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词条 1998 Tour de France
释义

  1. Teams

  2. Route and stages

  3. Race overview

     Doping 

  4. Classification leadership

  5. Final standings

     General classification  Points classification  Mountains classification  Young rider classification  Team classification  Combativity classification 

  6. UCI Road Rankings

  7. See also

  8. Notes and references

     Footnotes  References  Sources 

  9. Further reading

  10. External links

{{Infobox cycling race report
| name = 1998 Tour de France
| image = Route of the 1998 Tour de France.png
| image_size = 360px
| image_caption = Route of the 1998 Tour de France
| date = 11 July – 2 August
| stages = 21 + Prologue
| distance = 3875
| unit = km
| time = 92h 49' 46"
| speed = 39.983
| first = Marco Pantani
| first_nat = ITA
| first_team = {{ct|UNO|1998}}
| first_color = yellow
| second = Jan Ullrich
| second_nat = GER
| second_team = {{ct|THR|1998}}
| third = Bobby Julich
| third_nat = USA
| third_team = {{ct|COF|1998}}
| points = Erik Zabel
| points_nat = GER
| points_team = {{ct|THR|1998}}
| points_color = green
| mountains = Christophe Rinero
| mountains_nat = FRA
| mountains_team = {{ct|COF|1998}}
| mountains_color = polkadot
| youth = Jan Ullrich
| youth_nat = GER
| youth_team = {{ct|THR|1998}}
| team = {{ct|COF|1998}}
| combativity = Jacky Durand
| combativity_nat = FRA
| combativity_team = {{ct|CSO|1998}}
| combativity_color = red_number
| previous = 1997
| next = 1999
}}

The 1998 Tour de France was the 85th edition of the Tour de France and took place between 11 July and 2 August. For the first time the tour started in Ireland.[1][2]

The 1998 edition of Tour de France was won by Marco Pantani, with Jan Ullrich, the defending champion, and American Bobby Julich finishing on the podium in second and third respectively. Erik Zabel won his third consecutive green jersey in the points classification. Christophe Rinero claimed the polka dot jersey as the winner of the mountains classification.[3]

The race was marred throughout its run by the Festina affair. Before the Tour began, Willy Voet, soigneur of the Festina team, was arrested at the Franco-Belgian border when doping products were found in his car. The affair broadened and the team was expelled after top personell admitted to wide-spread doping. Police raids on numerous teams during the course of the race led to two riders' strikes and the withdrawal of several teams and riders. Due to the controversy, the race became known by the nickname "Tour du Dopage" (Tour of Doping).[4] In July 2013, retrospective tests for recombinant EPO made in 2004 were made public, revealing that 44 out of 60 of samples returned positive tests.

Teams

{{main list|List of teams and cyclists in the 1998 Tour de France}}

Because the 1997 Tour had seen many crashes in the first week, organisers of the Tour, Amaury Sport Organisation (ASO), decided to reduce the number of teams from 22 to 21. 189 riders in 21 teams commenced the 1998 Tour de France, only 96 riders finished.[5] The first round of teams that were invited were the sixteen teams of the UCI Rankings on 1 January 1998, provided that they were still in the top 20 after transfers were factored into the calculation.[5] All these sixteen teams fulfilled this requirement.[6] Later, the ASO gave wildcard invitions to four teams.[7] with one team added by special invitation:[7]

The teams entering the race were:[8]

Qualified teams{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
  • {{ct|THR|1998}}
  • {{ct|FES|1998}}
  • {{ct|UNO|1998}}
  • {{ct|MAP|1998}}
  • {{ct|ONC|1998}}
  • {{ct|RAB|1998}}
  • {{ct|ALM|1998}}
  • {{ct|GCE|1998}}
  • {{ct|C.A|1998a}}
  • {{ct|SIL|1998}}
  • {{ct|TVM|1998}}
  • {{ct|SAE|1998}}
  • {{ct|FDJ|1998}}
  • {{ct|POL|1998}}
  • {{ct|KEL|1998}}
  • {{ct|DSC|1998}}
{{div col end}}Invited teams{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
  • {{ct|COF|1998}}
  • {{ct|ASI|1998}}
  • {{ct|VIT|1998}}
  • {{ct|RIS|1998}}
  • {{ct|BIG|1998}}
{{div col end}}

