gothic style. The carved wooden doors of both the north and the south portals are masterpieces, respectively, of Gothic and Renaissance workmanship. The church possesses an elaborate astronomical clock in neo-Gothic taste (1866) and tapestries of the 15th and 17th centuries, but its chief artistic treasures are stained glass windows of the 13th, 14th, and 16th centuries, the most beautiful of them from the hand of Renaissance artist Engrand Le Prince, a native of Beauvais. To him also is due some of the stained glass in St-Etienne, the second church of the town, and an interesting example of the transition stage between the Gothic and the Renaissance styles. During the Middle Ages, on January 14, the Feast of Asses was annually celebrated in Beauvais cathedral, in commemoration of the Flight into Egypt. {{clear left}}Structural conditionIn the race to build the tallest cathedral in the 13th century, the builders of Saint-Pierre de Beauvais pushed technology to its limits. Even though the structure was to be taller, the buttresses were made thinner in order to pass maximum light into the cathedral. In 1284, only twelve years after completion, part of the choir vault collapsed, along with a few flying buttresses. It is now believed that the collapse was caused by resonant vibrations due to high winds.[8] The accompanying photograph shows lateral iron supports between the flying buttresses; it is not known when these external tie rods were installed. The technology would have been available at the time of the initial construction, but the extra support might not have been considered necessary until after the collapse in 1284, or even later. In the 1960s, the tie rods were removed; the thinking was that they were ungraceful and unnecessary. However, the oscillations created by the wind became amplified, and the choir partially disassociated itself from the transept. Subsequently, the tie rods were reinstalled, but this time with rods made of steel. Since steel is less ductile than iron, the structure became more rigid, possibly causing additional fissures.[9] As the floor plan shows, the original design included a nave that was never built. Thus, the absence of shouldering support that would have otherwise been provided by the nave contributes to the structural weakness of the cathedral. With the passage of time, other problems surfaced, some requiring more drastic remedies. The north transept now has four large wood-and-steel lateral trusses at different heights, installed during the 1990s to keep the transept from collapsing (see photograph). In addition, the main floor of the transept is interrupted by a much larger brace that rises out of the floor at a 45-degree angle.[10] This brace was installed as an emergency measure to give additional support to the pillars that, until now, have held up the tallest vault in the world. These temporary measures will remain in place until more permanent solutions can be determined. Various studies are under way to determine with more assurance what can be done to preserve the structure. Columbia University is performing a study on a three-dimensional model constructed using laser scans of the building in an attempt to determine the weaknesses in the building and remedies.[11] InteriorSeveral of the chapels contain medieval stained glass windows made during the 13th through 15th centuries. In a chapel close to the northern entrance, there is a medieval clock (14th – 15th century), probably the oldest fully preserved and functioning mechanical clock in Europe. In its vicinity, a highly complicated Beauvais Astronomical clock with moving figures was installed in 1866. See also{{portal bar|Catholicism|France}}
References
1. ^1 2 3 4 {{harvnb|Mérimée database|1993}} ;Bibliography2. ^{{harvnb|Catholic-hierarchy.org|2011}} 3. ^Murray 1980:547. 4. ^William of Grez was the first bishop to be buried in the axial Lady Chapel, 1267. 5. ^Murray 1980:533 note 5. 6. ^Murray 1980:533. 7. ^{{cite book|title=Sir Banister Fletcher's A History of Architecture|year=1996|publisher=Architectural Press|isbn=0-7506-2267-9|edition=20th|editor=Cruickshank, Dan|page=436}} 8. ^Découvrir la Cathedrale Saint-Pierre de Beauvais, Philippe Bonnet-Laborderie, 2000 9. ^Stephen Murray, Beauvais Cathedral, Architecture of Transcendence, Princeton University Press, 1989 10. ^Structurae [en]: Images: ID 43432]{{Dead link|date=December 2013}} 11. ^The Beauvais Cathedral Project
External links{{Commons category|Cathédrale Saint-Pierre de Beauvais|Beauvais Cathedral}}
8 : Churches completed in 1272|13th-century Roman Catholic church buildings|Roman Catholic cathedrals in France|Unfinished buildings and structures|Churches in Oise|Gothic architecture in France|Beauvais|Unfinished cathedrals |
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