Route and stages

{{main|1998 Tour de France, Prologue to Stage 11|1998 Tour de France, Stage 12 to Stage 21}}
[9][10][11]{{sfn>Augendre|2016|p=89}}
StageDateCourseDistanceTypeWinner
P11 July Dublin (Ireland){{convert|5.6|km|abbr=on}} Individual time trial Chris Boardman|GBR}}
112 July Dublin (Ireland){{convert|180.5|km|abbr=on}} Flat stage Tom Steels|BEL}}
213 July Enniscorthy (Ireland) to Cork (Ireland){{convert|205.5|km|abbr=on}} Flat stage Ján Svorada|CZE}}
314 July Roscoff to Lorient{{convert|169.0|km|abbr=on}} Flat stage Jens Heppner|GER}}
415 July Plouay to Cholet{{convert|252.0|km|abbr=on}} Flat stage Jeroen Blijlevens|NED}}
516 July Cholet to Châteauroux{{convert|228.5|km|abbr=on}} Flat stage Mario Cipollini|ITA}}
617 July La Châtre to Brive-la-Gaillarde{{convert|204.5|km|abbr=on}} Flat stage Mario Cipollini|ITA}}
718 July Meyrignac-l'Église to Corrèze{{convert|58.0|km|abbr=on}} Individual time trial Jan Ullrich|GER}}
819 July Brive-la-Gaillarde to Montauban{{convert|190.5|km|abbr=on}} Flat stage Jacky Durand|FRA}}
920 July Montauban to Pau{{convert|210.0|km|abbr=on}} Flat stage Léon van Bon|NED}}
1021 July Pau to Luchon{{convert|196.5|km|abbr=on}} High mountain stage Rodolfo Massi|ITA}}
1122 July Luchon to Plateau de Beille{{convert|170.0|km|abbr=on}} High mountain stage Marco Pantani|ITA}}
23 JulyAriègeRest day
1224 July Tarascon-sur-Ariège to Le Cap d'Agde{{convert|222.0|km|abbr=on}} Flat stage Tom Steels|BEL}}
1325 July Frontignan la Peyrade to Carpentras{{convert|196.0|km|abbr=on}} Flat stage Daniele Nardello|ITA}}
1426 July Valréas to Grenoble{{convert|186.5|km|abbr=on}} Mountain stage Stuart O'Grady|AUS}}
1527 July Grenoble to Les Deux Alpes{{convert|189.0|km|abbr=on}} High mountain stage Marco Pantani|ITA}}
1628 July Vizille to Albertville{{convert|204.0|km|abbr=on}} High mountain stage Jan Ullrich|GER}}
1729 July Albertville to Aix-les-Bains{{convert|149.0|km|abbr=on}} High mountain stage —{{efn|name="note-stage-17"|Stage 17 was cancelled and did not count as the riders held a strike due to the developing Festina affair.[12]}}
1830 July Aix-les-Bains to Neuchâtel (Switzerland){{convert|218.5|km|abbr=on}} Mountain stage Tom Steels|BEL}}
1931 July La Chaux-de-Fonds (Switzerland) to Autun{{convert|242.0|km|abbr=on}} Flat stage Magnus Bäckstedt|SWE}}
201 August Montceau-les-Mines to Le Creusot{{convert|52.0|km|abbr=on}} Individual time trial Jan Ullrich|GER}}
212 August Melun to Paris (Champs-Élysées){{convert|147.5|km|abbr=on}} Flat stage Tom Steels|BEL}}
Total{{convert|3875|km|0|abbr=on}}{{sfn|Augendre|2016|p=110}}

Race overview

{{main|1998 Tour de France, Prologue to Stage 11|1998 Tour de France, Stage 12 to Stage 21}}

The Prologue was won by Time Trial specialist Chris Boardman, with Abraham Olano coming in 2nd four seconds behind. Defending champion Jan Ullrich tied for 3rd place and GC contender Alex Zulle finished 7th. Boardman held the Yellow Jersey for a stage before it changed hands to Erik Zabel after Stage 2, Bo Hamburger after Stage 3 and then Stuart O’Grady after Stage 4 who would hold the overall lead going into the Individual Time Trial in Stage 7.

Before the start of Stage 7 the entire Festina team, including Richard Virenque and Laurent Dufaux, were expelled from the Tour because of a major doping scandal that was developing.

The ITT was won by Ullrich who gained enough time to claim the overall lead and the Maillot Jaune. American Tyler Hamilton came in 2nd and moved into 5th place overall. Stage 8 was a flat stage which saw more than a half dozen riders escape early in the day. None of them were a threat to the GC riders so by the time Jacky Durand crossed the finish line as the days winner the group of escapees had built a gap of nearly 8:00 back to the main field. Of these breakaway riders Laurent Desbiens was the highest placed overall so he claimed the Yellow Jersey from Ullrich.

Ullrich would take back the Yellow as the race entered the Pyrenees but as these serious mountain stages began ‘The Pirate’ Marco Pantani started making moves and launching some serious attacks finishing 2nd in Stage 9, but still ahead of all of the GC riders and as he then won Stage 10 moving himself from irrelevant to 11th to 3rd overall as the Tour returned to the Sprinters’ stages.

In the flats the stages were won by Tom Steels, Daniele Nardello and Stuart O’Grady respectively with no major changes amongst the GC riders. In Stage 15 Pantani took over the race riding everyone off his wheel over the Col du Telegraphe and Col du Galibier with only Rodolfo Massi able to cross the line within 2:00 of The Pirate. Ullrich lost the Yellow and close to ten minutes dropping to 5th in the overall standings as Bobby Julich was able to limit his losses and move into 2nd place overall.

In Stage 16 Ullrich attacked relentlessly and was able to win the day jumping back up into 3rd place overall and just 0:14 behind Julich for 2nd, but Pantani was the only rider able to answer the Germans attack and he finished with the same time.

Stage 17, the final major Mountain Stage, was annulled and did not count as the riders held a strike due to the developing Festina Affair, the most shocking, disruptive scandal since "The Pollentier incident" at Alpe d'Huez more than a decade earlier. (See Doping at the Tour de France) Three entire teams abandoned the Tour in Stage 17 and one additional team left in Stage 19.

The Stage 20 ITT was won by Jan Ullrich with him gaining over two and a half minutes back on Pantani, but Pantani rode well enough to keep the Yellow Jersey and win the Tour de France, in the process completing the Giro-Tour double. American Bobby Julich rounded out the podium becoming just the 2nd American to finish on the podium after Tour Legend Greg Lemond.[13]

Doping

{{main|Doping at the 1998 Tour de France}}

The 1998 tour was marred by several doping scandals throughout, together known as the Festina affair, starting with the arrest of Willy Voet, a soigneur in the French Festina team. Initially the doping suspicion only surrounded the two teams Festina and TVM, but later investigations and retrospective tests revealed the doping abuse was far more widespread. Therefore, this edition of the Tour also became nicknamed by many media sources, as the "Tour du Dopage" (Tour of Doping).

In 2004, 60 remaining antidoping samples given by riders during the 1998 Tour, were tested retrospectively for recombinant EPO by using three recently developed detection methods. The results of these tests were published to have returned 44 positives and 9 negatives, with the remaining 7 samples not returning any result due to sample degradation. At first, the rider names with a positive sample were not made public, as it had only been conducted as scientific research.[14]

In July 2013, the antidoping committee of the French Senate however decided it would benefit the current doping fight to shed full light on the past, and so decided — as part of their "Commission of Inquiry into the effectiveness of the fight against doping" report — to publish all sample IDs along with the result of the retrospective test. This publication revealed, that the 9 negative samples belonged to 5 riders (of whom two nevertheless had confessed using EPO in that Tour), while the 44 positive samples belonged to 33 riders — including race winner Marco Pantani, runner-up Jan Ullrich, third on the podium Bobby Julich, and points-competition winner Erik Zabel.[15][16] Bobby Julich had already one year prior publication of his positive test, admitted using EPO from August 1996 to July 1998.[17] When combining the EPO abuse confessions of the two riders testing negative with all the positive test results, it was indicated that 35 out of the 38 retrospectively tested riders (92%) had been using EPO in the 1998 Tour de France.

In addition to those 92% of the 38 riders in the retrospective test, who either tested EPO positive or confessed EPO abuse, 9 out of 9 Festina riders and 2 out of 9 TVM riders, who were not tested by the retrospective test but implicated in prior police investigations, also confessed using EPO in the Tour. Finally at least five more riders, who were neither retrospectively tested nor a part of TVM/Festina, opted later on also to confess having doped with EPO in the 1998 edition of the Tour. All in all, more than 50 riders have now been confirmed either by tests/confessions, to have used EPO doping during the 1998 Tour de France.

Classification leadership

There were several classifications in the 1998 Tour de France. The most important was the general classification, calculated by adding each cyclist's finishing times on each stage. The cyclist with the least accumulated time was the race leader, identified by the yellow jersey; the winner of this classification is considered the winner of the Tour.[18]

Additionally, there was a points classification, which awarded a green jersey. In the points classification, cyclists got points for finishing among the best in a stage finish, or in intermediate sprints. The cyclist with the most points lead the classification, and was identified with a green jersey.[18]

There was also a mountains classification. The organisation had categorized some climbs as either hors catégorie, first, second, third, or fourth-category; points for this classification were won by the first cyclists that reached the top of these climbs first, with more points available for the higher-categorized climbs. The cyclist with the most points lead the classification, and was identified with a polkadot jersey.[18]

The fourth individual classification was the young rider classification, which was not marked by a jersey. This was decided the same way as the general classification, but only riders under 26 years were eligible.[18]

For the team classification, the times of the best three cyclists per team on each stage were added; the leading team was the team with the lowest total time.[19]

For the combativity classification, a jury gave points after each stage to the cyclists they considered most combative. The cyclist with the most votes in all stages lead the classification. The winner previous stage's award wore a red number bib for the first time in 1998.[20]

Classification leadership by stage[21][22]
StageWinnerGeneral classification
Points classification
Mountains classification
Young rider classification{{efn|The white jersey was not awarded between 1989 and 1999.[23]Team classificationCombativity
AwardClassification
P Chris BoardmanChris BoardmanChris Boardman no awardJan Ullrich{{ct|FES|1998}}no award
1 Tom SteelsTom SteelsStefano ZaniniJacky DurandJacky Durand
2 Ján SvoradaErik ZabelChristophe Agnolutto
3 Jens HeppnerBo HamburgerJán SvoradaPascal Hervé George Hincapie{{ct|ALM|1998}}Bo Hamburger
4 Jeroen BlijlevensStuart O'GradyStuart O'GradyJacky Durand
5 Mario CipolliniErik ZabelAart Vierhouten
6 Mario CipolliniMax Sciandri
7 Jan UllrichJan UllrichStefano ZaniniJan UllrichTHR|1998}} no award
8 Jacky DurandLaurent Desbiens{{ct|COF|1998}}Andrea Tafi
9 Léon van BonJens VoigtJens Voigt
10 Rodolfo MassiJan UllrichRodolfo MassiCédric Vasseur
11 Marco PantaniRoland Meier
12 Tom SteelsLaurent Jalabert
13 Daniele NardelloAndrea Tafi
14 Stuart O'GradyGiuseppe Calcaterra
15 Marco PantaniMarco PantaniChristophe Rinero
16 Jan UllrichStéphane Heulot
17name="note-stage-17"}}Christophe Rineroname="note-stage-17"}}
18 Tom SteelsChristophe Mengin
19 Magnus BäckstedtJacky Durand
20 Jan Ullrich no award
21 Tom SteelsPascal Chanteur
FinalMarco PantaniErik Zabel{{font color|white|Christophe Rinero|link=yes Jan UllrichCOF|1998{{font color|white|Jacky Durand|link=yes
  • In stage one, Abraham Olano, who was second in the points classification, wore the green jersey, because first placed Chris Boardman wore the yellow jersey as leader of the general classification.[24][25]

Final standings

Legend
Denotes the winner of the general classification Denotes the winner of the points classification
Denotes the winner of the mountains classification Denotes the winner of the super-combativity award

General classification

Final general classification (1–10)[26]
RankRiderTeamTime
1Marco Pantani|ITA}}UNO|1998}}92h 49' 46"
2Jan Ullrich|GER}}TEL|1998}}+ 3' 21"
3Bobby Julich|USA}}COF|1998}}+ 4' 08"
4Christophe Rinero|FRA}}COF|1998}}+ 9' 16"
5Michael Boogerd|NED}}RAB|1998}}+ 11' 26"
6Jean-Cyril Robin|FRA}}USP|1998}}+ 14' 57"
7Roland Meier|SUI}}COF|1998}}+ 15' 13"
8Daniele Nardello|ITA}}MAP|1998}}+ 16' 07"
9Giuseppe Di Grande|ITA}}MAP|1998}}+ 17' 35"
10Axel Merckx|BEL}}POL|1998}}+ 17' 39"
{{columns-start}}

Points classification

Final points classification (1–10)[27]
RankRiderTeamPoints
1Erik Zabel|GER}}TEL|1998}}327
2Stuart O'Grady|AUS}}C.A|1998a}}230
3Tom Steels|BEL}}MAP|1998}}221
4Robbie McEwen|AUS}}RAB|1998}}196
5George Hincapie|USA}}USP|1998}}151
6François Simon|FRA}}C.A|1998a}}149
7Bobby Julich|USA}}COF|1998}}114
8Jacky Durand|FRA}}ALM|1998}}111
9Alain Turicchia|ITA}}ASI|1998}}99
10Marco Pantani|ITA}}UNO|1998}}90
{{column}}

Mountains classification

Final mountains classification (1–10)[28]
RankRiderTeamPoints
1Christophe Rinero|FRA}}COF|1998}}200
2Marco Pantani|ITA}}UNO|1998}}175
3Alberto Elli|ITA}}ALM|1998}}165
4Cédric Vasseur|FRA}}C.A|1998a}}156
5Stéphane Heulot|FRA}}FDJ|1998}}152
6Jan Ullrich|GER}}TEL|1998}}126
7Bobby Julich|USA}}COF|1998}}98
8Michael Boogerd|NED}}RAB|1998}}92
9Leonardo Piepoli|SUI}}SAE|1998}}90
10Roland Meier|SUI}}COF|1998}}89
{{columns-end}}{{columns-start}}

Young rider classification

Final young rider classification (1–5)[29]
RankRiderTeamTime
1Jan Ullrich|GER}}TEL|1998}}92h 53' 07"
2Christophe Rinero|FRA}}COF|1998}}+ 5' 55"
3Giuseppe Di Grande|ITA}}MAP|1998}}+ 14' 14"
4Kevin Livingston|USA}}COF|1998}}+ 30' 42"
5Jörg Jaksche|GER}}POL|1998}}+ 32' 20"
6Geert Verheyen|BEL}}LOT|1998}}+ 38' 02"
7Benoit Salmon|FRA}}CSC|1998}}+ 47' 57"
8Koos Moerenhout|NED}}RAB|1998}}+ 1h 26' 16"
9Fabio Sacchi|ITA}}POL|1998}}+ 1h 28' 32"
10Nicolas Jalabert|FRA}}ONC|1998}}+ 1h 35' 24"
{{column}}

Team classification

Final team classification (1–10)[30]
RankTeamTime
1COF|1998}}278h 29' 58"
2ALM|1998}}+ 29' 09"
3USP|1998}}+ 41' 40"
4TEL|1998}}+ 46' 01"
5LOT|1998}}+ 1h 04' 14"
6POL|1998}}+ 1h 06' 32"
7RAB|1998}}+ 1h 46' 20"
8MAP|1998}}+ 1h 59' 53"
9BIG|1998}}+ 2h 03' 32"
10UNO|1998}}+ 2h 23' 04"
{{columns-end}}

Combativity classification

Final combativity classification (1–10)[31]
RankRiderTeamPoints
1Jacky Durand|FRA}}ALM|1998}}94
2Andrea Tafi|ITA}}MAP|1998}}51
3Stéphane Heulot|FRA}}FDJ|1998}}49
4Cédric Vasseur|FRA}}C.A|1998a}}47
5Christophe Agnolutto|FRA}}ALM|1998}}43
6Laurent Desbiens|FRA}}COF|1998}}35
7Fabio Roscioli|ITA}}ASI|1998}}33
8Thierry Gouvenou|FRA}}BIG|1998}}30
9Christophe Rinero|FRA}}COF|1998}}28
10Pascal Chanteur|FRA}}CSO|1998}}28

UCI Road Rankings

Riders in the Tour competed individually, as well as for their teams and nations, for points that contributed towards the UCI Road Rankings, which included all UCI races.{{sfn|UCI Rules|1998|pp=107–108}} Points were awarded to all finishers in the general classification, to the top ten finishers in each stage, and each yellow jersey given at the end of a stage.{{sfn|UCI Rules|1998|pp=108–109}} The points accrued by Marco Pantani moved him from fifth position to fourth in the individual ranking, with Laurent Jalabert ({{ct|ONC|1998|nolink=yes}}), who did not finish the Tour, holding his lead. {{ct|FES|1998|nolink=yes}} retained their lead of the team ranking, ahead of second-placed {{ct|MAP|1998|nolink=yes}}. Italy remained as leaders of the nations ranking, with Switzerland second.[32]

UCI Individual Classification ranking on 2 August 1998 (1–10)[32]
Rank{{abbr|Prev.|Previous rankNameTeamPoints
11Laurent Jalabert|FRA}}ONC|1998}}2,961.00
22Alex Zülle|SUI}}FES|1998}}2,196.00
33Michele Bartoli|ITA}}ASI|1998}}2,097.00
45Marco Pantani|ITA}}UNO|1998}}1,961.00
54Laurent Dufaux|SUI}}FES|1998}}1,535.80
67Andrei Tchmil|BEL}}LOT|1998}}1,400.00
79Davide Rebellin|ITA}}PLT|1998}}1,301.00
88Francesco Casagrande|ITA}}COF|1998}}1,290.00
912Andrea Tafi|ITA}}MAP|1998}}1,281.50
1016Michael Boogerd|NED}}RAB|1998}}1,279.00

See also

{{portal|Cycling|France}}
  • 1998 in sports
  • List of doping cases in cycling

Notes and references

Footnotes

{{notelist}}

References

1. ^{{cite news|url= https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/irish-start-for-tour-de-france-cycling-1264978.html|title= Irish start for Tour de France: Cycling|date= 3 April 1997|work= Independent|accessdate= 27 June 2013|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140715015915/http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/irish-start-for-tour-de-france-cycling-1264978.html|archive-date= 2014-07-15|dead-url= no|df= }}
2. ^{{cite web|url= http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/cycling/1998/tourdefrance/map/|title= 1998 Tour de France Map|date= 10 July 1998|work= Sports Illustrated|accessdate= 27 June 2013|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121016081425/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/cycling/1998/tourdefrance/map/|archive-date= 2012-10-16|dead-url= no|df= }}
3. ^{{cite news|url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/special_report/1998/07/98/tour_de_france/143992.stm|title= Pirate takes yellow treasure|date= 2 August 1998|work= BBC Sport|accessdate= 27 June 2013|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131118204742/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/special_report/1998/07/98/tour_de_france/143992.stm|archive-date= 2013-11-18|dead-url= no|df= }}
4. ^{{cite book |last1=Henne |first1=Kathryn E. |title=Testing for Athlete Citizenship: Regulating Doping and Sex in Sport |date=2015 |publisher=Rutgers University Press |location=New Brunswick, NJ |isbn=978-0-8135-6590-3 |page=62 |url=https://books.google.de/books?id=VTx_CgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false |accessdate=26 March 2019}}
5. ^{{cite web|url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/results/archives/oct97/oct26.html|title=News for October 26, 1997: Team Selection Criteria for the Tour de France 1998|date=26 October 1997|accessdate=21 August 2011|publisher=Future Publishing Limited|work=Cyclingnews|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025181414/http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/results/archives/oct97/oct26.html|archive-date=2012-10-25|dead-url=no|df=}}
6. ^{{cite web|url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/results/1998/feb98/feb6.html|title=News for February 6, 1998: Tour 1998|date=6 February 1998|accessdate=21 August 2011|publisher=Future Publishing Limited|work=Cyclingnews|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025181403/http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/results/1998/feb98/feb6.html|archive-date=2012-10-25|dead-url=no|df=}}
7. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/results/1998/jun98/jun19.html|title=News for June 19, 1998: In the Tour de France|date=19 June 1998|accessdate=21 August 2011|publisher=Future Publishing Limited|work=Cyclingnews|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025181408/http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/results/1998/jun98/jun19.html|archive-date=2012-10-25|dead-url=no|df=}}
8. ^{{cite web|title=The official 1998 Tour de France riders list|url=http://www.letour.com/98us/partants.html|website=Tour de France|publisher=Amaury Sport Organisation|accessdate=23 March 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20000822014910/http://www.letour.com/98us/partants.html|archivedate=22 August 2000}}
9. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://memoire-du-cyclisme.net/eta_tdf_1978_2005/tdf1998.php|publisher=Mémoire du cyclisme|title=85ème Tour de France 1998|language=French|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120806045656/http://www.memoire-du-cyclisme.net/eta_tdf_1978_2005/tdf1998.php|archive-date=2012-08-06|access-date=26 September 2016|df=dmy-all|dead-url=yes}}
10. ^{{cite web|title=1998 Tour de France – The route|url=http://www.letour.com/98us/etapes/|website=Tour de France|publisher=Amaury Sport Organisation|accessdate=23 March 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/19990203085256/http://www.letour.com/98us/etapes/|archivedate=3 February 1999}}
11. ^{{cite web|title=1998 Tour de France – Sporting aspects|url=http://www.letour.fr:80/tour98us/particularites.html|website=Tour de France|publisher=Amaury Sport Organisation|accessdate=24 March 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/19980526070652/http://www.letour.fr:80/tour98us/particularites.html|archivedate=3 February 1999}}
12. ^{{cite web|title=Stage 17 cancelled|url=http://www.letour.com/98us/etapes/|website=Tour de France|publisher=Amaury Sport Organisation|accessdate=24 March 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/19990203085256/http://www.letour.com/98us/etapes/|archivedate=3 February 1999}}
13. ^{{citeweb |url=http://www.bikeraceinfo.com/tdf/tdf1998.html |title=1998 Tour de France 85th edition: July 11 - August 28, 1998 |website=www.bikeraceinfo.com |access-date=2013-06-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120811060227/http://www.bikeraceinfo.com/tdf/tdf1998.html |archive-date=2012-08-11 |dead-url=no |df= }}
14. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.dhnet.be/sports/tourdefrance/1998-plane-sur-le-centieme-tour-de-france-51cbd867357030bb907bbd54|title=1998 plane sur le centième Tour de France [1998 flat on the hundredth Tour de France]|language=French|publisher=Dernière Heure|date=27 June 2013|accessdate=28 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130630073932/http://www.dhnet.be/sports/tourdefrance/1998-plane-sur-le-centieme-tour-de-france-51cbd867357030bb907bbd54|archive-date=2013-06-30|dead-url=no|df=}}
15. ^{{cite web|title=Cipollini, Livingston among 1998 Tour riders positive for EPO|url=http://velonews.competitor.com/2013/07/news/pantini-ullrich-among-1998-tour-riders-positive-for-epo_296750|publisher=VeloNews|date=24 July 2013|accessdate=28 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728091214/http://velonews.competitor.com/2013/07/news/pantini-ullrich-among-1998-tour-riders-positive-for-epo_296750|archive-date=2013-07-28|dead-url=no|df=}}
16. ^{{cite web|title=Rapport Fait au nom de la commission d’enquête sur l’efficacité de la lutte contre le dopage (Annexe 6: Résultats test EPO Tour De France 1998 et 1999)|url=http://www.senat.fr/rap/r12-782-2/r12-782-21.pdf|format=PDF|language=French|work=N° 782, Sénat Session Extraordinaire de 2012-2013|publisher=French Senate|date=17 July 2013|accessdate=28 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130806234902/http://www.senat.fr/rap/r12-782-2/r12-782-21.pdf|archive-date=2013-08-06|dead-url=no|df=}}
17. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/exclusive-bobby-julich-doping-confession|title=Exclusive: Bobby Julich doping confession|publisher=CyclingNews|date=25 October 2012|accessdate=25 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025181017/http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/exclusive-bobby-julich-doping-confession|archive-date=2012-10-25|dead-url=no|df=}}
18. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|url=http://www.roadcycling.co.nz/TourdeFrance/tour-de-france-demystified-part-1.html |title=Tour de France demystified - Evaluating success |first=Sarah |last=Christian |date=2 July 2009 |accessdate=17 April 2012 |publisher=RoadCycling.co.nz Ltd |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130209134934/http://www.roadcycling.co.nz/TourdeFrance/tour-de-france-demystified-part-1.html |archivedate=9 February 2013 |df= }}
19. ^{{cite book|url=http://www.faqs.org/faqs/bicycles-faq/part1/section-20.html#b|title=The Tour de France complete book of cycling|first=David|last=Chauner|author2=Halstead, Michael|year=1990|publisher=Villard|isbn=0679729364|accessdate=17 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404190749/http://www.faqs.org/faqs/bicycles-faq/part1/section-20.html#b#b|archive-date=2014-04-04|dead-url=no|df=}}
20. ^{{cite book|author=Nick Brownlee|title=Vive le Tour!: Wiggo, and the Amazing Tales of the Tour de France|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jrK_CAAAQBAJ&pg=PT82|date=23 July 2013|publisher=Pavilion Books|isbn=978-1-909396-34-0|pages=75}}
21. ^{{cite web|title=Tour de France 1998 – Leaders overview|url=https://www.procyclingstats.com/race/tour-de-france/1998/gc/stages/leaders-overview|website=ProCyclingStats|accessdate=16 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190216224428/https://www.procyclingstats.com/race/tour-de-france/1998/gc/stages/leaders-overview|archive-date=16 February 2019|dead-url=no}}
22. ^{{cite web|last=van den Akker|first=Pieter|title=Informatie over de Tour de France van 1998|trans-title=Information about the Tour de France from 1998|url=http://www.tourdefrancestatistieken.nl/tour.php?jaar=1998|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302052644/http://www.tourdefrancestatistieken.nl/tour.php?jaar=1998|archivedate=2 March 2019|language=Dutch|website=TourDeFranceStatistieken.nl|accessdate=2 March 2019|dead-url=no}}
23. ^{{cite book|last1=Mallon|first1=Bill |last2=Heijmans|first2=Jeroen |title=Historical dictionary of cycling|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nrdfuueq2CcC&pg=PA230|date=9 September 2011|publisher=Scarecrow Press|location=Lanham, MD|isbn=978-0-8108-7369-8|page=230}}
24. ^{{cite web|title=Stage 1: Dublin - Dublin (180,5 km): Overall standings|url=http://www.letour.com/98us/etapes/01/classements/itg.html|website=Tour de France|publisher=Amaury Sport Organisation|accessdate=24 March 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20001025183839/http://www.letour.com/98us/etapes/01/classements/itg.html|archivedate=25 October 2000}}
25. ^{{cite web|title=Stage 1: Dublin - Dublin (180,5 km): Overall sprinters|url=http://www.letour.com/98us/etapes/01/classements/ipg.html|website=Tour de France|publisher=Amaury Sport Organisation|accessdate=24 March 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20001025174137/http://www.letour.com/98us/etapes/01/classements/ipg.html|archivedate=25 October 2000}}
26. ^1 {{cite web|title=Stage 21: Melun - Paris-Champs-Élysées (147,5 km) : Overall standings|url=http://www.letour.com/98us/etapes/21/classements/itg.html|website=Tour de France|publisher=Amaury Sport Organisation|accessdate=23 March 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/19991221194735/http://www.letour.com/98us/etapes/21/classements/itg.html|archivedate=21 December 1999}}
27. ^{{cite web|title=Stage 21: Melun - Paris-Champs-Élysées (147,5 km): Overall sprinters|url=http://www.letour.com/98us/etapes/21/classements/ipg.html|website=Tour de France|publisher=Amaury Sport Organisation|accessdate=23 March 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/19991221164955/http://www.letour.com/98us/etapes/21/classements/ipg.html|archivedate=21 December 1999}}
28. ^{{cite web|title=Stage 21: Melun - Paris-Champs-Élysées (147,5 km): Overall climbers|url=http://www.letour.com/98us/etapes/21/classements/img.html|website=Tour de France|publisher=Amaury Sport Organisation|accessdate=23 March 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/19991221125924/http://www.letour.com/98us/etapes/21/classements/img.html|archivedate=21 December 1999}}
29. ^{{cite web|title=Stage 21: Melun - Paris-Champs-Élysées (147,5 km): Overall youth|url=http://www.letour.com/98us/etapes/21/classements/ijg.html|website=Tour de France|publisher=Amaury Sport Organisation|accessdate=10 September 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20000307185840/http://www.letour.com/98us/etapes/21/classements/ijg.html|archivedate=7 March 2000}}
30. ^{{cite web|title=Stage 21: Melun - Paris-Champs-Élysées (147,5 km): Overall team|url=http://www.letour.com/98us/etapes/21/classements/etg.html|website=Tour de France|publisher=Amaury Sport Organisation|accessdate=23 March 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/19991225065357/http://www.letour.com/98us/etapes/21/classements/etg.html|archivedate=25 December 1999}}
31. ^{{cite web|title=Stage 21: Melun - Paris-Champs-Élysées (147,5 km): Overall combativity|url=http://www.letour.com/98us/etapes/21/classements/icg.html|website=Tour de France|publisher=Amaury Sport Organisation|accessdate=10 September 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/19991225112611/http://www.letour.com/98us/etapes/21/classements/icg.html|archivedate=25 December 1999}}
32. ^1 {{cite web|title=UCI Road Rankings – 2 August 1998|url=http://www.uci.ch/english/road/data/men_980802.pdf|accessdate=24 March 2019|work=UCI.ch|publisher=Union Cycliste Internationale|date=22 July 2015|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20000830115625/http://www.uci.ch/english/road/data/men_980802.pdf|archivedate=30 August 2000|df=dmy-all}}

Sources

  • {{cite book|first=Jacques|last=Augendre|author-link=Jacques Augendre|url=http://netstorage.lequipe.fr/ASO/cyclisme/le-tour/2016/histoire/TDF16_GH_Interactif-PROD.pdf|title=Guide historique|trans-title=Historical guide|year=2016|language=French|access-date=27 October 2016|format=PDF|work=Tour de France|publication-place=Paris|publisher=Amaury Sport Organisation|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817121602/http://netstorage.lequipe.fr/ASO/cyclisme/le-tour/2016/histoire/TDF16_GH_Interactif-PROD.pdf|archive-date=17 August 2016|dead-url=no|ref={{harvid|Augendre|2016}}}}
  • {{cite book|url=http://www.uci.ch/english/road/data/rules.pdf|title=UCI Rules: Part 2: Road races|year=1998|access-date=24 March 2019|format=PDF|publication-place=Aigle, Switzerland|publisher=Union Cycliste Internationale|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19980524073404/http://www.uci.ch/english/road/data/rules.pdf|archive-date=24 May 1998|dead-url=yes|ref={{harvid|UCI Rules|1998}}}}

Further reading

  • {{cite book|last=Andreu|first=Frankie|author-link=Frankie Andreu|title=Conquests and Crisis: The 1998 Tour de France|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X3FzOwAACAAJ|date=1998|publisher=VeloPress|location=Boulder, CO|isbn=978-1-884737-65-7}}
  • {{cite book|last=Fotheringham|first=Alasdair|author-link=Alasdair Fotheringham|title=The End of the Road: The Festina Affair and the Tour that Almost Wrecked Cycling|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NVzSCwAAQBAJ|date=2016|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|location=London|isbn=978-1-4729-1302-9}}

External links

{{commons category|Tour de France 1998|1998 Tour de France}}
  • {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/19981202155449/http://www.letour.fr/98us/ |date=2 December 1998 |title=Official website }}
  • 1998 Tour de France at Cyclingnews.com
{{Cycling stage recaps|1998 Tour de France|P|11|12|21}}{{Tour de France}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:1998 Tour De France}}

9 : Tour de France by year|1998 Tour de France|1998 in road cycling|1998 in French sport|1998 in Swiss sport|Cycle racing in Ireland|1998 in Irish sport|July 1998 sports events in Europe|August 1998 sports events in Europe
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